金属基复合材料焊接技术及其发展动向

本文参阅了大量外文文献，对国外在金属基复合材料焊接技术上的研究现状及其发展动向作了综述与评价，主要讨论了熔化焊、扩散焊、在复合材料焊接应用中目前所存在的问题及相应的解决措施。     

颗粒增强铝基复合材料的焊接性及其搅拌摩擦焊

从化学和物理相容性角度综合分析了颗粒增强铝基复合材料的焊接性,阐述了熔化焊、钎焊、固相连接等对铝基复合材料的适应性。在介绍了搅拌摩擦焊原理的基础上,结合试验结果,着重探讨了搅拌摩擦焊焊接参数对颗粒增强铝基复合材料焊缝成型、焊接接头的组织特征及连接接头的性能的影响,说明搅拌摩擦焊用于焊接颗粒增强铝基复合材料具有明显的优势。     

新型马氏体耐热钢SIMP钢先进连接技术研究

研究发现,通过传统的熔化焊工艺焊接新型马氏体耐热钢SIMP钢效果并不太理想,故需寻求新的先进连接技术用于焊接新型马氏体耐热钢SIMP钢。本文综述了钨极氩弧焊、瞬时液相扩散焊等先进连接方法用于焊接新型马氏体耐热钢所取得的成就,并展望了其在新型马氏体耐热钢SIMP钢中的应用前景。     

金属与复合材料搅拌摩擦搭接焊的研究现状

金属与复合材料连接研究目前处于初级阶段。在焊接方面,搅拌摩擦焊作为一种固相连接技术,可以在较低温度下实现物理化学性能差异较大的金属与复合材料的连接。综述了国内外金属与复合材料搅拌摩擦搭接焊的研究现状,在接头形式、焊具设计、焊接参数优化以及连接机制等方面做了详细介绍。结果表明,静止轴肩可有效提高接头表面成形质量及抗拉强度;接头内的锚结构能够有效增加接头的机械互锁能力;通过优化焊具形貌及工艺参数可以增加锚结构尺寸。金属与复合材料的连接机制主要为机械互锁、化学键合以及较弱的范德华力。此外,对金属与复合材料搅拌摩擦焊的发展提出了相关建议。     

单晶高温合金表面缺陷焊接修复的研究进展

单晶高温合金的性能优异,但是制造成本昂贵,因此其表面缺陷的焊接修复一直是单晶高温合金领域的重要研究课题。本文全面阐述了各类焊接修复(包括熔焊、钎焊和瞬时液相扩散焊)方法对修复区的组织和修复后力学性能的影响,分析了各类焊接修复方法的局限性和存在的问题,并指出了单晶高温合金表面缺陷焊接修复的发展方向。     

焊接温度对连续油管TLP扩散焊接头组织与性能的影响

采用FeNiCrSiB与BNi2非晶箔复合中间层,在氩气保护下进行了连续油管CT80瞬时液相扩散焊。焊接压力P=3MPa,采用双温工艺焊接,从室温升高至1240℃,保温30s,然后降至焊接温度T_B=1200、1210及1220℃,焊接时间t_F=120s。分析了焊接温度对接头显微组织与性能的影响,测试了不同焊接温度下接头抗拉强度及显微硬度,并观察了拉伸断口形貌。结果表明,随着焊接温度升高,焊缝中夹杂逐渐消失,接头抗拉强度增加,显微硬度降低。T_B=1200、1210及1220℃时,接头的抗拉强度分别为547、613及618MPa,显微硬度分别为330HV、271HV、259HV。     

SiCp/Al复合材料焊接综述

为实现SiCp/Al复合材料的高质量可靠焊接,推广SiCp/Al复合材料在各领域的应用,调研了国内外SiCp/Al复合材料不同焊接方法的研究现状。在熔化焊方面,国内外学者通过调整工艺参数、在焊缝中加入Ti元素发生诱发反应等方法,抑制了焊缝中Al4C3针状脆性相的形成,从而提高了焊接接头的力学性能。在搅拌摩擦焊方面,国内外学者针对不同材料设计了专用的焊接搅拌头,以保证它们具备高耐磨性与足够的冲击韧性,在焊接过程中不出现破损情况;关注了焊接过程中焊接头转速、焊接速度、轴向力与热输入等因素,以获得力学性能优秀、晶粒细小均匀的焊接接头。在扩散焊方面,国内外学者探究了中间夹层对焊缝界面间原子相互扩散的促进作用;采取不同工艺参数,以外加超声或电子束表面加热等方式促进了原子间的相互扩散,以获得力学性能优异的焊接接头,提高焊接效率。在钎焊方面,国内外学者通过探究钎料与SiCp/Al复合材料之间的润湿性来组合钎料与钎剂,通过化学腐蚀处理表面暴露颗粒增强相、在复合材料表面电镀金属等方法来增大钎料与增强相的润湿性、解决钎料铺展受阻的问题,以进一步提高钎焊焊接接头质量。     

层叠复合材料加工技术新进展

介绍了多种层叠复合材料的新加工技术、包括扩散焊接、超声焊接、激光熔覆、滚焊、熔合、界面多孔控制、界面自组合层叠等，分析了这些加工技术的工艺特点及发展趋势。     

非晶态合金焊接的研究进展

综述了近几年国内外非晶态合金在焊接方面的研究进展,简要分析了将大块非晶合金焊接成功的原因.目前可以成功焊接大块非晶合金的方法有:高压压实法、摩擦焊、闪光电阻焊、电子束焊、爆炸焊、激光焊.其中前两种焊接属于固相焊接,成功的原因主要是:块体非晶合金过冷液相区的热稳定性和超塑性.而其他几种属于液相焊接,成功的原因主要是:(1)非晶合金具有大的非晶形成能力;(2)焊接的能量高且集中,因而加热和冷却速度快于这些合金的临界冷却速度.大块非晶合金的焊接成功地推动了大块非晶合金在工程材料方面的应用.     

A356Al/TiB2颗粒增强铝基复合材料的搅拌摩擦焊

采用纯机械化的固相连接技术--搅拌摩擦焊成功地焊接了应用原位反应合成法制造的铸态A356Al/6.5%TiB2(体积分数)颗粒增强铝基复合材料,与铝合金相比,铝基复合材料搅拌摩擦焊的焊缝质量对焊接参数更为敏感.该连接方法在较低温度下实现铝基复合材料的焊接,避免了基体铝合金与增强相之间的化学反应,同时在搅拌头机械搅拌、挤压和摩擦热的共同作用下,焊缝区基体材料的晶粒和增强相被破碎并形成再结晶晶核,细化了组织结构,增强相分布也更加弥散.焊缝区的硬度值波动范围很小,抗拉强度比母材增加约20%.研究表明,搅拌摩擦焊用于连接颗粒增强铝基复合材料具有明显的优势.     

陶瓷-金属焊接的方法与技术

概述了陶瓷-金属焊接的特点,综述了常见的6种焊接方法,包括钎焊、扩散连接、过渡液相连接、自蔓延高温合成连接、热压反应烧结连接和摩擦焊等,重点介绍了它们的工艺特点和研究现状.在此基础上,比较了各种方法的优缺点和适用范围,并对陶瓷-金属焊接的研究前景进行了展望.     

块体金属玻璃制备技术的研究进展

主要介绍了块体金属玻璃的连接技术、放电等离子烧结法和电磁振动法等制备块体金属玻璃的新技术手段。块体金属玻璃的连接技术包括激光焊、爆炸焊、电子束焊、熔融液相连接法和摩擦焊等。采用焊接的方法可将块体金属玻璃连接在一起,以形成大尺寸甚至超大尺寸的块体金属玻璃;放电等离子烧结可在很短时间内制备多孔、大尺寸和具有一定塑性的块体金属玻璃,在制备具有优异软磁性能的块体金属玻璃上也具有显著优势;电磁振动法可以有效抑制晶体形核,显著提高块体金属玻璃体系的玻璃形成能力,从而制备更大尺寸的块体金属玻璃。     

STRONG METAL-CERAMIC JOINTS

In this paper the technology for joining metals to ceramics is reviewed. The technologies of metal powder sintering, liquid phase joining with activated brazing alloys and with ceramic frit, solid-state joining, friction welding and mechanical fixation are described. In order to put some perspective on the mechanical data given in the literature, some evaluating remarks on mechanical testing are made.     

Effect of the wall thickness on the forming behavior and welding result during magnetic pulse welding

Magnetic pulse welding is a promising technology for the joining of dissimilar metals. Since the input of thermal energy is significantly reduced compared to conventional fusion welding technologies, critical intermetallic phases can largely be avoided. Therefore, proper collision conditions are necessary. Those require a careful adjustment of the energetic and geometric parameters at the impact welding setup. The thickness of the accelerated joining partner (flyer) determines the necessary energy input for a successful weld. However, at the same time, it has an effect on the weld formation. This study utilizes a novel optical measurement system to explain these findings and to gain insights into the forming behavior of the flyer parts. It is shown that the collision angle depends on the flyer tube thickness and, thus, directly has an effect on the welding result.     

Joining Technology in Metal-Ceramic Systems

Metallic alloys and ceramic materials are employed in aggressive and hostile environments, ranging from aerospace to energy production, from offshore to biological applications. Today, production requires materials able to survive for a long time at high temperatures, in highly aggressive atmospheres, both from the chemical and the mechanical points of view. No single material can offer these characteristics, so that “composite” structures (composites, multilayer materials, metal-ceramic joints) are designed and tested under extreme conditions.

In this paper are presented the basic principles underlying joining technologies, a short discussion of the thermodynamic background of wetting processes, recent developments related to non-reactive and reactive wetting, the influence of trace chemical elements (in the solid, liquid and gaseous phases), and some specific aspects of diffusion bonding, brazing and transient liquid phase joining processes.     

Gap-free fibre laser welding of Zn-coated steel on Al alloy for light-weight automotive applications

As a result of new policies related to global warming announced by the European Union, avoiding unnecessary energy waste and reducing environmental pollution levels are becoming a major issue in the automotive industry. Accordingly, the lap welding of Zn-coated steels process, which is commonly used for producing car doors, has been gradually developed to lap welding of Zn-coated steel to light materials, such as Al alloy, Mg alloy and composite materials, in order to effectively reduce the vehicle weight. In certain part of car manufacture, organic glues are used to temporally join the Zn-coated steels and Al alloys before permanent welding takes place. The stability of such temporary joining by glues needs improving. Laser “stitching” or low strength welding could be considered as an alternative. However, challenges exist in joining Zn-coated steel on Al alloy by laser welding, due to significant differences of material properties between the two welding materials. Porosity, spatter and intermetallic brittle phases are readily produced in the weld. In this study, the effects of welding speed, laser power, number of the welding passes and type of shielding gas in gap-free welding of Zn-coated steel on Al alloy were investigated using a 1 kW single mode continuous wave fibre laser. Results show that a weld with higher shear strengths in the laser stitching application and less intermetallic phases could be obtained when nitrogen gas was used as the shielding gas. The corrosion resistance and the surface finish of the weld could be improved in double pass welding, especially when argon gas was used as the shielding gas.     

面向电子制造的功率超声微纳连接技术进展

为满足电子制造与封装对新材料与工艺的迫切需求,尤其是高功率、高温服役、高集成度以及高可靠性等新型器件的连接难题,开发了面向电子制造的功率超声微纳连接技术。从固相键合、超声复合钎焊和超声纳米连接3个方面,综述了面向电子制造的功率超声微纳连接技术的原理方法、优势与应用场合。功率超声由于其表面清洁、声流和空化作用,将大幅提升冶金反应速率,有效解决了传统TLP反应温度高时间长,以及Cu和Al等金属的易氧化等问题,甚至攻克了Al2O3,AlN,SiC等陶瓷基板的难润湿以及低温纳米颗粒烧结驱动力不足的难题。综述了该领域多年来的研究成果,聚焦电子制造中的功率超声微纳连接技术,从固相连接领域的引线键合、室温超声金属连接和超声增材制造,到钎焊领域的超声低温软钎焊、超声中高温连接以及超声瞬态液相连接,最后针对第三代半导体高功率器件简述了超声纳米连接,探讨了功率超声微纳连接技术的研究进展及趋势。     

Friction Hydro-Pillar Processing and Tungsten Inert Gas Welding of a Duplex Stainless Steel

This work presents friction hydro-pillar processing (FHPP) and tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding of SAF2205 duplex stainless steel. Weld microstructural and mechanical characterisation were carried out based on the standards (DNV-RP-F112 and DNV-OS-F101). Therefore, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used. In addition, mechanical properties were evaluated by microhardness measurements. Furthermore, the joining processes were thermodynamically simulated for confirmation of the expected phases in each welding method. It was possible to verify the phases developed after the experimental welding (FHPP and TIG) as well as the ones obtained in the thermodynamic analyses. Finally, it was noted that FHPP promoted mechanical and metallurgical features requested by the standards.     

T型接头搅拌摩擦焊接的研究进展

T型接头是满足轻量化需求的关键结构之一,但传统熔化焊在T型构件焊接方面并无优势。作为一种固相焊接技术,搅拌摩擦焊采用特殊的焊接夹具,对中、薄板T型构件实行单面焊三面成型技术,显著降低焊接热输入、减少焊接变形,因此T型接头搅拌摩擦焊可能是一种极具发展前景的工艺方法。从搅拌摩擦焊接T型接头(FSW-T)的焊接工艺、焊接缺陷、显微硬度、力学性能与数值模拟方面概述了国内外研究现状,揭示了FSW-T焊接领域尚需解决的关键科学问题,对该领域未来的研究方向提出了展望。