单线铁路隧道衬砌环向施工缝质量控制技术

在隧道结构中,施工缝作为二次衬砌最薄弱的环节,导致在该处极易发生混凝土剥落掉块、渗漏水、耐久性降低及结构强度不足等严重病害,严重威胁到隧道质量及行车安全。基于上述背景,依托浦梅铁路工程,对沿线隧道衬砌环向施工缝缺陷问题进行统计分析,其主要病害可归纳为混凝土不密实剥落掉块、中埋式止水带外露或折叠空响、边缘开裂及闭环裂纹4大类,总结得出漏浆、振捣工艺不足、混凝土强度不足、中埋式止水带刚性不足及钢筋定位卡具定位点不足是造成环向施工缝缺陷的主要原因。针对不同类型的环向施工缝缺陷,提出相应的处治技术,并从新材料、新技术和新工艺的角度提出单线铁路隧道衬砌环向施工缝质量控制技术,研究成果在依托工程得到应用,效果良好,具有一定的工程价值和学术意义。     

不同浅埋衬砌隧道压缩、剪切波作用下的动力响应

采用间接边界元法,对平面压缩波和剪切波入射下浅埋马蹄形隧道对弹性波的散射进行分析。研究表明:随着入射波频率的增大,马蹄形衬砌隧道正上方一定距离处地表位移表现出放大效应,但放大幅度略小于圆形隧道情况;垂直偏振横波倾斜入射,迎波面的地表位移幅值曲线振荡更剧烈;入射波频率较低时,衬砌应力集中现象最为显著,马蹄形衬砌上半拱左、右两侧与竖向夹角约为45°处和拱脚处易发生应力集中;衬砌隧道内壁的环向应力要明显大于衬砌外壁的环向应力。总体上看,马蹄形隧道动应力放大效应要小于相应的圆形隧道。随着入射波频率的增大,马蹄形衬砌应力空间分布更为复杂,应力集中的区域多于圆形。     

强震区山岭隧道洞口段结构动力特性分析

 以雅安—泸沽高速公路高烈度地震区山岭隧道为依托工程,对山岭隧道洞口段结构动力响应进行大型振动台模型试验研究,得出如下结论：隧道结构的最大地震动响应出现位置及其破坏形态与5.12汶川大地震中隧道工程的破坏情况基本一致;隧道设置减震层后,衬砌裂缝数量明显减少,能够改善隧道结构的整体受力状态;在试验中隧道结构均出现一定数量的环向裂缝和斜向裂缝,大部分纵向或斜向裂缝延伸至环向裂缝后终止发展。建议在隧道洞口段设置一定数量的减震缝,吸收地震时能量,减小对结构的破坏。研究成果对高烈度地震区山岭隧道抗减震设计与施工具有一定的参考价值。     

考虑盾构隧道纵向应力松弛的环缝渗漏水计算分析

为揭示盾构隧道环缝渗漏水演变过程及其影响因素,基于裂缝渗流模型推导盾构隧道管片环缝渗流量计算公式,进一步考虑隧道纵向应力松弛的影响,建立环缝渗漏水演变的时变状态模型,结合算例进行环缝渗漏水演变规律探讨和参数敏感性分析。结果表明,盾构隧道渗漏水量随着环间张开量增大或者外部水头高度的提高而增大,随着环间接头刚度的增大而减小。张开量对环间渗漏水的影响较为敏感,隧道顶部的渗流量始终小于底部。盾构隧道纵向应力越低,隧道渗漏水现象越明显。当纵向应力由3.2MPa衰减为1.2MPa时,渗流量增长为原来的12倍,且不同部位的环间渗流量差距逐渐扩大,隧道底部的渗流量约为顶部的2倍。在隧道纵向应力松弛后,纵向连接螺栓复紧将极大地降低环缝渗漏水量,螺栓复紧导致环缝渗漏量减小为原来的80%,导致纵向应力达到稳定状态后的环缝渗漏量减小至原来的20%以下。工程实践中,应重视盾构隧道纵向应力松弛对衬砌环间防水性能的影响。     

高速公路隧道衬砌裂缝调查分析与处治研究

详细调查了某段高速公路7座运营隧道的衬砌裂缝情况,根据裂缝走向不同,分为纵向裂缝、环向裂缝和斜向裂缝,并分别从设计、施工和环境等角度对裂缝成因进行了分析,指出初期支护强度不足、二次衬砌厚度较薄、环境温差较大、地下水等是裂缝产生的主要原因,最后提出了处理衬砌裂缝的方法。     

热力盾构隧道先盾后井施工对环缝及管片受力影响的研究

在盾构隧道施工中先盾后井施工是一种高效经济的施工工法。本文以我国首条热力盾构隧道工程为背景,结合现场的监测数据,获得不同施工阶段下与竖井连接范围内的管片轴向应力和环缝的张开量变化规律,然后基于纵向等效连续化模型和弹性地基梁的理论,对先盾后井过程中的盾构隧道衬砌受力的特征进行了分析,最后结合三维数值模拟方法,分析了不同隧道埋深、地层特性及注浆加固范围对竖井周边盾构管片的轴向应力及环缝张开量的影响。研究表明,在热力隧道的先盾后井工法施工中,竖井开挖产生的临近隧道附加应力及管片拆除产生的残余顶力消失是引起隧道轴向应力损失及环缝张开的主要原因。竖井施工中,由附加应力产生的负弯矩作用于隧道上,导致隧道底部轴向应力减小、环缝张开,拆除竖井内管片时,作用于端头管片的盾构残余顶力和螺栓预紧力消失,导致管片轴向应力的进一步减小及环缝张开,且对顶部管片影响更大;随着隧道埋深的增加,顶部管片轴向应力损失及张开量逐渐增大,而底部逐渐减小;不同地层对隧道顶部管片轴向应力损失及环缝张开影响很小,但对底部管片影响较大;在端头管片一定范围内进行注浆加固能有效减少轴向应力损失及环缝张开,建议加固区在4环左右,过长的注浆加固区,对管片的控制效果有限。     

隧道病害综合整治施工技术研究

采用移动式简易架子车结构作为隧道病害整治施工平台,按照"清理原隧道衬砌混凝土表面→衬砌背后注浆回填→钢带加固→裂缝及渗漏水处治→衬砌背后地下水的疏排→镶贴瓷砖"的顺序进行隧道全断面的整治施工。利用改性环氧树脂胶来粘接二次衬砌模筑混凝土和钢带,同时采用化学锚栓进行锚固。以"大堵小排、封堵严密、排导通畅"为基本处治准则,凿槽埋管引排用于解决渗水的环向施工缝,灌缝嵌补用于处治无渗水环向施工缝的开裂,用防水渗透型涂料对部分点渗、面渗涂刷,用环氧树脂注浆嵌补衬砌局部开裂引起的干裂缝,衬砌背后地下水可通过钻孔排到横向盲沟,然后可通过中央排水管(仰拱底部)引排至洞外。     

土-岩变化地层盾构隧道纵向地震作用试验研究

隧道穿越地层岩性变化所导致的地震效应差异为工程建设关注的焦点之一。该文开展几何比尺为1∶25的模型地层-隧道结构振动台试验,地层模型与原型地层动力特性相似,依据盾构隧道纵向刚度等效原则设计制作出含接头构造的精细化隧道模型,从振动台面水平纵向输入场地地震安全性评价给出的人工合成波,试验观测隧道衬砌结构的加速度、直径变形和环缝张开变形等动力响应,采用传递函数重点分析土、岩地层内隧道的地震响应差异。试验结果表明：岩层内隧道随岩体整体运动,环缝变形和直径变形量值极小;土层内隧道以纵向受拉和竖向弯曲变形为主;环缝张开变形极值位于土岩界面处;隧道直径变形量值整体较小,以水平、竖向直径变形为主。抗震设计时应重点关注土岩界面处隧道大的环缝张开变形。     

复合地层盾构隧道管片施工病害特征及成因分析

上软下硬复合地层盾构隧道施工,极易发生管片裂损病害,对盾构隧道长期安全影响显著。以某地铁盾构隧道为依托,针对施工阶段管片裂损情况进行了大量现场调查,总结归纳了管片裂损分布规律及裂损特征。在此基础上,采用理论分析和扩展有限单元法,系统分析了管片裂损的成因机制。研究结果表明:盾构隧道管片衬砌裂损按照所占比例由大到小依次为环向区域性剥落、纵向裂纹、边角部裂损,环向区域性剥落和纵向裂纹属于结构性裂损,边角部裂损属于材料性裂损。纵向裂纹与千斤顶推力和接触面不平整有关,其产生及扩展多沿千斤顶推力分界面分布,裂纹扩展是能量积累—释放的往复过程,表现出台阶式渐进递增的特点,开裂机制为受拉破坏。环向区域性剥落与环间错台有关,与榫槽径向允许位移量8 mm相等的错台高差是管片发生环向区域性剥落的临界值。在上软下硬复合地层采用错缝拼装进行盾构隧道施工时,应避免使用带榫管片或减小管片榫槽深度。     

减震层减震原理及跨断层隧道减震技术振动台试验研究

通过波函数展开法给出平面SV波入射下深埋圆形隧道"围岩—减震层—初期支护—二次衬砌"减震结构的动力响应解析近似解,分析了减震层厚度、弹性模量对衬砌结构动应力集中系数的影响,并开展了跨断层隧道抗减震研究大型振动台模型试验,通过分析跨断层及其设置减震层后隧道衬砌动力响应特性和破坏形态,得到以下有益结论:减震层与围岩弹性模量比越低,减震层厚度越大,衬砌动应力集中系数越小;减震层与围岩弹性模量的最优减震比在1/10~1/20,最优减震层厚度不宜大于0.2 m;跨断层破碎带隧道设置减震层可以明显降低跨断层衬砌结构加速度峰值和衬砌动应变幅值;断层处隧道衬砌裂缝分布数量多、复杂,多集中于拱脚、拱肩,并分布有剪切错动引起的环向裂缝,设置减震层后,断层处隧道衬砌裂缝明显减少,衬砌受力得到明显改善;断层处地表出现了平行断层方向为主的的贯通裂缝和大量斜裂缝,说明断层处以剪切破坏为主,设置减震层后,地表裂缝明显减少。     

SH波作用下山岭隧道洞口段结构动力响应研究

 基于弹性波动理论,将山岭隧道洞口段简化为单面边坡模型,考虑波在洞口边坡的反射效应,推导垂直入射SH波作用下隧道轴线上的位移场分布,并将隧道简化为三维薄壁壳结构,以得到在该位移场作用下隧道结构的动力响应。针对上述分析结果开展山岭隧道洞口段振动台模型试验,以验证理论模型的合理性,并综合分析得到如下结论：将隧道结构动力响应看作横截面与纵向响应的叠加,隧道结构横截面发生剪切变形,两侧拱肩与拱脚为抗震的薄弱环节,变形效应沿轴向缓慢增加,此响应为平行隧道结构横截面传播的SH波作用所致;隧道结构纵向发生水平剪切变形,变形效应沿隧道轴向逐渐减弱,洞口处产生较大刚性位移,在施工缝存在的情况下,隧道结构在洞口附近易沿施工缝产生错台现象,此响应为沿轴向传播的SH波所致。此规律表明,隧道结构的纵向抗震设计同样值得关注。     

Influence of blasting load directions on tunnel stability in fractured rock mass

Tunnels in fractured rock masses are typically damaged by dynamic disturbances from various directions. To investigate the influence of blasting load directions on the stability of a tunnel with a pre-crack nearby, blasting tests were conducted on the physical models of an external crack around a tunnel (ECT) in this study. Failure modes of the tunnels were analysed based on stress wave theory. The Riedel–Hiermaier–Thoma (RHT) material model was employed to perform the numerical simulations on ECT models. Stress distribution around the tunnels and final failure patterns of the tunnels were characterised. The results show that, under blasting loads, the pre-crack propagates and then new cracks initiates on the incident side of the tunnel. These cracks extend towards each other and eventually coalesce. Blasting load directions significantly influence the ultimate failure mode of the tunnel in the fractured rock masses. The new cracks on the shadow side of the tunnel appear at different positions when the blasting stress waves come from various directions. The results are meaningful to the analysis of tunnel stability and optimisation of the tunnel support scheme.     

Tunnel maintenance in Japan

Recent maintenance technology and typical deformation cases of Japanese railway tunnels are presented in this paper. Inspection of tunnel lining is divided into primary inspection and secondary inspection. New technology of non-destructive inspection which is in the process of practicable inspection to make this automatic is introduced. Repair and reinforce methods of deformation tunnels are divided into: (a) countermeasures against earth pressure; (b) countermeasures for deteriorate lining; (c) countermeasures against leakage of water and frost damage; and (d) countermeasures against spalling. Moreover, three cases concerning recent typical deformation of Japanese railway tunnels are shown; one of them is the Tukayama tunnel concerning countermeasures against plastic earth pressure and the others are the Fukuoka tunnel and the Rebunhama tunnel concerning an accident caused by spalling of tunnel lining.     

Assessment of damage in mountain tunnels due to the Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake

Tunnels, being underground structures, have long been assumed to have the ability to sustain earthquakes with little damage. However, investigations of mountain tunnels after the Chi-Chi Earthquake in central Taiwan revealed that many tunnels suffered significant damage to various extents. This work describes the findings of a systematic assessment of damage in the mountain tunnels in Taiwan after the earthquake. It was found that among the 57 tunnels investigated 49 of them were damaged. The damage patterns are summarized based on the characteristics and the distribution of the lining cracks. This systematic investigation, involving geological conditions, design documents, construction and maintenance records of these tunnels, has been conducted to assess the potential factors that may have influence on the various damage patterns and the earthquake loading for tunnels. The results show that the degree of damage is associated with the geological condition and structural arrangement of the tunnel. A tunnel passing through a displaced fault zone will definitely suffer damage. The extent of geological weak zones, distance from the epicenter, and the existence of a slope face are also significant influencing factors. The seismic capacity of the tunnel is influenced by its structural arrangement, type of lining, invert setup, lining reinforcement, and other parameters.     

凸起地形中半圆形衬砌隧道对SH波的散射解析解

根据弹性波动理论,结合分区和契合思想,利用傅里叶级数展开法,由连续性条件和自由地表边界条件,求得了凸起地形中衬砌隧道对SH波散射的解析解。通过研究半圆形山岭衬砌隧道对SH波散射的影响,得到的计算结果表明:对于软性和硬性衬砌隧道而言,凸起地形对地震波有明显的放大作用,当入射频率增大时,地表位移幅值也增大,这种现象在凸起地形范围内尤为明显;当入射频率较低时,位移幅值在凸起地形附近变化明显。与此同时,刚性衬砌表面的动应力集中现象尤为显著。除此以外,结果还表明动力反应特征主要影响因素包括入射波角度、入射波频率及衬砌材料属性等。     

Effects of lateral unloading on the mechanical and deformation performance of shield tunnel segment joints

Unloading during lateral excavation widely occurs in existing subway shield tunnels. Previous studies have focused on the overall stress and deformation of existing tunnels caused by nearby unloading. However, the stress and deformation state of tunnel segment joints have yet to be considered. This study considered the non-continuity of the shield tunnel lining and the interactions among tunnel segment, surrounding rocks and ballast bed. A hybrid model of a shield tunnel was established based on 3D nonlinear contact theory. The mechanical and deformation properties of the segments and joints of an existing shield tunnel under the influence of lateral excavation of the foundation pits were studied. Unloading during lateral excavation caused the cross section of the shield tunnel to generate vertical convergence and shift horizontally towards the foundation pit. An opening and dislocation in the joint, which caused the waterproof ability of the joint to decrease sharply, were observed. Meanwhile, stress at the segment joint increased sharply and caused local cracks in the segment lining. Axial and shearing force on the joint bolt also increased significantly. Based on existing subway regulations, the calculation results were combined to establish a deformation control standard for existing shield tunnels under lateral excavation. The rate of vertical convergence of the lining should be less than 3.68‰, and the rate of horizontal shift of the axis should be less than 0.53‰.     

静荷载理论在岩爆研究中的局限性及岩爆岩石动力学机理的初步分析

对围岩切应力与单轴抗压强度的比值、岩爆事件的空间分布、TBM掘进隧道的围岩稳定及超深井井壁稳定等问题的分析表明，静荷载理论在岩爆研究中的局限性是明显的。对于钻爆法开挖的硬岩隧道，岩爆应该是处于非均匀应力状态的围岩在爆炸加载波、卸载应力波及岩爆应力波多次扰动的情况下，裂纹发生大规模瞬时动力扩展的结果，这可以概括为岩爆的岩石动力学机理。卸载扰动在已开挖围岩表面附近将产生P波、S波和Rayleigh波，对围岩扰动最大的是P波和Rayleigh波。P波和Rayleigh波的性质、分布及衰减规律可以较好地解释地应力量级对岩爆的控制及岩爆事件的空间分布等。     

弹性半空间中衬砌隧道对瑞利波的散射

 采用一种高精度的间接边界积分方程法,对弹性半空间中衬砌隧道对入射瑞利的二维散射问题进行求解分析。结果表明：衬砌隧道和非衬砌隧道对瑞利波的散射具有显著的差别,衬砌刚度对波的散射规律具有重要影响。隧道附近地表动力响应和隧道衬砌动应力集中主要取决于衬砌和围岩的刚度比、隧道的埋深和直径、入射波频率等因素。对于柔性衬砌,浅埋隧道对低频瑞利波会产生显著的位移放大效应;对于刚性衬砌,衬砌内壁的动应力集中效应十分明显。整体上看,随着埋深的增大,隧道周围波的散射逐渐减弱。