电路交换系统板级测试的设计和实现

测试系统对于保证产品的质量有着重要的作用。介绍和分析了测试系统的组成，分别从软件和硬件及文档方面具体阐述了测试系统的需求和功能。在硬件设计上，使用了GPIB测试设备和虚拟仪器，降低了开发成本，并便于维护和升级。在软件设计上，使用了VC和虚拟仪器编程语言，降低了开发难度，使测试系统的功能更加丰富和强大，易于操作。     

对中国电信发展过程中问题的再思考--斯坦福商学院学习体会和认识

2004年5月1日，带着中国电信集团领导的嘱托，起程前往美国进行为期三个星期的学习和考察。我们先在美国著名的斯坦福大学商学院学习了工商管理课程，然后对美国的SPRINT公司、MCI公司和中国电信美国公司进行了访问和考察。这次学习让我们开阔了眼界，增长了知识，交流了经验，建立了友谊。在结业典礼上，教授们高度评价我们班．认为学员学习认真，善于思考，提出问题有深度和高度。这次学习中，教授层次高、阵容强，既有扎实的理论功底，又有丰富的实践基础，具有全球化的视野和深入浅出、幽默的讲解，使我们拓宽了思路，丰富了才干，理清了方向．调整了思维方式，对集团的战略决策有了更深的理解，深深感到了历史的责任和使命。     

数据融合技术

该文详细分析了数据融合的起源，概念，分类，优点等，阐述了数据融合系统的发展状况，技术要求和体系结构，介绍了数据融合的算法，实现数据融合的软硬件技术以及这一领域的技术的难点和前沿课题，在分析介绍的基础上，提出了发展我国的数据融合技术的一些设想，并对单舰多传感器数据融合系统的体系结构，软硬件平台和研制的可行性进行了探讨和研究，最后指出了还需要进一步研究的问题和研究的方法。     

基于数据仓库和数据挖掘的国防生培养决策支持系统

在论述数据仓库、数据挖掘和决策支持系统关键技术和体系结构的基础上，根据国防生管理的实际需求，提出了基于数据仓库和数据挖掘的国防生培养决策支持系统的解决方案，并针对国防生流失问题，构建了国防生流失数据仓库，进行了OLAP分析和决策树挖掘，分析得出了影响国防生流失的因素，实验结果与现实情况基本符合，一些事先并没有预料的结果，也客观地反映了实际情况，这也充分表明了国防生培养决策支持系统是一个强有力的辅助决策工具。     

满足原子性和公平匿名性的AFAP协议研究

在分析电子交易的原子性和公平匿名性基础上，应用两阶段提交协议思想，实现了电子交易的原子性，改进了Brands教授提出的公平盲签名协议，不仅实现了交易中的匿名性，还提供了非法支付的所有者追踪和货币追踪，实现了公平匿名性，并提出了一个可同时实现原子的公平匿名的电子交易协议，给出了协议的五个子协议，详细描述了各子协议的执行过程，并非形式化地证明了协议原子性和公平匿名性，保证了公平电子交易和私密性。     

计算机课件教学中几个问题的研究

随着计算机技术的高速发展，计算机技术在教育教学中的应用日渐广泛，从而对教育的改革和发展起到了很大的推动作用。特别是大力倡导和积极推行现代化教学中，利用计算机多媒体技术改变了传统的教学模式和教学手段：它以新颖独特的形式和手段，弥补了传统教学中的缺陷，提高了学生的学习兴趣，改善了课堂教学的效果，提升了教学水平和教学质量。     

建模与仿真空间参考模型软件系统的设计和实现

首先介绍了空间参考模型和坐标变换软件系统设计和实现的原则，并给出了软件系统的体系结构和功能模块组成，然后给出了空间参考模型部分的主要数据结构和实现代码并分析了坐标变换的策略和方法，最后给出了坐标变换的流程，主要数据结构，函数和用户接口。     

交互式译系统IHSMTS的多策略翻译引擎

IHSMTS采用了多策略的翻译方式，融合了RBMT，EBMT和机助人译等思想，提高了自动构造文的质量，并实现了良好的经验记忆和知识自动获取，同时，采用智能人的机交互技术，构建了一个机组翻译平台，文章介绍了IHSMTS的翻译处理原理和系统关键技术的实现方法。     

Tomcat和Apache集成支持JSP技术探讨

介绍了JSP，Tomcat，Apache的产生、发展，对Tomcat和Apache作为服务器的功能进行了比较，描述了Tomcat的安装和配置，讨论了Tomcat和Apache集成，并对两者结合的配置做了详尽的阐述。重点突出了与以前版本之间集成的不同。     

QoS体系中流量工程与网络规划的功能框架

概述了Internet网络的发展趋势，分析了QoS提供体系的研究现状，指出了现有研究的不足，然后，将网络规划引入QoS提供体系架，把网络规划和流量工程结合起来，拓展了原有的QoS提供体系框架，最后，提出了网络规划和流量工程综合框架的系统流程，并且严区分了网络规划，流量工程和网络优化的作用范围。     

Static and dynamic lifting strength at different reach distances in symmetrica] and asymmetrical planes

Postural and therefore biomechanical standardization in strength testing has not been rigorously and consistently applied. To develop a quantitative relationship between strength and posture (body position, symmetry, and reach) 30 normal subjects (18 male and 12 females) were required to stoop and squat lift or exert in the relevant posture against a standardized instrumented handle. The isometric lifting efforts and isokinetic lifts were studied. The isokinetic lifts were done at a linear velocity of 50cm/s of the hand displacement from the floor to the knuckle heights of the respective subjects in stoop and squat postures. The isometric stoop lifting efforts were exerted in two standardized postures: (a) with 60° hip flexion; and (b) with 90° hip flexion. The isometric squat lifting efforts were also exerted in two standardized postures: (a) with 90° knee flexion; and (b) with 135° knee flexion. All isometric lifting efforts and isokinetic lifts were performed at half, three-quarters, and full horizontal reach in sagitally symmetrical, 30° left lateral, and 60° left lateral planes. Isometric stoop and squat lifting efforts were also measured in self-selected optimal postures. These 56 conditions were tested in random order. The analysis of variance revealed that the gender, the mode of lifting, the postural asymmetry and reach of lifting affected the strength significantly (p<0·0001). Most two-way and three-way interactions were significant (p<0·01). Of 108 prediction regression equations, 103 were significant with up to 90% of the variation explained by anthropometric variables and sagittal plane strength. The reach affected the strength most profoundly followed by postural asymmetry and the mode of lifting.     

Fracture and fatigue behavior of single crystal silicon microelements and nanoscopic AFM damage evaluation

Quasi-static bending and fatigue tests of single-crystal silicon microelements fabricated by photoetching were performed. The microelements were subjected to simple bending and three-point bending with two-support roll length of 1.5 mm. The tests were conducted by using a specially designed electromagnetic actuator based testing machine (load range: 0.1 mN–5 N, accuracy: 0.02 mN), which enables mechanical testing including fatigue of microelements. Mechanical testing including fatigue of microelements could be performed with sufficient precision. Single-crystal silicon microelements deformed elastically until final catastrophic failure, showing a brittle nature. The influence of specimen size on quasi-static fracture behavior was investigated: fracture strength increased with a decrease in sample width, and the maximum fracture strength reached 7.7 GPa. The influence of water on fatigue strength was discussed. The fracture surface and sample surface were examined using an atomic force microscope. Nanoscopic damage during testing was evaluated, and the fracture mechanisms were discussed. Received 20 October 1997/Accepted 5 January 1998     

Further studies of shoulder and neck pain and exposures in customer service work with low biomechanical demands

The aim of the study was to establish insight into work exposures that cause shoulder and neck pain among occupational groups that have low biomechanical exposure and experience work stress from client/customer contact, among other exposures. Four occupational groups were studied, in health care (n = 20), retail (n = 22), banking (n = 26), and university secretaries (n = 26), a total of 94 volunteers. Thirty-nine were classified as pain-afflicted in the shoulder and neck, while 55 were pain-free. The subjects' perceptions of biomechanical and psychosocial exposures were established by use of quantitative questionnaires and by explorative interviews with open-ended questions, covering the same themes. Heart rate and trapezius EMG were recorded over a full workday and the following leisure period. Trapezius median and static activity during work were 3.3% and 0.3% EMG_max, only marginally higher than trapezius activity in the leisure period (2.7% and 0.2% EMG_max). The quantitative questionnaire did not identify any variable that correlated with shoulder and neck pain except perceived general tension. The interviews established that the interaction with clients or customers was an important source of work stress. Such stress appeared to be a complex entity not easily characterized by established psychosocial questionnaires. The physiological variables were at most weakly elevated in periods with high stress as compared to periods with low stress. The authors caution against relying on standardized quantitative questionnaires and/or physiological recordings to characterize work stress in occupations with emotional stress through client/customer service work.     

Effects of different sensors and leaf-on and leaf-off canopy conditions on echo distributions and individual tree properties derived from airborne laser scanning

The objectives of this study were to quantify and analyze differences in laser height and laser intensity distributions of individual trees obtained from airborne laser scanner (ALS) data for different canopy conditions (leaf-on vs. leaf-off) and sensors. It was also assessed how estimated tree height, stem diameter, and tree species were influenced by these differences. The study was based on 412 trees from a boreal forest reserve in Norway. Three different ALS acquisitions were carried out. Leaf-on and leaf-off data were acquired with the Optech ALTM 3100 sensor, and an additional leaf-on dataset was acquired using the Optech ALTM 1233 sensor. Laser echoes located within the vertical projection of the tree crowns were attributed to different echo categories (“first echoes of many”, “single echoes”, “last echoes of many”) and analyzed. The most pronounced changes in laser height distribution from leaf-on to leaf-off were found for the echo categories denoted as “single” and “last echoes of many” where the distributions were shifted towards the ground under leaf-off conditions. The most pronounced change in the intensity distribution was found for “first echoes of many” where the distribution was extremely skewed towards the lower values under leaf-off conditions compared to leaf-on. Furthermore, the echo height and intensity distributions obtained for the two different sensors also differed significantly. Individual tree properties were estimated fairly accurately in all acquisitions with RMSE ranging from 0.76 to 0.84 m for tree height and from 3.10 to 3.17 cm for stem diameter. It was revealed that tree species was an important model term in both and tree height and stem diameter models. A significantly higher overall accuracy of tree species classification was obtained using the leaf-off acquisition (90 vs. 98%) whereas classification accuracy did not differ much between sensors (90 vs. 93%).     

Smartphone addiction and its relationship with social anxiety and loneliness

Individuals with psychosocial problems such as social phobia or feelings of loneliness might be vulnerable to excessive use of cyber-technological devices, such as smartphones. We aimed to determine the relationship of smartphone addiction with social phobia and loneliness in a sample of university students in Istanbul, Turkey. Three hundred and sixty-seven students who owned smartphones were given the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS), and Brief Social Phobia Scale (BSPS). A significant difference was found in the mean SAS scores (p?<?.001) between users who declared that their main purpose for smartphone use was to access social networking sites. The BSPS scores showed positive correlations with all six subscales and with the total SAS scores. The total UCLA-LS scores were positively correlated with daily life disturbance, positive anticipation, cyber-oriented relationship, and total scores on the SAS. In regression analyses, total BSPS scores were significant predictors for SAS total scores (β?=?0.313, t?=?5.992, p?<?.001). In addition, BSPS scores were significant predictors for all six SAS subscales, whereas UCLA-LS scores were significant predictors for only cyber-oriented relationship subscale scores on the SAS (β?=?0.130, t?=?2.416, p?<?.05). The results of this study indicate that social phobia was associated with the risk for smartphone addiction in young people. Younger individuals who primarily use their smartphones to access social networking sites also have an excessive pattern of smartphone use.     

Experimental investigation and thermodynamic assessment of the Fe-Pr and Fe-Nd binary systems

In this work, Fe-Pr alloys and Fe-Nd alloys were investigated experimentally by means of thermal analysis. The temperatures of the invariant reactions and liquidus in the Fe-Pr and Fe-Nd binary systems were measured. Based on the experimental results determined in this work and the critical review of the available experimental data in published literature, the Fe-Pr and Fe-Nd binary systems were re-assessed thermodynamically using the CALPHAD method. The solution phases including liquid, bcc, fcc and dhcp are modeled by the substitutional solution model and their excess Gibbs energies are expressed with the Redlich-Kister polynomial. The intermetallic compounds, Fe₁₇Pr₂, Fe₁₇Nd₂ and Fe₁₇Nd₅ are treated as intermetallic compounds. The self-consistent thermodynamic parameters obtained finally to describe the Gibbs energies of various phases in the Fe-Pr and Fe-Nd binary systems can be used to reproduce well the phase equilibria and thermodynamic data.     

Assessment of grip force and subjective hand force exertion under handedness and postural conditions

The Borg CR-10 scale has been used to quantify the perception of physical exertion. An experiment was conducted to test the grip force of males on four levels of the CR-10 scale under experimental conditions. It was found that the subjects applied higher grip forces than they perceived at levels 2, 5, and 7 on the scale. The grip forces between dominant and non-dominant hands at low CR-10 levels were negligible. The grip forces were significantly different between the two hands at level 10. Similar results were found for the postural conditions. A follow-up experiment was conducted to estimate the subjective rating when applying a pre-determined grip force under the same conditions. Regression models were established to link the relationship between the subjective rating and hand force. The estimated ratings were lower than those actual values under all the tested conditions, even though the models have high R² values.     

Fabrication and electroosmotic flow measurements in micro- and nanofluidic channels

An easy method for fabricating micro- and nanofluidic channels, entirely made of a thermally grown silicon dioxide is presented. The nanochannels are up to 1-mm long and have widths and heights down to 200 nm, whereas the microfluidic channels are 20-μm wide and 4.8-μm high. The nanochannels are created at the interface of two silicon wafers. Their fabrication is based on the expansion of growing silicon dioxide and the corresponding reduction in channel cross-section. The embedded silicon dioxide channels were released and are partially freestanding. The transparent and hydrophilic silicon dioxide channel system could be spontaneously filled with aqueous, fluorescent solution. The electrical resistances of the micro- and nanofluidic channel segments were calculated and the found values were confirmed by current measurements. Electrical field strengths up to 600 V/cm were reached within the nanochannels when applying a potential of only 10 V. Electroosmotic flow (EOF) measurements through micro- and nanofluidic channel systems resulted in electroosmotic mobilities in the same order of those encountered in regular, fused silica capillaries.     

The energy cost and heart-rate response of trained and untrained subjects walking and running in shoes and boots

Abstract

To determine the difference in the energy cost of walking and running in a lightweight athletic shoe and a heavier boot, fourteen male subjects (six trained and eight untrained) has their oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O₂) measured while walking and running on a treadmill. They wore each type of footwear, athletic shoes of the subjects' choice (average weight per pair = 616 g) and leather military boots (average weight per pair = 1776g), at three walking speeds (4·0, 5·6 and 7·3 km hour^?1) and three running speeds (8·9, 10·5 and 12·1 km hour^?1). The trials for running were repeated at the same three speeds with the subjects wearing shoes and these shoes plus lead weights. The weight of the shoes plus the lead weights was equal to the weight of the subjects' boots. The [Vdot]O₂values with boots were significantly (p < 0·05) higher (5·9?10·2%) at all speeds, except the slowest walk, 4·0 km hour^?1Also, [Vdot]O₂with shoes plus lead weights were significantly (p<0·05) higher than shoes alone. Weight alone appeared to account for 48-70% of the added energy cost of wearing boots. The relative energy cost ([Vdot]O₂, ml kg^?1?) of trained and untrained subjects were the same at all speeds. These data indicate that energy expenditure is increased by wearing boots. A large portion of this increase may be attributed to weight of footwear. In addition, the increased energy cost of locomotion with boots appears to place a limiting stress on untrained subjects.