Process models in design and development

Many models of the design and development process have been published over the years, representing it for different purposes and from different points of view. This article contributes an organising framework that clarifies the topology of the literature on these models and thereby relates the main perspectives that have been developed. The main categories of model are introduced. Their contexts, advantages, and limitations are considered through discussion of selected examples. It is demonstrated that the framework integrates coverage of earlier reviews and as such provides a new perspective on the literature. Finally, key characteristics of design and development process models are discussed considering their applications in practice, and opportunities for further research are suggested. Overall, the article should aid researchers in positioning new models and new modelling approaches in relation to state-of-the-art. It may also be of interest to practitioners and educators seeking an overview of developments in this area.     

设计开发策划及设计评审常见问题

企业在实施及审核员在审核ISO9001:2008版标准7.3条款"设计开发"时均感觉到有较大难度,本文就设计开发策划及设计评审常见问题与大家探讨.     

建筑安装工程深化设计的必要性及组织工作

建筑机电设备安装工程中,各专业的系统管线平衡即工程深化设计是一项重要工作.可根据企业实力,逐步发展这方面的工作,全面提高企业的综合实力.     

Product design and development in small firms

Some of the problems experienced by small firms engaged in product design and development activities are examined. After a review of recent published material, a case history is presented which analyses a UK based small firm. In the discussion which completes the paper, areas for further research are indicated.     

Perspectives on iteration in design and development

Design, development, and other projects inevitably involve iteration. Iteration has positive effects, such as enabling progressive generation of knowledge, enabling concurrency, and integrating necessary changes, but it also increases duration and cost of a project. Managing iteration is thus an important issue in practice, but can be challenging due in part to a profusion of issues and terminologies. This article contributes a literature summary and integrating taxonomy to clarify the different perspectives on iteration. It brings together insights into iteration gained from different research communities (mainly design and product development, alongside selected work in construction management and software project management) and different research approaches (including conceptual frameworks, mathematical and simulation models, case studies and surveys, and protocol studies). By differentiating the issues and providing a uniform terminology, the article maps insights developed to date and may help situate future analyses of iterative processes.     

Alloy design and development of INCONEL718 type alloy

The effect of alloying elements such as Al, Ti, Nb, W and Co in INCONEL 718 type alloys on phase precipitation behavior has been investigated by means of Thermo-Calc software. The results show that both the solvus temperature and fraction of phases in 718 type alloys has been significantly changed with variation these alloying elements. The experimental results also reveal that precipitation kinetics of δ, γ″ and γ′ phases in developed 718 type alloys have been changed. The alloy with higher content of Al shows microstructural stability superior to that of conventional 718 alloy. Based on thermodynamical and experimental results, the optimum content of Al, Ti and Nb of the developed 718 type alloy without W and Co additions has been determined to be 1%, 1% and 5.5%, respectively.     

浅谈可持续发展与绿色包装设计概念

通过对可持续发展与绿色包装设计概念的分析,及对传统包装设计与绿色包装设计的比较,指出可持续发展与绿色包装设计理念、方法.重点阐述了包装设计师在绿色设计思想的指导下,必须采用"整体思维"来对待设计问题.     

The design and development of a web-based data acquisition system

With the growth of the Internet, an interesting possibility is that of performing research, development, and collaborative experimentation unlimited by physical location. The focus of this paper is on the development of an educational tool, based on freeware, for the introduction of various Web-related aspects of remote instrumentation. An important ingredient of the system is a mechanism for handling multiple clients through a scheduling strategy that uses semaphores. Other features include provisions for multiple-instrument access and output of the data acquired in textual and graphical forms. The approach is cost-effective, and the solution is suitable for a variety of platforms. Experiments using two instruments, namely a digital multimeter and a thermocouple unit, are reported     

音乐厅建声设计技术的传承与发展

综述了国内外音乐厅设计与建设的发展历史和过程,介绍了国内外近四十个音乐厅的建设与设计概况及规模体形、主要音质指标和主观音质评价等级等.文中还着重介绍了音乐厅音质设计的三大方面和六点关键技术及我国音乐厅建声设计技术的传承与发展概况.     

The design and development of a wood burning gas turbine

A wood burning gas turbine research apparatus has been constructed to determine the effectiveness of the filter system in preventing turbine blade erosion. The filter system has proven to be effective; the exhaust gases from the turbine are clear and the pressure drop across both burner and filter is within acceptable limits.

Both sawdust and pulverized wood chips of varying particle sizes and moisture content are being bu rned in the system. There have been large variations in burner and filter performance with different particle sizes and moisture contents. The results of the research to date are very encouraging. Operational problems have been minimal, and much has been learnt that can lead to the development of a commercially economical system.     

Topical phenytoin nanostructured lipid carriers: design and development

Phenytoin (PHT) is an antiepileptic drug that was reported to exhibit high wound healing activity. Nevertheless, its limited solubility, bioavailability, and inefficient distribution during topical administration limit its use. Therefore, this study aims to develop, characterize nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), and evaluate their potential in topical delivery of PHT to improve the drug entrapment efficiency and sustained release. The NLCs were prepared by hot homogenization followed by ultra sonication method using 2³ factorial design. NLC formulations were characterized regarding their particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency percent (%EE), surface morphology, physicochemical stability, and in vitro release studies. The optimized NLC (F7) was further incorporated in 1%w/v carbopol gel and then characterized for appearance, pH, viscosity, stability, and in vitro drug release. The prepared NLCs were spherical in shape and possessed an average PS of 121.4–258.2?nm, ZP of (?15.4)–(–32.2)?mV, and 55.24–88.80 %EE. Solid-state characterization revealed that the drug is dispersed in an amorphous state with hydrogen bond interaction between the drug and the NLC components. NLC formulations were found to be stable at 25?°C for six months. The stored F7-hydrogel showed insignificant changes in viscosity and drug content (p>.05) up to six?months at 25?°C that pave a way for industrial fabrication of efficient PHT products. In vitro release studies showed a sustained release from NLC up to 48?h at pH 7.4 following non-Fickian Higuchi kinetics model. These promising findings encourage the potential use of phenytoin loaded lipid nanoparticles for future topical application.     

浅谈现代包装设计的发展趋势

在科技快速发展、市场竞争日益激烈的21世纪,包装产业如何适应新时代的发展要求,满足现代包装可持续化发展进程,变得尤为重要。发展包装,保护环境,促进包装业的可持续发展,促进人类与自然生态环境的和谐发展,就成为我们大家面临的共同问题。1、包装的演变与发展在漫长的历史长河中,包装伴随着人类社会文明的不断进步、更     

Consideration of maintenance objectives in the design and development of software

Factors are addressed that affect the total cost of developing, deploying and supporting software systems. The experiences are drawn from a large computerized facility incorporating over half a million lines of application code. The operational and support activities dominate the cost considerations over program life. Techniques are presented in this paper to ensure early design considerations of these operational and support activities and to reduce their cost. Thus, the focus is the life cycle cost factors of the system software.     

Concurrent optimization of the design and manufacturing stages of product development

The problem of concurrent optimization of the design and the process planning stages when a new product is developed is addressed. The paper advocates for a simultaneous approach rather than the traditional sequential one. A mathematical representation of this approach is given for these two stages. A mathematical programming technique is used to find the optimal values of the design and the process characteristics. The objective function is a quality loss function. The constraints are the customer requirements, the product's specification limits, the parts’ dimensional limits and the process capability. The traditional sequential approach of concurrent engineering is compared with the proposed simultaneous approach. A parametric analysis of the objective function is performed by applying an interactive multi-objective goal programming technique. A numerical example of a low-pass electrical circuit is given. It is shown that the proposed approach leads to better efficient solutions than the sequential approach. The decision-maker interacts with the optimization process and can choose the efficient solution that best satisfies the company's needs.     

Training and job design—the development of the personnel subsystem

The paper indicates the limitations on improved performance arising from physical effort and from information handling and outlines the role of training in improving job performance. Changes in jobs indicate that physical limitations will play less and less part but that other areas of job knowledge will be needed. In particular, the developments in job design may call for radically different areas of training than formerly.