二氧化碳地质封存层级和尺度划分标准探讨

二氧化碳捕集与地质封存(CCGS)技术对二氧化碳减排工作具有重要意义。二氧化碳地质封存所能实现的减排效果,首先需要对封存区域的地质封存潜力进行准确的评估。本文综述了二氧化碳地质封存金字塔概念及地质封存规模和尺度划分方法。二氧化碳地质封存金字塔分为理论封存能力、有效封存能力、实际封存能力和匹配封存能力四个递进的层级。封存规模和尺度可划分为国家级、盆地级、区域级和局部级。封存层级和尺度的划分是开展二氧化碳地质封存评估的前提和必要条件。     

二氧化碳减排技术和发展趋势

综合介绍了国内外二氧化碳减排技术进展,主要论述了二氧化碳分离方法和减排技术路线,简要介绍了二氧化碳的资源化利用和封存技术,并对未来二氧化碳减排技术的发展方向进行了展望.     

新形势下石油公司二氧化碳减排策略的变化

在《巴黎协定》正式生效的前后,很多大石油公司积极表态将为气候变化采取行动。本文分析了主要的国际大石油公司采取的减排思路,总结了这些公司提出的二氧化碳减排策略和具体做法。文中指出石油公司对于二氧化碳减排都很慎重,既要选择能产生实质减排效果的途径,又要尽可能降低对主营业务的影响。因此在业务发展战略与减排战略之间寻找连接和平衡,突出多元化的二氧化碳减排途径,把重点聚焦在进一步加强节能降耗、有选择地发展低碳能源、推进二氧化碳的捕获和综合利用等方面。分析结果认为,首先,这些措施不仅能实现自身业务运营过程中的减排,还能通过提供清洁低碳能源、产品和服务推动社会相关部门以及消费者实现间接减排;其次,实施多样化的减排策略组合可以降低风险;第三,将应对气候变化与企业长远发展的顶层战略相结合,加快技术创新,是降低减排成本、实现减排效果的关键。     

煤化工二氧化碳减排与化学利用研究进展

研究并分析了煤气化技术、工艺优化和工艺装置联合一体化减排二氧化碳的可能,提出了从工艺源头上实现二氧化碳规模化减排的途径和对策.对各种二氧化碳化学利用技术进行了介绍和分析,认为碳酸二甲酯转化利用技术、二氧化碳和甲烷共转化技术可实现二氧化碳的规模化化学利用,并得到附加值较高的化学品,因此,应高度关注相关技术的研发.     

水泥工业二氧化碳循环利用现状

水泥工业是二氧化碳排放大户,实现二氧化碳的循环利用对其健康发展具有重要意义。本文从水泥工业二氧化碳的减排、捕集以及应用三个方面介绍了碳循环利用的全过程,重点关注了二氧化碳的减排措施和捕集技术。根据对现有技术及工艺实践的总结归纳,提出了未来水泥工业二氧化碳循环利用的发展方向,为碳减排路线的实施奠定了基础。     

二氧化碳减排与可持续发展

中国政府核准《京都议定书》显示了中国参与国际环境合作，促进世界可持续发展的积极姿态。论述了二氧化碳减排与可持续发展的关系，并对二氧化碳减排研究的重点和突破口提出了建议。     

超临界二氧化碳在地热开发中的应用研究进展

从干热岩特点及开发手段两方面介绍了干热岩地热资源,围绕CO_2在深部储层中的超临界特性,展开了其作为压裂液和工质流体的应用研究,对比了CO_2-EGS与H_2O-EGS的热提取性能,阐述了国内外学者针对CO_2-EGS的研究进展。二氧化碳增强型地热系统(CO_2-EGS)与二氧化碳地质封存(CCUS)一体化技术具有较强的可行性,其实现将对缓解化石燃料危机、节能减排具有重要作用。     

超临界二氧化碳在地热开发中的应用研究进展

从干热岩特点及开发手段两方面介绍了干热岩地热资源,围绕CO_2在深部储层中的超临界特性,展开了其作为压裂液和工质流体的应用研究,对比了CO_2-EGS与H_2O-EGS的热提取性能,阐述了国内外学者针对CO_2-EGS的研究进展。二氧化碳增强型地热系统(CO_2-EGS)与二氧化碳地质封存(CCUS)一体化技术具有较强的可行性,其实现将对缓解化石燃料危机、节能减排具有重要作用。     

用可燃废弃物替代烧成燃料减排二氧化碳效果分析

用可燃废弃物替代烧成燃料煤煅烧水泥熟料,可有效减排二氧化碳。本文首先介绍了可替代烧成燃料排放二氧化碳的计算方法,然后重点分析了用可燃性工业废弃物和城市生活垃圾替代烧成燃料减排二氧化碳的效果,并对利用水泥回转窑直接焚烧垃圾和在水泥回转窑旁设置垃圾焚烧系统处理垃圾两种方式减少CO2排放的效果进行了比较。     

二氧化碳捕捉与封存技术的研究与展望

拿球变暖已成为国际关注的问题,以伞球气温变暖为背景介绍了一种新的节能减排技术——二氧化碳捕捉与封存技术。CCS技术是实现温室气体减排的重要途径之一,具有良好的发展前景,备受发达国家的重视和发展中国家的关注？主要论述了有关二氧化碳捕获与封存技术各个环节的进展,简要介绍了二氧化碳封存的国内外发展现状和存在的问题及风险,并对二氧化碳封存技术的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

碳捕获与封存技术综述

人类活动排放的二氧化碳将导致全球温度上升,从而引发各种灾难。CCS是短期内减缓全球变暖速度的重要手段。文中综述了碳捕获和碳封存的技术方法,以及CCS技术存在的问题。碳捕获分为燃烧前捕获、富氧燃烧捕获和燃烧后捕获。碳封存方式有地址封存、洋封存、矿石碳化、工业利用、生态封存等,其中地质封存是主流方式。     

Calculation of phase equilibrium for water+carbon dioxide system using nonrandom lattice fluid equation of state

For the geological sequestration of carbon dioxide to prevent global warming, the phase equilibrium data for water and carbon dioxide mixture play an important role in process design and operation. In this work, the nonrandom lattice fluid equation of state with hydrogen bonding (NLF-HB EOS) was applied for the prediction of phase equilibrium of mixtures containing water and carbon dioxide. A new set of pure component parameters for carbon dioxide above critical condition was found and optimum binary interaction parameters were reported to correlate mutual solubility of mixtures. The calculated results were compared with the Peng-Robinson Equation of State with the conventional mixing rule (PR-EOS) and the Wong-Sandler mixing rule (PR-WS-EOS). The calculation results show that NLF-HB EOS can correlate mutual solubility of water+carbon dioxide mixtures with reasonable accuracy within a single theoretical framework.     

二氧化碳的捕集、固定与利用的研究进展

面对不断恶化的温室效应所带来的危机,各国同意采取措施减少二氧化碳排放量,中国也已经承诺2030年左右碳排放达到峰值。然而,二氧化碳的排放控制和捕获（CCS）仍是全球环境的一大挑战。把二氧化碳封存和固定一直是学者们努力的方向和研究重点,并试图为实现更加彻底高效的碳捕获和封存引入新的方法——二氧化碳利用。有研究指出矿化是二氧化碳利用的新方向,其环保、低成本等优点吸引着人们的研究目光。在淡水资源短缺的另一重威胁下,利用海水进行碳捕获和利用推动了二氧化碳矿化的进一步研究。两者结合,不仅实现了二氧化碳的固定利用,还能解决来自海水淡化厂的海水预处理或卤水废弃物的利用。综述了近年来二氧化碳捕集、固定和利用方法的研究进展,通过对各种方法的利弊分析,发现碳利用的概念为CCS注入了新的活力。     

二氧化碳储存技术的研究现状

面对巨大的一次能源消耗以及二氧化碳排放量的急剧上升,利用各种技术来储存从集中排放源分离得到的大量的二氧化碳成为控制大气中二氧化碳浓度的关键.介绍了几种二氧化碳的储存方法:地质储存、陆地生态系统储存、生物储存、海洋储存和矿物储存技术的基本原理及其具体应用情况.全面概述了各种二氧化碳储存技术的国内外研究进展,讨论了各种技术的优缺点,并提出了今后研究的重点.     

Verfahrenstechnische Möglichkeiten zur Verringerung des Anstiegs von Kohlendioxid in der Luft

Engineering Solutions for Limiting the Increase of Carbon Dioxide in Air This article describes engineering solutions for limiting the increase of carbon dioxide in air. Fossile power plants are taken as a model for the source of CO₂. The global mass balance shows that the oceans play a most important role in the storage of the CO₂. The hypothesis is that it is not the absolute value of carbon dioxide concentration that is the real problem but rather its change. Keeping this in mind the present emissions should not be converted but stored for future times. This strategy is called ?hiding the CO₂“. The reduction of the emission is not very likely. It is believed that present actions to reduce the private power consumption will not really change the situation. A number of strategies for the sequestration of CO₂ are reported in the contribution. One proposal is to use shallow waters which form a thermohaline current for the sequestration. In this case, the injection of CO₂ is quite simple but the carbon dioxide travels hundreds of years in a deep sea current. Several scenarios are discussed for the fate of this CO₂‐enriched current. The environmental impact is briefly reported. This contribution describes the actual research needs, taking into account that similar research in Japan and in the U.S. is much more developed.     

Engineering Solutions for Limiting the Increase of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide

The article describes possible engineering solutions that can reduce the carbon dioxide (CO₂) content of the air. To demonstrate the point fossil fuel power plants will be taken as a model for the source of CO₂. The global mass balance shows that the oceans play a major role in storing CO₂. The hypothesis presented states that the real problem is not the absolute CO₂ content, rather its change. Consequently, present emissions should be stored for future release. Under the current worldwide measures to reduce power consumption CO₂ emissions are unlikely to decrease. A number of strategies for the maritime sequestration of CO₂ are reported in the contribution. One proposal for sequestration is the use of shallow waters which form a thermohaline current: the dissolved gas will travel for hundreds of years in deep sea currents. In the latter case, CO₂ injection is easily achieved. Several scenarios are considered for the fate of this CO₂‐enriched current. The environmental impact is briefly reported. The article will describe current research requirements, demonstrating that similar research in the US and Japan is presently more advanced in comparison to that in Europe. The sequestration of carbon dioxide on land will be the subject of a second publication. It is obvious that the sequestration of CO₂ is the method after all rational chances to save energy.     

Carbon dioxide sequestration in petrochemical industries with the aim of reduction in greenhouse gas emissions

The mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions to acceptable levels is arguably the greatest environmental challenge these days. Vast utilization of fossil fuels and forest destruction are main causes of CO₂ increase in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide sequestration that consists of separation, transportation and utilization or storage of CO₂, is one way for reduction of its emission, in which the most costly section is separation. Different methods can be used for carbon dioxide separation such as absorption, membrane separation, adsorption and cryogenic distillation. Economic, technical and environmental issues should be considered in selection of the technology for particular application. Carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, pressure and flow rate are influential operating parameters in the selection of the appropriate separation method. Nowadays, absorption is the worldwide industrial separation method. New researches are focused on developing new stable solvents and efficient column configuration with suitable internals to minimize pressure drop. Membrane separation and adsorption (PSA type) are other long-term alternatives that can increase separation efficiency and decrease separation cost. The level of energy consumption in various separation methods are in the order: chemical absorption>physical absorption>membrane separation. Because of high investment costs, current separation technologies are suitable for large concentrated sources. In the present paper, different processes for carbon dioxide separation are investigated and compared. Available technologies and commercial plants for CO₂ sequestration are provided.     

Adsorption of natural gas and biogas components on activated carbon

Experimental results are presented for the adsorption equilibria of methane, ethane, propane, butane, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen, as well as natural gas odorants tert-butyl mercaptan and tetrahydrothiophene, on an activated carbon with the desirable characteristics for use in a guard bed for adsorbed natural gas storage, but that can also be applied for separation of biogas components, such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The adsorption experiments were performed using both open- and closed-loop gravimetry over the pressure and temperature ranges of 0–9 MPa and 273–325 K, respectively. The two odorants were analyzed at the very low concentrations usually found in natural gas (0–25 mg/(N m³)). The experimental data were successfully correlated by the adsorption potential theory and collapsed into a single temperature-independent characteristic curve. This analysis allows for extrapolation of the adsorption data to higher alkanes, for which no experimental data are available, in order to span the global composition of a typical natural gas stream. The adsorption equilibrium data for methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen were fitted to the Toth and Sips isotherm models and their isosteric heats of adsorption were determined. The preferential adsorption capacity for carbon dioxide indicates that the carbon can be used for methane purification from natural gas, carbon dioxide sequestration from flue gas, or biogas purification.     

二氧化碳驱油采出液的管道集输研究

近年来,因CO_2驱油比传统水驱油具有更明显的技术优势,能很好地提高低渗透和超低渗透油田的采收率而得到广泛的应用。一来满足油田开发的工作需要,二来解决了二氧化碳的封存问题,对大气环境的保护有利。但CO_2驱采出液的性质发生诸多改变,加大了集输的难度,对管道也提出了更高的要求。