Diffusion layers produced on carbon steel surface by means of vacuum chromizing process

This work investigated diffusion layers produced on carbon (C) steel surfaces in the vacuum chromizing process. Studies of layer, thickness, morphology, and chromium (Cr), C, and iron (Fe) concentration depth profiles in the diffusion zone of chromized layers were carried out. The effect of process parameters such as time and temperature on the kinetics of layer growth on steel surface was investigated. The tribocorrosion resistance of chromized layers was determined.     

T10钢双辉离子渗钛层的组织及摩擦学性能

采用双层辉光离子渗金属技术,在T10钢表面进行渗钛,研究了渗钛层的显微组织和摩擦磨损性能。利用超景深三维显微系统、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、能谱仪等分别对渗钛层的组织、相结构、硬度及元素的浓度分布进行检测和分析,用MM-W1万能摩擦磨损试验机研究了渗层的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:T10钢双辉渗钛后可在表面形成均匀、致密且与基体结合良好的TiC层,渗钛层硬度达到1 100HV0.01以上,且呈平缓的梯度下降。与未处理的T10钢相比,渗钛层的磨损率明显降低,耐磨性增强。     

Pack Cementation Coatings for High-Temperature Oxidation Resistance of AISI 304 Stainless Steel

Aluminum and titanium are deposited on the surface of steel by the pack cementation method to improve its hot-corrosion and high-temperature oxidation resistance. In this research, coatings of aluminum and titanium and a two-step coating of aluminum and titanium were applied on an AISI 304 stainless steel substrate. The coating layers were examined by carrying out scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The SEM results showed that the aluminized coating consisted of two layers with a thickness of 450???m each, the titanized coating consisted of two layers with a thickness of 100???m each, and the two-step coatings of Al and Ti consisted of three layers with a thickness of 200???m each. The XRD investigation of the coatings showed that the aluminized coating consisted of Al₂O₃, AlCr₂, FeAl, and Fe₃Al phases; the titanized layers contained TiO₂, Ni₃Ti, FeNi, and Fe₂TiO₅ phases; and the two-step coating contained AlNi, Ti₃Al, and FeAl phases. The uncoated and coated specimens were subjected to isothermal oxidation at 1050?°C for 100?h. The oxidation results revealed that the application of a coating layer increased the oxidation resistance of the coated AISI 304 samples as opposed to the uncoated ones.     

Chromized Layers Produced on Steel Surface by Means of CVD

DIFFUSION CHROMIZING is one of many types ofthermochemical treatment employed today forimproving properties of steel surface such as hardness,wear and corrosion resistance[144].In this paper,anovel CVD method that combines the low cost of packmetallization and the advantage of vacuum techniquewas investigated[5].The coating process was based onthe formation of chromium chlorides atmosphere in situduring the processing.A metallic chromium powdermixture with a halide activator(NRiCl)we…     

Corrosion and erosion‐corrosion behaviors of carbon steel in naphthenic acid media

The naphthenic acid corrosion (NAC) and erosion‐corrosion (NAEC) behaviors of carbon steel were investigated detailedly in laboratory. The resistance to NAEC of pack‐aluminized carbon steel and carbon steel coated by high velocity oxygen‐fuel (HVOF) thermal‐sprayed AISI 316L stainless steel, was also investigated in both laboratory and an oil refinery. It was found that the control‐step of NAC was primarily dependent on the temperature. The NAC rate of carbon steel increased markedly with the increase of the total acid number and temperature, which may be attributed to the enhanced absorption and active reaction of naphthenic acid molecules on the metal surface. Increasing the velocity of flow seriously aggravated NAEC, especially in the high temperature range. The reasons were closely associated with the enhanced mass transfer and the accelerated active reaction as well as the rapid spallation of corrosion products from the metal surface. Both the aluminized carbon steel and the carbon steel covered by HVOF coating showed better resistance against NAEC compared to the carbon steel due to higher microhardness and corrosion resistance of their surface‐layers. The HVOF coating is hopeful to be applied for NAEC prevention of the components in oil refineries in view of present experimental results.     

T12钢盐浴渗钛层结构的研究

用光学显徽镜、电子探针、Ｘ射线衍射仪和透时电镜研究了Ｔ１２钢电极中性盐浴渗钛层的组织结构。试验结果表明：渗层包括内外两白亮层，两层之间有比较明显的分界；内白亮层与基体之间存在黑色的过渡层。外白亮层是ＴｉＣ层，其中含有少ａ－Ｆｅ；内白亮层是ａ－Ｆｅ层；内外层交界为ａ－Ｆｅ基体上分布ＴｉＣ。铁素体内层是在碳化钛层形成过程中使其前沿附近含碳量降低，同时溶入缩小γ区的元素钛而逐渐形成的。     

低温离子渗硫层的干摩擦学性能对比研究

采用低温离子渗硫工艺，分别在W6Mo5Cr4V2,5CrNiMo,2Cr13及45钢表面制备FeS固体润滑层。研究干摩擦条件下的摩擦员性能和渗硫层截面与磨痕形貌，结果表明，4种钢渗硫后减磨耐磨性能都明显提高，其中渗硫W6Mo5Cr4V2钢的摩擦学性能最好，渗硫5CrNiMo钢、渗硫45钢及渗硫2Cr13钢的摩擦学性能依次降低，基体硬度及组织结构不同是渗硫层摩擦学性能产生差异的主要原因。     

EFFECT OF DAMNIFICATION IN RUST LAYER ON CORROSION BEHAVIORS OF LOWCARBON BAINITIC STEEL IN THE ENVIRONMENT CONTAINING Cl−

利用电化学、金相、能谱等方法, 研究了低碳贝氏体钢在表面锈层受到不同程度的损伤后, 在含Cl^-环境中的继续腐蚀行为. 实验发现, 低碳贝氏体钢和作为对比材料的低碳钢试样的表面锈层受损伤后, 在继续腐蚀过程中均能很快得到修复. 在损伤程度与继续腐蚀时间相同的条件下, 低碳贝氏体钢的锈层电阻与损伤修复率均高于低碳钢. 低碳贝氏体钢基体/锈层界面的断裂韧性高于锈层本身.在受外界作用时, 锈层不会沿基体/锈层界面彻底脱落从而在基体表面保存残留锈层. 残留锈层能明显促进新锈层在损伤部位的形成. 原有锈层与损伤部位新形成的锈层中Cu和Cr含量接近, 并与钢基体的含量相当.     

利用双层辉光等离子技术进行镍基耐蚀合金表面合金化的研究

研究了在 2 0钢和不锈钢基材上 ,利用双层辉光离子渗金属技术进行Ni Cr Mo Cu多元共渗表面合金化 ,采用电化学方法对两种基材表面形成的渗层在 5 %HCl中的腐蚀性能进行了测定。结果表明 :在两种基材上都能得到类似于源极HastelloyC - 2 0 0 0合金的表面合金渗层 ,在不锈钢表面上形成的渗层的耐蚀性能接近HastelloyC - 2 0 0 0合金并且优于Alloy 5 9合金 ,在 2 0钢表面上形成的渗层耐蚀性能优于不锈钢Cr18Ni9     

不锈钢/碳钢TIG焊熔池表面流动行为

为研究异种钢在钨极惰性气体保护焊过程中的熔池表面流动行为,以粒子示踪法为基础,通过激光熔池表面反射的方法,对304不锈钢/Q235碳钢、316L不锈钢/Q235碳钢焊接过程中熔池表面液态金属的流动行为进行了研究,分析了熔池表面示踪粒子的运动趋势,并以此为依据计算了熔池表面液态金属的流动速度.结果表明,在不锈钢/碳钢的TIG焊过程中,熔池表面的液态金属存在从不锈钢侧流向碳钢侧的流动行为.其中,示踪粒子在304不锈钢/Q235碳钢的焊接熔池表面平均流动速度约为25.3 mm/s,在316L不锈钢/Q235碳钢的焊接熔池表面平均流动速度约为21.6 mm/s.     

除氧中性水中钨酸盐对碳钢的缓蚀机理研究

运用旋转圆盘电极测定碳钢的阳极极化曲线,研究了在含Ｃｌ－的中性腐蚀介质中钨酸盐对碳钢的缓蚀机理．结果表明钨酸钠对碳钢的缓蚀作用为钝化机理,但介质中Ｍｇ２＋离子的存在对该钝化作用有显著影响．     

耐候钢表面锈层稳定化过程研究

通过大气暴露腐蚀试验对比分析了碳钢和耐候钢的腐蚀情况 ,并对试片表面腐蚀产物进行了XRD和EPMA分析 ,研究了耐候钢表面锈层的稳定化过程。     

Influence of processing conditions on structural characteristics of hybrid plasma surface alloyed austenitic stainless steel

A hybrid plasma surface alloying process has recently been developed for austenitic stainless steels to improve their surface hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance. The process is carried out in nitrogen and methane gas mixtures at temperatures below 450°C and facilitates the simultaneous incorporation of nitrogen and carbon into the surfaces of austenitic stainless steels, forming a dual layer structure with an extremely hard nitrogen-enriched layer on top of a hard carbon-enriched layer. The present paper discusses the influence of three most important processing parameters, i.e., gas composition, temperature and time, on the structural characteristics of the alloyed zones produced on AISI 321 stainless steel, in terms of layer morphology, growth kinetics and chromium compound precipitation. It was found that the development of the alloyed layers is diffusion-controlled, and under proper processing conditions, a precipitation-free dual-layer structure can be produced, with nitrogen and carbon dissolved in the relevant layer forming N-expanded austenite and C-expanded austenite respectively. Based on the experimental results, a threshold temperature-time curve has been established for the investigated austenitic stainless steel.     

Wet/dry accelerated laboratory test to simulate the formation of multilayered rust on carbon steel in marine atmospheres

The prolonged exposure of carbon steel in marine atmospheres with high chloride deposition rates and long times of wetness of the metallic surface leads to the formation of thick multilayered rust. The present work proposes an accelerated cyclic laboratory test based on immersion (4.2 min) in a 3.5% NaCl solution followed by drying (12 min) under infra-red lamps in the laboratory atmosphere. The carbon steel corrosion process is thus accelerated, giving rise to the generation of thick rust layers in relatively short times. The rust phases and the structure of the rust layers formed offer a good approximation to the multilayered rust formed in marine atmospheres. The study includes a gravimetric evaluation of the magnitude of corrosive attack and a characterisation of the rust phases and corrosion layers formed using XRD, optical microscopy and SEM.     

304不锈钢双辉渗铜铈渗层结构分析及其抗菌性能

用双辉等离子技术结合空心阴极效应将铜铈元素渗入304不锈钢。用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析仪、X射线衍射仪等方法研究了被渗试样的组织结构,解释了渗层分为白亮层和渗层暗带以及碳元素和铬元素向渗层表层偏聚以及其他元素分布发生变化的原因。对渗后试样进行抗菌实验。结果表明,渗后不锈钢对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具有良好的抗菌性能。     

Microstructure of a nitrided steel previously decarburized

In this study the effects of a surface-controlled decarburization on the structure of a nitrided steel are analyzed. Samples of a quenched and tempered 42CrMo4 steel were decarburized by heating in air at different depths and submitted to gaseous nitriding. After decarburization and nitriding, the microstructure of surface layers was investigated by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nitrogen and carbon profiles in the diffusion layers were determined by SEM equipped with a wavelength dispersive spectrometer (EPMA-WDS) and by glow discharge optical spectrometry (GDOS). The effect of nitriding was determined by microhardness measurements. Our results indicate that a previous decarburization only slightly affects the surface hardness, but reduces the conventional nitriding depth. The decarburization also favors the nitrogen take-up and produces increased nitrogen concentrations in the compound layer and in the narrow zone beneath it.     

1,3‐Bis‐dibutylaminopropan‐2‐ol as inhibitor for reinforcement steel in chloride‐contaminated simulated concrete pore solution

An organic compound, 1,3‐bis‐dibutylaminopropan‐2‐ol (BDAP) was prepared and tested experimentally as inhibitor for reinforcement steel in simulated concrete pore solution. The electrochemical behavior of carbon steel electrodes immersed in simulated pore solutions with different concentration of BDAP was investigated by electrochemical measurements. Adsorption isotherm was determined based on the inhibition efficiency. The surface composition was evaluated via X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well in order to verify the presence and adsorption property of BDAP. The results showed that BDAP could effectively suppress the anodic process of carbon steel corrosion and the inhibition efficiency was improving with the increase of inhibitor concentration. BDAP could adsorb on carbon steel surface according to Langmuir adsorption isotherm. XPS spectrum certified the existence of BDAP on the steel surface.     

Influence of outer rust layers on corrosion of carbon steel and weathering steel during wet–dry cycles

The influence of the rust layers of carbon steel and weathering steel on the corrosion were investigated. It was found that corrosion of carbon steel slows down when its outer rust layer is removed. This phenomenon might be attributed to the shortening of the wetting time in wet–dry cycles when the outer rust layers are removed. What is more, growth time of the corrosion products is shortened as well, which results in the formation of the fine corrosion products. However, the behavior of corrosion of weathering steel is not obviously influenced by the outer rust layer and the wetting time.     

Strain aging in the surface layers of low alloy steel

Conclusion Investigation of the process of anomalous strain aging in the surface layers of low carbon, steel after grinding and lengthy aging confirmed the decisive role of carbon in the change of the mechanical properties of the surface layers and of their physical state.The microhardness of steel (0.033% C; 0.010% N) after aging for one year more than doubles in the surface layers 6–8 m thick. Across the layer it changes nonmonotonically; hardness changes most in the surface layer 1–2 m thick.The effect of strain aging of steel is associated with the gradual development of a mosaic structure in the crystal grains, caused by the redistribution of dislocations. The magnitude of misorientation of substructural elements of the grains, evaluated according to the size of the interference spots on the x-ray photograph, changes during aging from a few to tens of degrees.The change of properties of the subsurface layers in time is apparently caused by hydrogenation that occurs when steel is ground, and by the subsequent process of redistribution of impurity elements, causing a high degree of lattice distortions in it.Engineering Institute, A. A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 11, pp. 32–38, November, 1990.     

20#钢激光熔覆-重熔Ni基涂层及其高温磨损行为

应用激光熔覆法,采用镍基NiCrSiB粉末,在20#钢表面制备了熔覆涂层,并用激光重熔涂层。观察了熔覆-重熔层的形貌,检测了其相组成和高温耐磨性能,结果表明:所制得熔覆-重熔层组织均一、致密,与基体形成了良好的冶金结合;经重熔处理后,熔覆层表面的裂纹显著减少;熔覆-重熔层的硬度提高到基体的5倍,高温磨损率约为基体的1/3。熔覆-重熔层耐磨能力的增强除因其与基体形成了良好的冶金结合和硼化物、硼碳化物等析出相的强化作用外,也是重熔减少微裂纹的结果。