核电小堆汽轮机730mm末级叶片的数值研究

简要介绍了哈汽公司全转速核电小堆常规岛汽轮机730mm末级动叶片的设计理念,从气动设计、结构设计和仿真分析等方面介绍了该叶片的数值研究方法,为全转速核电末级叶片的设计及数值分析提供参考。     

超长末级叶片的一种围带结构设计

针对超长末级叶片存在叶片整体应力水平特别是型线部位应力水平高、叶片调频对围带质量变化不敏感、工作转速下由于弹性变形大和扭转恢复变形大导致围带工作面接触不良等设计难点,文章设计了一种新型末级叶片围带结构,其主要特征是围带变间隙设计和厚窄型围带设计。该结构应用于某超长末级叶片围带设计,显著改善了上述超长末级叶片存在的问题。该变间隙、厚窄型围带结构为大功率机组中长叶片,特别是超长末级叶片的围带结构提供了一种先进的设计思路。     

空冷末级叶片设计中的若干问题讨论

空冷末级动叶片具有的与湿冷末级叶片不同的技术特性决定其设计条件更苛刻，设计难度更大。文章总结了某大型空冷汽轮机末级动叶片的基本设计特性。这些特性是为满足空冷汽轮机的运行特点而作特殊设计的。对诸如宽范围变化的背压引起的变工况特性、颤振、高背压下小容积流量工况时的叶片动应力特性、阻尼结构的振动及动响应特性等进行了分析，并总结了空冷末级叶片的设计要素及特点。     

762mm末级叶片的振动及响应分析

文章对762mm末级叶片进行了振动及响应分析，分析了该末级叶片的结构特点、振动特点、应力水平及其响应，对该末级叶片的安全有了深入了解。其设计特性为东方汽轮机厂开发新型末级长叶片提供了借鉴。     

汽轮机末级叶片振动特性分析

末级叶片多工作在湿蒸汽区,工况十分恶劣,如果叶片在工作转速下发生共振,会产生很大的危害,甚至出现叶片断裂,导致机组故障停机等问题。因此,设计频率避开工作转速共振区域成为末级叶片开发中的重中之重。通过有限元计算叶片振动特性与试验结果之间对比,得出理论计算数据与试验结果之间的联系,进而正确指导设计,缩短末级叶片的开发周期。     

200MW空冷机组末级叶片性能研究

介绍了国产２００ＭＷ空冷机组末级叶片７１０ｍｍ设计情况，重点阐述了空冷机组末级叶片的热力、气动及结构设计特点，以及影响汽轮机末级叶片运行经济性、安全性的主要因素，尤其在小流量，高背压情况下，并提出适应叶片安全经济运行的末级运行保护曲线，认为这旨集设计合理性及正确性一一全将是保证汽轮机叶片具有高安全性经济运行的有力手段之一。     

350MW汽轮机组末级叶片振动模态分析

以某电厂350MW汽轮机组低压缸末级叶片作为研究对象,采用计算机三维绘图软件对末级叶片进行实体建模,利用ANSYS软件对末级叶片进行振动分析,得出了末级叶片前8阶振动频率特性和对应的振型图。结果显示:汽轮机工作转速不会达到末级叶片的前几阶临界转速,因此,末级叶片在汽轮机工作过程中不会出现共振现象,模拟结果对汽轮机末级叶片的设计和改进具有一定程度的指导价值。     

空冷汽轮机末级长叶片设计特点

简要介绍空冷汽轮机运行的工况特点和末级叶片的设计特点,通过对空冷末级叶片的结构力学设计特性和气动设计特性的定性分析,总结了叶片的大刚度大阻尼结构设计、成圈结构调频设计、优化排汽环形面积设计(最佳叶高)、优良的叶形通道设计、优良的变工况性能设计,以及小容积流量下叶片的动应力和颤振特性等设计原则。     

空冷汽轮机低压末级系列长叶片的研制

系统地介绍了哈尔滨汽轮机厂有限责任公司空冷机组专用的末级叶片系列的设计要点,该设计针对空冷末级叶片的工作特点,有效地把末级叶片的安全性和经济性结合起来,保证了空冷机组的安全高效运行。     

1500r/min核电汽轮机71英寸末级叶片的研发

简要介绍了哈汽公司1500r/min核电汽轮机71英寸末级叶片在气动、结构和频率特性等方面的设计思路,特别介绍了遵循叶片模化设计相似准则由1500r/min71英寸叶片模化设计的3000 r/min35.5英寸叶片的运行业绩,由此证明了1500r/min71英寸叶片的安全可靠性。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

<正>~~     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.