Microstructures of mechanically activated Ti-46at.%Al powders and spark plasma sintered ultrafine TiAl alloy

Powder of Ti-46at.%Al was synthesized through mechanical activation (MA) for different milling times, and the 16 h MAed powder was sintered by using a spark plasma sintering (SPS) process at different sintering temperatures. The XRD profiles showed that the MAed Ti-46at%Al powder for 12,16, and 20 h contained initial α-Ti and Al phases, and that the SPSed TiAl alloys contained the gamma TiAl and α2-Ti3Al phases. The TEM showed two different types of regions in the 16 h MAed Ti-46at.%Al powder. One type consisted of only Al with a grain size about 80 nm, and the other type a mixture of Al and Ti with a grain size of 30 nm. According to the optical micrographs of MA-SPSed samples, the alloys sintered at higher temperatures showed a coarser microstructure. In the case of the 1473 K sintering, typical duplex structures ((α2 γ) lamella and γ phases) with interlamellar spacings of 50-400 nm and the grain size either less man 100 nm, or 1000 nm were observed.     

双步球磨与放电等离子烧结制备细晶TiAl合金

采用双步球磨法和放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术制备细晶Ti-47Al(at%)合金,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)仪以及透射电子显微镜(TEM)等分析测试手段对球磨后的粉末形貌结构、相组成以及烧结块体的显微组织结构进行观察和分析。结果表明:双步球磨粉末的颗粒形状较规则,其颗粒尺寸在20~40μm之间,内部结构均匀,主要由TiAl和Ti3Al相组成。放电等离子烧结后的块体主要由主相TiAl和少量的Ti3Al相及Ti2Al相组成,随着烧结温度的升高,Ti3Al相含量有所增加。当烧结温度为1000℃时,烧结块体获得的主要是等轴晶组织,等轴晶粒尺寸大多数在100~250nm之间。当烧结温度为1100℃时,烧结块体致密、无孔洞,等轴晶粒有明显长大的现象,显微组织主要由等轴状的TiAl相和片层状的Ti3Al相组成。     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of TiAl alloy prepared by spark plasma sintering

A fine-grained TiAl alloy with a composition of Ti-47%Al(mole fraction) was prepared by double mechanical milling(DMM) and spark plasma sintering(SPS). The relationship among sintering temperature, microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-47%Al alloy was studied by X-ray diffractometry(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and mechanical testing. The results show that the morphology of double mechanical milling powder is regular with size of 20?40 μm. The main phase TiAl and few phases Ti₃Al and Ti₂Al were observed in the SPS bulk samples. For samples sintered at 1000 °C, the equiaxed crystal grain was achieved with size of 100?250 nm. The samples exhibited compressive and bending properties at room temperature with compressive strength of 2013 MPa, compression ratio of 4.6% and bending strength of 896 MPa. For samples sintered at 1100 °C, the size of equiaxed crystal grain was obviously increased. The SPS bulk samples exhibited uniform microstructures, with equiaxed TiAl phase and lamellar Ti₃Al phase were observed. The samples exhibited compressive and bending properties at room temperature with compressive strength of 1990 MPa, compression ratio of 6.0% and bending strength of 705 MPa. The micro-hardness of the SPS bulk samples sintered at 1000 °C is obviously higher than that of the samples sintered at 1100 °C. The compression fracture mode of the SPS TiAl alloy samples is intergranular fracture and the bending fracture mode of the SPS TiAl alloy samples is intergranular rupture and cleavage fracture.     

双步球磨和放电等离子烧结TiAl基合金的显微组织和力学性能(英文)

采用双步球磨法和放电等离子烧结技术制备细晶Ti-45Al-2Cr-2Nb-1B-0.5Ta-0.225Y(摩尔分数,%)合金,并研究烧结温度、显微组织和力学性能之间的关系。结果表明:双步球磨粉末的颗粒形状较规则,其颗粒尺寸为20～40μm,主要由TiAl和Ti3Al相组成。放电等离子烧结后的块体由主相TiAl、少量的Ti3Al相及Ti2Al和TiB2相组成。当烧结温度为900°C时,烧结块体获得的主要组织是等轴晶组织,等轴晶粒尺寸大多数在100~200nm的范围内,合金的压缩断裂强度为2769MPa,压缩率为11.69%,抗弯强度为781MPa;当烧结温度为1000°C时,等轴晶粒明显长大,TiB2相明显增多,合金的压缩断裂强度为2669MPa,压缩率为17.76%,抗弯强度为652MPa。随着烧结温度的升高,合金的维氏硬度由658降低到616。压缩断口形貌分析表明,合金的断裂方式为沿晶断裂。     

不同SPS烧结温度Ti-45Al-5.5(Cr,Nb,B,Ta)合金的显微组织及力学性能(英文)

采用高能球磨和放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术,制备成分为Ti-45Al-5.5(Cr,Nb,B,Ta)的TiAl合金块体,随后对TiAl合金进行热处理。研究在不同SPS烧结温度下制备的TiAl合金经过热处理后的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明:高能球磨后的合金粉末形状不规则,粉末颗粒尺寸大约为几十微米。XRD分析表明,机械球磨后的粉末由TiAl和Ti3Al两相组成;烧结后的Ti-45Al-5.5(Cr,Nb,B,Ta)合金块体主要是TiAl相,以及少量的Ti3Al和TiB2相。当烧结温度为900°C和1000°C时,合金的显微组织为双相结构,并伴随有一些细小的等轴γ晶粒和细小的针状TiB2相。当烧结温度从900°C上升到1000°C时,Ti-45Al-5.5(Cr,Nb,B,Ta)合金的显微硬度变化不大,抗压强度从1812MPa提高到2275MPa,压缩率从22.66%增加到25.59%,合金的断裂方式为穿晶断裂。     

放电等离子烧结Ti-43Al-9V合金显微组织和力学性能(英文)

采用机械合金化和放电等离子烧结工艺制备细晶Ti-43Al-9V合金,研究不同烧结温度与显微组织和力学性能之间的关系。结果表明:机械球磨后粉末形状规则,尺寸在5～30μm之间,烧结所得块体材料主要由γ-TiAl、α2-Ti3Al和少量B2相组成。烧结温度为1150°C时,获得的等轴晶粒尺寸为300nm～1μm。烧结温度升高到1250°C时,等轴晶粒的尺寸明显增大,显微硬度从HV592降低到HV535,抗弯强度从605降低到219MPa,压缩断裂强度从2601降低到1905MPa,压缩率从28.95%降低到12.09%。     

烧结温度对Micro-FAST制备TiAl合金组织和性能的影响

为解决TiAl合金成形困难的问题,以Ti、Al元素粉末为原料,采用Micro-FAST制备Ti-47Al合金,研究不同温度(7001050℃)对TiAl合金组织和性能的影响,并且探究了烧结过程中颗粒的迁移机制。结果表明,700℃烧结时不能形成典型组织,主要相为TiAl3;800℃及以上烧结时为岛状组织,主要相为大量的TiAl和少量的Ti3Al;在1050℃烧结时具有最佳的综合力学性能。烧结过程由多种扩散机制共同控制,随着烧结的进行,依次为蒸发-凝聚、体积扩散、晶界扩散和表面扩散。     

烧结温度对快速凝固TiAl合金组织及力学性能的影响(英文)

将快速凝固Ti-46Al-2Cr-4Nb-0.3Y(摩尔分数,%)合金薄带破碎成粉末,然后通过等离子烧结(SPS)制备成块体。研究烧结温度对烧结块体的组织和力学性能的影响。在1200℃烧结时得到完全致密的块体。进一步升高烧结温度对合金密度的影响不大,但是对烧结块体的显微组织及相结构有显著影响。烧结块体主要由γ和α2相组成,随着烧结温度的升高,α2相的体积分数降低,块体合金由近γ组织演变为近层片组织,且组织逐渐粗化,但是长大不明显。1260℃烧结得到的块体组织细小、均匀,没有明显微偏析,具有良好的综合力学性能,室温压缩断裂强度和压缩率分别为2984MPa和41.5%,高温(800℃)拉伸断裂强度和伸长率分别为527.5MPa和5.9%。     

Study of microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-45Al-(Fe,Nb) (at. %) alloys

In the present work, the microstructure and compression properties of two novel γ(TiAl) based alloys, Ti-45Al-5Fe and Ti-45Al-5Fe-5Nb, have been investigated. Both alloys had a relatively fine as-cast structure generally consisting of the γ(TiAl) and τ₂(Al₂FeTi) phases with a minor amount of the α₂(Ti₃Al) and β(B2) phase. The compression properties of the novel alloys were measured at room and elevated temperatures. The Ti-45Al-5Fe-5Nb alloy showed higher room temperature ductility and similar strength at room and elevated temperatures as well as improved workability at elevated temperatures as compared to β-solidifying γ(TiAl) alloys of last generation (TNM alloys).     

Compaction of TiAlMn Alloy Powder by Explosion and Sintering

Direct explosive compaction and sintering of a mixture of Ti-30Al-2Mn(wt%)and Ti-38Al-2Mn(wt%)intermetallic compound powders were carried out.Microstructure and phase characteristics of the alloyswere analysed by TEM,SEM,X-ray diffractometry and optical microscopy.The results showed that the rel-ative density of the samples which were explosive-compacted and sintered reached 99.90%,and fine grainstructure was obtained.Through the explosive-compacting and then sintering at 1373 K in argon atmos-phere,mutual diffusion between Ti-30Al-2Mn particles and Ti-38Al-2Mn particles took place and TiAlphase was formed in the alloy.TiAl based alloys prepared by high-energy ball-milling powders had much fi-ner grain size than those prepared by general ball-milling powdeis.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of biocompatible Ti-42 wt.%Nb P/M alloy

Ti-42 wt. %Nb powder was prepared by high-energy mechanical milling (HEMM). The particle size distribution (PSD) of the as-milled powder has been investigated using a particle size distribution analyzer. The morphology and microstructure of the as-milled powder have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Also, the corrosion property and biocompatibility of sintered specimens comprising mixed and milled powders have been investigated. The milled powders were sintered using pulse current activated sintering (PCAS). PCAS was employed in order to provide more refined grain size and full density to Ti-42 %Nb alloy on the basis of short sintering time with pressure. The density of the sintered Ti-42 %Nb specimen fabricated using the milled powder increased with increased milling time due to high free surface area and defect density. The density of the sintered Ti-42 %Nb specimen fabricated using as-mixed powder increased with increased sintering temperature up to 950 °C. The microstructure of the sintered Ti-42 %Nb specimen fabricated using 4h-milled powder was composed of Nb-rich and Nb-poor phases that are more refined and homogeneously distributed. The mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the sintered Ti-42 %Nb specimen fabricated using milled powder were superior to those of a commercial, Ti-6wt.%Al-4wt.%V alloy.     

退火温度对HA/Ti-24Nb-4Zr复合材料组织与性能的影响

利用放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术制备了HA/Ti-24Nb-4Zr生物复合材料,研究了不同退火温度对复合材料显微组织和力学性能(抗压强度、屈服强度、屈强比、压缩弹性模量)的影响。结果表明,烧结态复合材料主要由β-Ti相、少量初生α-Ti相及HA相组成;随着退火温度的升高,复合材料基体中β-Ti相含量增多且晶粒逐渐长大,针状次生α-Ti相在晶界处和晶内不断析出,HA相结构和含量变化不大;与烧结态相比,不同退火温度处理后的复合材料强度和弹性模量先略微上升后下降,而塑韧性呈不断提高趋势;复合材料在850 ℃退火处理后,抗压强度、屈服强度、屈强比和压缩弹性模量值分别为1507 MPa、1270 MPa、0.84和42 GPa,塑韧性得到明显改善,作为生物医用植入材料具有潜在的应用前景。     

放电等离子烧结的钛铝合金组织及氧化性能研究

研究了TiH2-45Al-0.2Si-5Nb未球磨和球磨两种粉末的放电等离子烧结组织特征以及经1000℃、100h高温氧化后的氧化性能.结果表明,未经球磨粉末的烧结组织由层片状TiAl和Ti3Al相组成,而经球磨粉末的烧结组织由细小的颗粒状TiAJ和Ti3Al相组成.球磨粉末的烧结组织氧化速度低于未球磨粉末的烧结组织,形成了连续的Al2O3和TiO2混合氧化物层,具有良好的高温抗氧化性.     

Synthesis of TiB2 nanocrystalline powder by mechanical alloying

1 Introduction TiB2 has been widely used in some industrial fields owing to its high melting temperature, hardness, elastic modulus, electro-conductibility and thermal diffusivity, and excellent refractory properties and chemical inertness. Usually, TiB2…     

粉末冶金Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V合金组织演变及其力学行为

采用粉末冶金法对不同球磨时间的Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V合金机械合金化粉末塑变行为,热压烧结材料的微观组织结构和力学行为进行了研究。研究结果表明：塑性良好的Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V粉末随着球磨时间增加首先变形为大尺寸的片状、后经持续的加工硬化破碎成絮状;热压烧结能够制备微观组织可控晶粒细化的Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V合金,合金由单一的Nbss相构成,Ti、Al、Cr、V元素固溶引起Nb晶格尺寸减小0.0685 ?;随着球磨时间增加合金晶粒明显细化进而显著提高了合金的维氏硬度和室温压缩强度,其变化符合材料硬度和强度的Hall-Petch规律。粉末冶金制备Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V合金的各项力学性能明显优于熔铸法制备合金。     

球磨时间对粉末冶金制备Ti35Nb2.5Sn/10HA生物复合材料微观组织的影响(英文)

采用高能机械球磨和脉冲电流活化烧结方法制备了一种新型的β-钛合金基体的Ti35Nb2.5Sn/10HA生物复合材料。研究了机械球磨不同时间的Ti35Nb2.5Sn10HA粉体以及烧结样品的微观组织。结果表明:经机械球磨8h后,粉体中的α-钛开始向β-钛转化。当球磨时间达到12h时,球磨粉体中的α-钛相完全转化为β-钛相,而且得到超细尺寸的复合粉体。用球磨12h的粉末烧结制备的复合材料具有超细晶粒结构,烧结得到的复合材料的硬度和相对密度都随着球磨时间的延长而增加。     

冷轧热处理钛-铝箔制备微叠层Ti-Al系金属间化合物板材

通过钛箔、铝箔叠加烧结制备出微叠层Ti-Al系金属间化合物合金板材。对不同烧结条件下获得的板材组织和相组成进行分析。结果表明,当烧结温度到达到Al的熔点以上时,高温自蔓延反应（SHS）在Ti箔和Al箔之间发生,生成α-Ti、Ti3Al、TiAl、TiAl2和TiAl3等相;随着烧结时间的延长,α-Ti、TiAl2和TiAl3逐渐消失,最终获得包含Ti3Al和TiAl的叠层结构板材。由于铝的熔化,柯肯达尔效应和反应前、后摩尔体积的变化在烧结过程中产生大量的孔洞,随后的热压处理将孔洞消除并获得致密的合金板材。     

Reaction behavior and pore formation mechanism of TiAl–Nb porous alloys prepared by elemental powder metallurgy

Ti–48Al–6Nb (at.%) porous alloys are fabricated by elemental powder metallurgy to study the pore formation and propagation mechanism. Reactive diffusion, pore formation process, and pore characteristics of the porous TiAl–Nb alloys are investigated at different temperatures. It is found that the porous alloys exhibit a uniform, maze-like network skeleton, viz., a typical α₂-TiAl₃/γ-TiAl fully lamellar microstructure. The reactive diffusivities between Ti and Al powders are dominant during the Ti–Al–Nb powder sintering. Gas release during sintering also plays an important role in the pore propagation and the compact expanding process. In addition, a pore-formation model is proposed to interpret the growth mechanism of pores and skeletons.     

Fabrication of Mo-Ti functionally graded material

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Microstructure of TiAl alloy prepared by intense plastic deformation and subsequent reaction sintering

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