The uptake and distribution of mineral nutrients in the banana in response to supply of K,Mg and Mn

The effects of differential K, Mg and Mn supply on the uptake and distribution of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Cu and Zn in the Williams banana were examined over the three crop cycles. Plants were grown in sand culture in 1 m³ drainage lysimeters.In terms of total plant uptake the standard solutions used were balanced in respect of P, K and Ca, possibly low in Mg and high in Mn, Cu and Zn compared with field grown plants. K and Mg supply influenced total plant uptake of most elements similar to the way they influenced dry matter production. Exception were total plant uptake of Mg and Cu. High Mn supply depressed the uptake of Mg and Cu and increased the uptake of Mn sevenfold.Increase in K supply reduced the proportion of all nutrients, except K, retained in the roots and increased the proportion located in the fruit. A large proportion (20–36%) of N, P and K were located in the fruit, Ca, Mg and Mn accumulated in the trash (29–44%) and roots were high in Na, Cu and Zn (29–50%).     

Boron uptake and toxicity in wheat in relation to zinc supply

Zinc deficiency may enhance B absorption and transport to such an extent that B may possibly accumulate to toxic levels in plant tops. Therefore, a screen house experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of B levels (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 mg B kg^–1 soil) as influenced by Zn levels (0, 10 and 20 mg Zn kg^–1 soil) on DM yield of wheat tops and tissue concentration and uptake of B, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ca, Mg, K and P. Application of B decreased the dry matter yield of wheat significantly at all levels of Zn. Conversely, increasing levels of Zn increased the wheat yield significantly. The application of B increased the tissue concentration and uptake of B by wheat plants more in the absence than in the presence of Zn application. Consequently, concentration of B in wheat plants decreased with increasing levels of Zn application to the soil. This decrease in tissue B concentration was not only due to increased growth of wheat plants. Zinc application appears to have created a protective mechanism in the root cell environment against excessive uptake of B, as evidenced by the reduction of B uptake in Zn treated plants. The uptake of Mn, Mg and P decreased while the uptake of Cu, Fe, and K by wheat plants increased with Zn application. Whereas, the uptake of all nutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, K and P) decreased significantly with the application of B. However, this depressive effect of B on nutrient uptake was less marked in the presence of applied Zn.     

张家界不同产地杜仲叶/皮中矿质元素含量的测定及比较

采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定了张家界不同产地杜仲叶及皮中Fe、zn、Cu、Mn、Mg、K、Ca等7种矿质元素的含量,结果表明杜仲叶及皮中各种矿质元素含量丰富,各元素含量的高低趋势在杜仲叶中大致为：Mg〉K〉Ca〉Zn〉Fe〉Mn≥Cu,在杜仲皮中大致为：Mg〉Ca〉K〉Fe〉Zn〉Mn≥Cu。K—S检验可以看出杜仲叶及皮中各矿质元素含量均服从正态分布,LSD检验可以得出张家界不同产地杜仲叶中Fe、Mn、Mg及杜仲皮中Fe、Mn、K元素的含量存在差异性显著。这一结果可以为不同产地杜仲叶／皮的药理活性及其品质的差异提供一定的理论依据。     

Relationship between soil physical and chemical characteristics and ear-leaf concentration of P,K, Mg,Zn, Fe,Cu, Mn and relative yield of maize in soils derived from sedimentary rocks of South-Western Nigeria

In a four-season field experiment conducted in 18 locations covering two different ecological zones of the sedimentary forest soils of South-Western Nigeria, relationships were established by simple correlation between the ear-leaf content of P, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, relative yield of maize (RY), soil physical characteristics and soil nutrient status. Soil pH was strongly related to the relative yield, soil clay, available P, exchangeable Ca, K, Zn, and Mn in soils, P and Cu concentration in the ear-leaf.Organic matter did not appear to play a very significant role in nutrient supply or relate to nutrient element concentration in the ear-leaf and relative yield in soils that are relatively low in soil organic matter.Nitrogen was not determined. Phosphorus among all the elements determined seemed to have a high significant effect on Ca, K, Zn, Mn and RY. However, the effect on RY was negative. Manganese in both soil and ear-leaf had the highest negative significant relationship with yield in the zone.The multiple regression analysis indicated a relationship meaning that the soil physical and chemical properties and ear-leaf content of the elements P, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn are important to maize cultivation in this zone. Hence consideration of a combination of soils and plant factors are essential before meaningful fertilizer recommendation can be made for maize in the zone under study.     

种植北五味子和土壤中微量元素的测定

研究了土壤和种植北五味子果实中微量元素的含量差异。采用梅花形布点法采样,用ICP-MS测定土壤和果实中的微量元素含量。试验地土壤中含有丰富的微量元素,其含量大小依次为:CaKMgFeMnZnCu,所测北五味子果实中微量元素含量大小依次为:KMgCaFeMnZnCu。所测北五味子对土壤中微量元素的吸收具有选择性,北五味子中K含量明显高于土壤,Cu、Cr、Fe含量明显低于土壤,说明五味子对K有富积作用,对Cu、Cr、Fe无富积作用。     

The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae enhances growth, yield and chemical composition of a durum wheat variety in 10 different soils

The effect of the vesicular arbuscularmycorrhizal fungus (VAMF) Glomus mosseae ongrowth, yield and nutrients' uptake of the durum wheatvariety Sifnos was investigated in ten differentsoils. Inoculation had a positive effect on tillering,improved plant growth up to 11.6 times and increasedgrain yield up to 5.4 times as compared tonon-inoculated plants. The thousand kernels weight wasimproved by up to 60%. The analysis of shoot tissue ofthe mycorrhizal plants showed that P concentration wasincreased up to 4 fold, while the K, Ca and Mg uptakewas similar for both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizalplants. The concentrations of the trace elements Mn,Zn, Fe and Cu were lower in the mycorrhizal plantscompared to that of non-inoculated ones. The P and Mgconcentration of the grains produced by the inoculatedplants was increased while the Ca concentration wasdecreased. The concentration of the heavy metals waseither decreased ( Mn, Fe, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb) or remainedunchanged (Zn, Cu). The colonization in the roots ranged from 23 to 78%.     

Mineral elements in mate herb (Ilex paraguariensis St. H.)]

The importance of the research works on mate rests on the fact that this is greatly consumed in many South American countries. Our interest in this subject has increased because, in Europe, it use as an infusion seems to be increasing. The Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry techniques. Prior to this, samples were incinerated and dissolved in an acid mixture (HCl/HNO3). Results apparently show a high content of mineral elements, especially K. Mg and Mn, in mate, findings which we consider to be of great relevance.     

红薯叶中微量元素含量的测定

用高压罐硝化法,以正交试验原理处理样品,利用ICP—AES法测定红薯叶与红薯中Mn、Zn、Fe、Mg、Ca、Sr、Se、K、Cu、Ge、P、S共12种微量元素的含量。方法回收率在95．33％-102．75％之间,相对标准偏差小于1．85％。ICP—AEs法具有灵敏度高、简单,快捷等优点,且多元素同时测定,更适合红薯叶勺红薯中金属与非金属元素的分析测定。试验证明,红薯叶与红薯一样富含Mn、Zn、Fe、Mg、Ca、Sr、Se、K、Cu、Ge、P、S等微量元素,说明红薯叶是一种既营养又绿色的蔬菜。     

Distribution and nature of organic/mineral bound elements in Assam coals, India

This study focuses on the determination and concentration of twelve elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd) occurring in sub-bituminous Assam coals and their geochemical association. Distribution of these elements between organic and mineral matters was studied. Comparison of the results of three coals has shown that three elements (Mg, Ca and Mn) are significantly organic bound, while five elements (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) are significantly mineral bound; Cd is 50% bound to either organic or mineral matter. FTIR and XRD studies reveal qualitative information about the bonding pattern and nature of components of the mineral matters. The results obtained in this study have considerable geochemical and technological interests.     

The effect of fertilizer additions on the solubility and plant-availability of Cd, Ni and Zn in soil

We conducted a pot experiment to investigate the effect of fertilizer additions on the solubility of Cd, Ni and Zn in soil solution and their uptake by plants. Radish (Raphanus sativus cv. Crystal Ball), oat (Avena sativa cv. Thule) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica cv. Kangkon) were grown in a naturally metal-rich soil. From day 7 after planting, fertilizers were added daily to each pot. Additions of fertilizer nutrients affected the pH of soil and soil solution, soluble and tissue concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Cd, Ni and Zn differently in three plant species. The trend of soil and solution pH was in the order: water spinach < radish < oats, that resulted highest soluble and plant tissue concentrations of Cd and Zn in the water spinach followed by radish and then oats. However, Ni concentration in the soil solution increased in all pots and was not affected by pH changes. Soil solution pH increased by more than 1unit in the pots with radish and oats, indicating that mechanisms other than acidification, such as ion exchange and root exudation, may be responsible for the increased heavy metal uptake in these two plant species. Paired t-test showed significantly higher uptake of Cd and Zn in the radish plants resulting in lower concentrations of these elements in the solution. The contribution of mass flow to the supply of major cations and heavy metals varied among elements and plant species. Cadmium, Zn and K were taken up rapidly by all plant species in response to the amount supplied by mass flow. In contrast, the supply of Ni was in excess of its uptake by radish and water spinach. The uptake of all elements was positively correlated (p<0.0001) with mass flow and the transpiration rate in individual plant species. The study suggests that fertilizer cations increased the uptake of metals by improving growth conditions, but the magnitude of increase depended on plant species. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

鸡枞菌的矿质元素分析

采用湿法消解方法处理样品,以电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)检测云南野生鸡枞菌中Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn、Na、K、Ca、Mg、P等元素的含量,结果表明:鸡枞菌中含有丰富的K、Fe、Cu、Mg、Zn、Ca、P等矿质元素,其中Mg、K、Zn、P、S元素在鸡枞菌的盖中含量均高于柄中含量,K、P和S元素在菌盖中的含量是柄中的2倍。ICP-AES检测各元素校正曲线的相关系数在0.998 3以上,各元素的检出限均小于0.1μg/m L,相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.34~4.22%之间,回收率在93.60%~105.21%之间。     

Base cations and micronutrients in forest soils along three clear-cut chronosequences in the northeastern United States

Determining effects of clear-cutting on base cations and micronutrients is essential for ensuring the sustainability of forestry for biofuels and wood products. The objective of this study was to quantify long-term changes in forest floor and mineral soil base cations (Ca, Mg, and K) and micronutrient (Mn, Zn, and Cu) concentrations and pools following clear-cutting in forests aged 1–120 years. We studied forest soils along three clear-cut chronosequences located in the Adirondack Ecological Center in Newcomb, NY, Bartlett Experimental Forest in Bartlett, NH, and Harvard Forest in Petersham, MA. We utilized a strong-acid extraction to quantify base cations and micronutrient concentrations and pools, which may better assess nutrients over the chronosequences than the conventional exchangeable extraction. Generalized linear mixed-effect models (GLMMs) show forest floor and mineral soil Ca, Mg, Mn, and Cu concentrations and pools decreased with increasing forest age across the three study areas. Potassium and Zn concentrations and pools were not significantly different with stand age and neither did soil C and N pools and pH using GLMMs. We calculated that 32–67% of the Ca pool decrease can be attributed to uptake by regenerating vegetation but only 0.02–9% of Mg, Mn, and Cu after harvest. Thus, leaching was likely to the dominant loss process for Mg, Mn, and Cu following clear-cutting. Our results suggest nutrient pools decreased for over a century following clear-cutting, but it is unclear if this will impact plant growth.     

Trace metal contents of acidic,basic and neutral components of a cyclohexanol extract of Kosova Basin lignite

A sample of Kosova Basin lignite was extracted with cyclohexanol. The yield of extract was 19.98 wt%. The extract was fractionated into acidic, basic and neutral components and benzene- and petroleum ether-insoluble fractions. After ashing with HClO₄ and HNO₃, eleven elements (K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Cd and Ni) were analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and seven elements (Al, Ba, Sr, Be, B, Ga and V) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. A majority of the elements (Fe, B, Al, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ca, Mg, Sr, Ga and V) were found concentrated in the acidic and phenol fractions, while K, Ni, Ga and Cu predominated in the amine fraction. The metals thus analysed were associated with heteroatoms.     

原子吸收分光光度法测定野蜂蜜中微量金属元素含量

采用原子吸收分光光度法测定了野蜂蜜中Fe、Cu、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn等微量金属元素的含量,建立了Fe、Cu、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn的标准工作曲线方程及其线性范围.该法简便易行,可连续测定多种微量金属元素的含量,效果较好.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定当归及其炮制品中的金属元素

测定经不同加工炮制后当归饮片中Fe、Cu、Mg、Ca、Mn、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb 9种金属元素的含量,并进行比较,分析加工炮制方法对元素含量的影响.采用火焰原子吸收光谱法（FAAS）测定当归生品、清炒当归、当归炭中金属元素的含量.当归清炒后除Cu、Mg和Ca的含量减少外,其余元素含量均增加.当归炭炒后除Cu、Mg和Pb的含量减少外,其余元素含量均有不同程度的增加.不同炮制方法会引起当归金属元素含量产生变化,这为进一步研究当归的炮制机理提供参考数据.     

新疆不同产地沙枣叶微量元素测定及主成分分析

为了测定新疆不同产地沙枣叶中Li、Na、Mg、K、Al、Ca、Fe、Cr、Mn、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Sr、Ag、Cd、Hg和Pb 18种微量元素的含量,利用微波消解法对沙枣叶样品进行前处理,采用ICP-MS测定沙枣叶中18种微量元素的含量,运用主成分分析法并结合SPSS软件对测定结果进行综合分析.结果显示,检测到新疆不同产地沙枣叶中Na、Mg、K、Ca、Fe、Mn、Zn、Sr、Se的含量相对较高,未检测到重金属元素Hg、Ag,这18种元素的加标回收率为95.8％ ～ 102.3％,相对标准偏差＜3.3％.最终主成分分析选出9个主因子,得出沙枣叶的特征元素为Mg、Al、Fe、Cu、Cd、K、Se.喀什地区沙枣叶品质总体高于其他7个产区.本方法能够准确、可靠地测定沙枣叶中微量元素的含量,具有较高的灵敏度,可用于沙枣叶中微量元素的测定,为沙枣叶的深度开发利用以及产区考核提供了参考依据.     

Metal Homeostasis and Gas Exchange Dynamics in Pisum sativum L. Exposed to Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles

Cerium dioxide nanoparticles are pollutants of emerging concern. They are rarely immobilized in the environment. This study extends our work on Pisum sativum L. as a model plant, cultivated worldwide, and is well suited for investigating additive interactions induced by nanoceria. Hydroponic cultivation, which prompts accurate plant growth control and three levels of CeO₂ supplementation, were applied, namely, 100, 200, and 500 mg (Ce)/L. Phytotoxicity was estimated by fresh weights and photosynthesis parameters. Additionally, Ce, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ca, and Mg contents were analyzed by high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma optical emission techniques. Analysis of variance has proved that CeO₂ nanoparticles affected metals uptake. In the roots, it decreased for Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Mg, while a reversed process was observed for Ca. The latter is absorbed more intensively, but translocation to above-ground parts is hampered. At the same time, nanoparticulate CeO₂ reduced Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Ca accumulation in pea shoots. The lowest Ce concentration boosted the photosynthesis rate, while the remaining treatments did not induce significant changes. Plant growth stimulation was observed only for the 100 mg/L. To our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrates the effect of nanoceria on photosynthesis-related parameters in peas.     

微波消解-ICP—AES法测定华山松针叶的矿质元素

利用微波消解对华山松针叶进行前处理,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP-AES）法测定铮叶中的Al、As、Ca、Cr、Cu、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、P、Pb、Si和Zn14种矿质元素的含量,结果表明,华山松针叶中元素含量丰富,K、Ca、Mg、P元素的含量较高,该测定方法快速、准确、分析精度高;为华山松针叶的合理利用提供科学依据。     

Investigation on the use of macro- and micro-nutrients to improve maize yield in South Western Nigeria

Investigation into the use of macro- and micro-nutrients to increase maize yield was conducted in both the glasshouse and in the field. The glasshouse studies involved ten soil series commonly cultivated to maize in South Western Nigeria, while the field studies were conducted on one soil at Ibadan.Dry matter yield increased above the control with a single application of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn, suggesting that most of the soils in the South Western Nigeria require additions of each of these elements for increased maize production. The size of the response to each element varied from series to series. Soils which were high in organic matter (over 3%) required the lowest N dressings for optimum dry matter yield of maize.In the field studies, a fertilizer combination which included N, P, K, Mg and the micro nutrients Fe, Cu and Zn gave a higher relative yield than the single application of N, P, K, and a combination of NP, NK, Pk or NPK.In the South West Zone of Nigeria, there is no soil testing programme and fertilizers applied by farmers and researchers have not increased yields as expected. Average maize yield on farmers' field is less than 1000 kgha^–1 while on research stations it is 2500 kgha^–1. When compared with 7000 kgha^–1 in U.S.A., these yields are still very low.Different recommendations for the major plant nutrients have been made by many workers in the South West zone based on fertilizer trials [1, 5, 8, 13, 16].None of the recommendations have included the micronutrients and secondary nutrients and the objective of this project was to supply relevant information on this important aspect.     

Uptake and allocation of plant nutrients and Cd in maize,sunflower and tobacco growing on contaminated soil and the effect of soil conditioners under field conditions

Contaminated land may in many cases still be used for agriculture, provided that crops are chosen appropriately, as the accumulation of contaminants varies greatly among cultivars and also plant parts. We aimed to determine whether maize (Zea mays), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum) grown on a heavy-metal contaminated soil containing copper (540 mg Cu kg⁻¹), zinc (680 mg Zn kg⁻¹) and cadmium (1.4 mg Cd kg⁻¹) could be used to gradually remediate the soil, while producing valuable biomass. The soil was treated with either a normal fertiliser regime (control), elemental sulphur (S), or the biodegradable chelant NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid), to test how soil acidification or chelating organic compounds would affect the uptake and allocation of selected elements (Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, S and Zn). The highest concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn occurred in the leaves and/or roots, while seeds and grains contained much lower concentrations of these elements. All these concentrations, however, were still in the ranges considered normal for the respective plant parts grown on uncontaminated soil. While sunflower and maize could be safely used as food and feed, tobacco would better be used for bioenergy than for cigarette production because of its relatively high foliar Cd concentration. The two treatments (S and NTA) had only slight effects on the uptake and allocation of plant nutrients and Cd. Thus, there was little benefit of these treatments for phytoextraction purposes at this site.