1-甲基环丙烯对甘薯块根贮藏过程中品质相关指标的影响

以目前广泛栽培的4 个鲜食型甘薯品种为材料,研究了1-甲基环丙烯（1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP）对贮藏过程中甘薯块根品质相关指标的影响。结果表明,1.00 μL/L的1-MCP对甘薯块根中可溶性糖、直链淀粉、支链淀粉以及胡萝卜素含量等甘薯品质相关指标有显著影响,并且这种影响因甘薯品种不同而存在明显差异。与对照处理相比,1-MCP处理的4 个甘薯品种可溶性糖含量达到高峰值的时间均有所提前,1-MCP显著提高了‘广87’和‘烟薯25’块根中可溶性糖含量峰值。1-MCP显著降低了0～7 d贮藏期间‘广87’、‘烟薯25’和‘龙薯9号’块根中直链淀粉含量,显著提高‘广87’和‘苏薯16’贮藏期间直链淀粉含量峰值,显著降低了‘苏薯16’和‘烟薯25’在贮藏28～120 d期间块根中直链淀粉含量。1-MCP还显著降低了‘苏薯16’和‘龙薯9号’在贮藏28～120 d期间的支链淀粉含量。1-MCP也显著改变了胡萝卜素含量的变化趋势,提前了‘广87’、‘苏薯16’和‘龙薯9号’在贮藏期间胡萝卜素含量达到最低值的时间。     

采后黄冠梨果实糖代谢及相关酶活性变化规律

以黄冠梨为试材,研究采后梨果实糖代谢及相关酶活性的变化规律。果实采后即贮于温度0℃、相对湿度85%～95% 的冷库中,分别测定贮藏过程(0～240d)中果实中葡萄糖、蔗糖、总可溶性固形物(TSS)和可滴定酸(TA)的含量以及酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的活性。结果表明：在采后贮藏期间,黄冠梨果实中葡萄糖含量与AI、NI 活性均呈先升后降的趋势,且AI 活性出现明显高峰,而蔗糖含量与SS、SPS 活性均逐渐降低。TA 和TSS 含量是果实风味的重要指标,随着贮藏期的延长,TA 含量逐渐下降,而TSS 含量呈升- 降- 升的趋势。果实中蔗糖代谢参与酶的净合成活性与果实中蔗糖的积累密切相关,在采后贮藏期间其活性逐渐降低。     

甜菜氮营养对蔗糖积累转化及有关酶活性的调节

试验表明，甜菜块根中蔗糖含成酶（ＳＳ）活性和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（ＳＰＳ）活性高于叶片，随植株氮营养增加，可溶性蛋白含量增加，ＳＳ活性较ＳＰＳ活性提高得更快些，叶片中转化酶活性与氮素供应量呈显著正相关，导致块根，叶片蔗糖和己糖含量下降，叶片转化酶活性是ＳＳ活性的１７０倍左右，转化酶在蔗糖降解中起关键作用，表明氮营养通过影响蔗糖的合成与降解过程，调节蔗糖的实际积累量。放线菌素Ｄ对可溶性蛋白质含量，ＳＳ活性     

不同品种甘薯的干燥特性及对全粉品质的影响

以9个甘薯品种为原料,研究不同品种甘薯在相同工艺条件下的干燥特性,分析甘薯品种与其全粉品质及得率的相关性。结果表明:鲜薯成分中影响熟化甘薯热风干燥速率的因素主要是可溶性糖含量,而影响颗粒全粉得率及品质的因素主要是水分、淀粉、可溶性糖、粗蛋白含量及多酚氧化酶、β-淀粉酶活性。鲜薯的水分含量及可溶性糖含量越低,淀粉含量越高,加工成颗粒全粉的产品得率越高。     

施氮量对烤烟糖代谢关键酶活性及其基因表达的影响

为明确供氮水平对烤烟糖代谢关键酶活性、基因表达量以及糖含量的影响,开展了供氮水平及品种的两因素试验,结果显示,蔗糖合成酶活性随施氮量增加而增强,且处理间差异显著;蔗糖磷酸合成酶、转化酶及淀粉酶的活性,在栽后45 d与60 d随施氮量增加而增强;在栽后80 d,高施氮量转化酶及淀粉酶的活性低于低施氮量。同一施氮量,品种间的酶活性没有显著的差异。施氮量对糖代谢关键酶基因的表达量有显著影响,同一施氮量不同品种之间基因表达量存在一定的差异。烟叶总糖和还原糖含量受施氮量的影响较小;但淀粉的含量却随着施氮量的增加而增加。同一施氮量处理不同品种之间,糖含量差异不明显。相关分析结果显示,测定的4个糖代谢关键酶的活性,与各生育时期淀粉含量呈著或极显著相关;栽后45 d,蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因表达量与烟叶淀粉含量显著负相关,栽后60 d及80 d蔗糖合成酶基因的表达量,分别与还原糖及总糖呈显著正相关。本研究的结果表明,施氮水平对烤烟糖代谢关键酶活性及其基因表达有着显著的影响,烟叶中的糖含量受蔗糖合成酶及蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性及基因表达量的制约。     

不同基因型玉米籽粒发育过程中糖代谢相关酶活性的比较

对高淀粉玉米与低淀粉玉米籽粒发育过程中蔗糖代谢和淀粉合成相关酶活性的变化动态进行了比较研究。结果表明,费玉3号籽粒支链淀粉、直链淀粉及总淀粉积累速率高于豫玉22;费玉3号籽粒支链淀粉、直链淀粉及总淀粉含量大于豫玉22;豫玉22的高峰黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度及胶凝值均显著高于费玉3号,其崩解值和糊化温度低于费玉3号;豫玉22的可溶性糖含量高于费玉3号;费玉3号的腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADPG-PPase)活性、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UDPG-Ppase)活性、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性、束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性高于豫玉22。     

采后涂膜蔗糖基聚合物对香蕉糖积累及相关酶活性的影响

用0.5%、1%、3%和5%四种浓度的蔗糖基聚合物对巴西香蕉进行采后涂膜处理,研究了其对香蕉蔗糖积累、中性转化酶(NI)、酸性转化酶(AI)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的影响.实验结果表明:蔗糖基聚合物处理可延缓香蕉的转化酶和SS活性的下降趋势,推迟并提高了SPS的活性高峰,有利于蔗糖的积累和品质的改善,延长了香蕉的保藏时间.     

不同贮藏温度对冷凉地区甘薯块根品质的影响

目的 研究不同贮藏温度对冷凉地区甘薯块根品质的影响，为当地因地制宜建设地下或半地下贮藏窖的短期贮藏筛选适宜品种。方法 以腐烂率、失重率、淀粉含量、可溶性糖含量、抗坏血酸含量、谷胱甘肽含量、果胶含量、α淀粉酶活性及薯块硬度变化为指标，考察了12个甘薯品种在6、9和12℃ 3个不同贮藏温度中块根品质随时间的变化规律。结果 相同品种间，随着贮藏温度的降低，甘薯腐烂率、α淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖、果胶含量和硬度波动明显，总体呈上升趋势，失重率、淀粉含量呈下降趋势，抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽含量均随着贮藏时间而缓慢下降。不同品种间耐贮性存在较大差异，12℃贮藏条件下，各品种腐烂率较低，但失重率相对较高；9℃贮藏条件下，部分品种腐烂率上升，但抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽等营养物质损失较小；6℃低温贮藏条件下，失重率及腐烂率较低的品种是商薯19、苏薯28号和徐紫薯8号；α淀粉酶活性较弱的品种是徐紫薯8号、济薯26号、心香和商薯19；而济薯26号、徐薯32号、商薯19号和徐紫薯8号贮藏35 d后，淀粉含量损失较少。结论 通过贮藏特性评价，掌握不同品种的品质随贮藏温度变化规律，筛选出商薯19、徐紫薯8号和苏薯28号3个适宜6℃低温贮藏的品种。     

不同品种甘薯淀粉加工特性及其与磷含量的相关性研究

对24个甘薯品种的淀粉含量、干率、可溶性糖含量、淀粉的黏度特征谱和磷含量进行了比较研究。结果表明:试验品种薯块的平均淀粉含量为22.14%,以渝薯1号最高,达31.45%;平均干物质率为31.38%,品种之间的差异较小;平均可溶性糖含量2.32%,以秦薯5号最低,为0.42%;褐变指数7.00~20.01,最低的为渝薯27;淀粉糊化温度范围为66.8~77.1 ℃,秦薯9号、苏薯24、烟薯26和济薯25淀粉的糊化温度均低于70 ℃;淀粉峰值黏度最高的品种为运薯271,达1207 BU;崩解值最低的品种为桂粉3号,为381 BU;回生值最低的品种为秦薯5号,为241BU;淀粉磷含量82~231 mg/kg,与峰值黏度极显著正相关(p<0.01)。建议进行淀粉类产品加工时,根据产品所需的特征参数选择合适的品种,实现物尽其用。受试甘薯中,以渝薯1号、渝薯27、济薯25和苏薯24的综合加工特性较好,推荐作为育种亲本。     

冷藏和乙烯处理对采后苹果果实糖代谢及关键基因表达的调控

以富士和金冠苹果果实为试材,研究了冷藏和乙烯处理对其果实软化过程糖代谢及关键基因表达变化的影响。结果表明,随果实软化淀粉含量及淀粉酶(AM)活性的变化在品种间的差异显著,2 m L/L乙烯利和0.5μL/L 1-MCP处理分别显著促进和抑制了Md AM基因的表达,在富士上表现在贮藏后期,而对金冠的影响则表现在贮藏前期,0℃冷藏均显著抑制了两品种果实Md AM的基因表达,表明淀粉降解参与了苹果果实的软化进程,显著受到低温和乙烯的调节。可溶性糖中,蔗糖含量显著增加,并显著受乙烯和低温的影响,其中SPS在采后果实糖代谢中的作用强于SS和AI,SPS活性和Md SPS基因表达亦显著受到乙烯利的促进和1-MCP的抑制,且对金冠的影响强于富士,低温下果实糖含量及酶活性变化较小,Md SPS基因表达显著受到抑制,表明蔗糖积累和SPS与采后苹果糖代谢和果实软化的关系较为密切。     

Nutritional value of broad bean seeds. Part 1: Starch and fibre

This paper characterizes starch and dietary fibre in the seeds of fine-size and large-size seed varieties of broad bean and in edible varieties of pea for comparison. The experimental material included seeds at full physiological maturity. The fine-size seed varieties of broad bean, Gobik and Goral, contained slightly less total starch (62.32% and 62.19% of dry matter) than the large-size seed varieties, Windsor Bialy and Bartom (65.32% and 65.26% of dry matter). It was shown that fine-size seed varieties of broad bean are a good source of resistant starch, which is comparable to large-size seed varieties. As far as the content of total starch is concerned, the share of this form of starch in broad bean seeds amounted to 1/3. Digestible starch in broad beans was in the range of 39-42% of dry matter, pea contained approximately one half less starch of this type. Moreover, it was found that the relation of rapidly digestible starch to slowly digestible starch amounted to 1:1 irrespective of broad bean variety. Dietary fibre in broad beans was in the range of 20.36%-26.79% of dry matter while half of it was found to be concentrated in the seed coat. The soluble fraction of the total content of fibre amounted to 11.81% in the Bartom variety and up to 15.89% in the Gobik variety.     

马铃薯块茎干物质、淀粉及还原糖含量的检测及相关性分析

本文以来自全国13个省(14个地区)46个品种的马铃薯为实验材料,采用国家标准方法或国标方法稍有改动,检测马铃薯的干物质、还原糖和淀粉含量。再通过SPSS 20.0对不同样品中还原糖和淀粉含量差异的显著性进行了分析,并采用矩阵散点图、一元线性回归研究了干物质、还原糖和淀粉含量之间相关性。结果表明:马铃薯中干物质含量为15.43%~29.67%,还原糖含量为0.09%~1.84%,淀粉含量为9.11%~22.30%(均为湿基);大部分样品的还原糖含量差异都很显著(p0.05),淀粉含量差异也很显著(p0.05);通过矩阵散点图发现马铃薯中还原糖含量与干物质含量无相关性,与淀粉含量也无相关性;马铃薯中干物质含量和淀粉含量呈正相关,服从一元线性方程:y=9.626+0.708x,即马铃薯中干物质含量越高,淀粉含量也就越高。     

Die Ermittlung des Stärke- und Trockensubstanzgehaltes in Kartoffelknollen nach Bestimmung des Unterwassergewichtes an Hand modifizierter Tabellenwerte

Estimation of Starch and Dry Matter Content in Potato Tubers by Determination of Underwater Weight with Modified Tabular Values. With regard to the great importance of estimating the dry matter and starch content in potatoes by means of the underwater weight for agriculture, trade and potato processing industry experimental determinations for several years were carried out. A modified table was made up for the estimation of dates for the specific weight, dry matter and starch content. The new table is better adapted to the varieties and growing conditions of today. Especially the dates for dry matter and starch content in lower range derivates from empiric founded older tables. With increasing dry matter and starch contents the lines approach each other. The difference between dry matter and starch content is 5.5 and 6.8%. Correlation coefficients and regression equations were determined.     

Biochemical changes in new plantain and cooking banana hybrids at various stages of ripening

BACKGROUND: New varieties of plantain and cooking banana with higher yields and improved pest and disease resistance are continuously being bred. There is therefore the need to study their properties during postharvest ripening. This work investigates the effects of ripening on the dry matter content, pH, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, browning potential, starch content and reducing and non‐reducing sugar contents of new FHIA 19 and FHIA 20 plantain and FHIA 03 cooking banana hybrids. RESULTS: The starch and ascorbic acid contents of all hybrids decreased as ripening progressed. The starch and dry matter contents of the FHIA 03 cooking banana were reduced from about 750 to < 100 g kg^?1 and from 260 to 190 g kg^?1 respectively after stage 9 of ripening, when samples had more black than yellow colour. The FHIA 03 cooking banana had the highest content of non‐reducing sugars. The titratable acidity of the FHIA 03 cooking banana was higher than that of the FHIA 19 and FHIA 20 plantains. The browning potential of all hybrids decreased after stage 7 of ripening, when samples were yellow with black spots. The FHIA 19 plantain had the lowest browning potential. CONCLUSION: Significant reductions in the dry matter, ascorbic acid and starch contents of the plantain and cooking banana hybrids were observed during the progress of ripening. The cooking banana variety contained lower levels of dry matter, ascorbic acid and starch than the plantain varieties. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Correlation of physicochemical and nutritional properties of dry matter and starch in potatoes grown in different locations

The physicochemical and nutritional properties of dry matter and starches were studied from 13 potato varieties grown in different locations in Canada. Pearson correlation and principal component analysis were employed to examine relationships amongst variables. Phosphorus content in starch was negatively correlated to rapidly and slowly digestible starch content, while positively correlated to resistant starch content (RS) in raw dry matter and raw starch (p < 0.001). RS content of cooked starch was positively correlated to phosphorus content (0.48, p < 0.01), enthalpy of retrograded starch (0.48, p < 0.01), peak viscosity (0.52, p < 0.001) and breakdown of starch (0.43, p < 0.01). The principal component analysis grouped the 13 potato varieties by growing location, where phosphorus content in starch was the major difference. The results would imply that phosphorus content of starch was a key factor affecting physicochemical and nutritional properties of dry matter and starch in potatoes.     

外源激素处理对甜菜农艺性状及产质量的影响

以甜菜丰产型品种“SD13829”和高糖型品种“04BS02”为材料,研究了喷施2,4-D、GA3、6-BA、ABA 4种外源激素对甜菜农艺性状及产质量的影响.结果表明,GA3能促进株高的增长,ABA抑制株高的增长和叶面积的扩大.2,4-D能促进叶面积的扩大.6-BA、2,4-D和GA3能不同程度地提高地上部干物质积累量.在甜菜生育后期喷施ABA明显抑制甜菜地上部生长,促进地下部干物质积累;喷施2,4-D会造成地下部干物质减少.在块根增长期喷施4种外源激素均能提高块根鲜重,但对两品种含糖率无影响.在糖分积累期喷施4种外源激素对单株根重无明显影响,喷施2,4-D降低了两品种的含糖率,喷施ABA提高了两品种的含糖率.     

Effects of different processes on the carbohydrates of lima bean

Changes which occurred in the concentrations of free sugars, high-molecular weight carbohydrates (water-soluble carbohydrates, starch, hemicellulose, cellulose), and lignin in 3 differently processed varieties of lima bean have been studied. Samples were boiled, autoclaved or soaked in water and germinated for 3 days. Available carbohydrates (starch + sugars) which initially ranged from 53.3 to 54.8 g/100 g dry matter in the raw varieties, decreased very drastically with germination whilst raffinose disappeared and stachyose + verbascose were reduced to trace levels. Cooking as well as autoclaving brought about slight decrease in glucose, fructose and sucrose levels and increased oligosaccharide content of all the varieties. Changes in the content of the structural carbohydrates of all processed varieties were small. Cooking and germination, however effected some reductions in total unavailable carbohydrate content. The effect of these processes on improving the nutritional value of lima beans was discussed.     

糖型与淀粉型木薯后代块根品质与发酵特性

为了研究糖型与淀粉型木薯后代块根品质与发酵特性,测定了28个木薯品系块根的干物质、淀粉、总糖、还原糖、粗蛋白和灰分等主要品质性状。结果表明,淀粉型木薯后代块根的淀粉（14.52%）、总糖（27.48%）、干物质（41.24%）、粗蛋白（1.67%）和灰分（0.25%）含量,总体上比糖型木薯后代块根高;糖型木薯后代块根还原糖含量（2.01%）显著高于淀粉型木薯后代块根（0.61%）（P＜0.05）,而其淀粉含量仅6.62%。相关分析表明,还原糖与淀粉、总糖、干物质和粗蛋白等性状均呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。通过杂交改良克服负相关,新品系SM03块根的乙醇转化率达到53.7 mL/100 g干质量,产酒精34.73 L/hm2。SM03和SC16只糖化、不经过糊化预处理,酵母发酵分别产酒精31.13 L/hm2、27.80 L/hm2,均是很有推广价值的能源木薯新品种。     

Variation of carbohydrate composition of two forms of fruit from jack tree (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) with maturity and climatic conditions

Soft and firm varieties of jackfruit of three stages of maturity (7–8, 10–12, and 14–16 weeks), harvested from the central, western and eastern parts of Bangladesh, were analysed. The dry matter content of perianth and seed of the soft and firm varieties increased from 10.0 to 32.0% and 19.0 to 52.0%, respectively, while the ash content decreased from 5.7 to 2.0% and 4.9 to 1.5%, respectively, on a dry matter basis. The free sugars of jackfruit samples increased with maturity from 1.5 to 10.5% and 1.4 to 5.2% of their dry matter for the soft and firm varieties, respectively. In all cases varying proportions of glucose, fructose and sucrose were the major sugar constituents. The starch content of the perianth samples increased from 7.8 to 47.0% and from 9.0 to 50.5%, on a dry matter basis for the soft and firm varieties, respectively, whereas, that for seed increased up to 65.0 and 59.0%, respectively. Microscopic examination of the samples showed the perianth to contain thin-walled cells packed with starch granules, some organized into distinct clusters. From both the chemical and histological studies, it appeared that the starch content of both perianth and seed of soft and firm varieties of jackfruit samples gradually increased with the increase of maturity. The total dietary fibre varied from 42.0 to 55.0% in the perianth. However, that of seed changed very little. The results show that the starch and total dietary fibre contents of jackfruit are higher than those of other fruits and vegetables of Bangladesh. ©     

Variation in the concentration of major carbohydrates in the grain of some spring barleys

A procedure adapted for rapid routine analyses was used to determine the content of starch, amylose, low molecular weight carbohydrates, and dietary fibre in grain from 37 barley genotypes grown in triplicate yield trials. Among 20 high-yielding spring barley varieties grown in two subsequent years, the content of starch varied from 55 to 62% of the dry matter, while the content of amylose varied from 23 to 35% and averaged 30% of the starch. Among 17 exotic genotypes and mutant lines the content of starch and amylose in starch varied from 43 to 62% and from 17 to 48%, respectively. The amylose content was related neither to starch content nor grain yield. The content of low molecular weight carbohydrates was high in some starch-deficient mutants but close to 2% in all other varieties and genotypes. There was a negative relation between grain yield and low molecular weight carbohydrates among the high-yielding varieties. The content of dietary fibre varied from 18 to 25% in high-yielding varieties, but was considerably influenced by environment. The content of dietary fibre was unrelated to grain yield or kernel weight. The exotic genotypes contained from 14 to 29% dietary fibre. Starch-deficient mutants produced more dietary fibre per kernel than did normal varieties.