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1.
•  The role of networks and international commitment in the formation of internationalisation strategies has not yet been explored in international research. The present paper investigates these relationships in a sample of 206 Norwegian exporters.
•  This article suggests that access to networks and commitment play significant roles in the formation of internationalisation strategies. Implications for management and research are discussed.
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2.
Abstract and Key Results
•  From a network view of multinational enterprises, we argue that foreign subsidiaries in multinational networks have access to resources in heterogeneous institutional environments, and that by taking advantage of these linkages they can capitalize on the latent flexibility that resides in being part of a multinational network.
•  We compare the performance of subsidiaries during times of economic crisis versus stable periods to determine the environments in which intra- and inter-firm organizational linkages matter most.
•  Results indicate that the enhanced flexibility associated with intra- and inter-firm organizational linkages is more likely to increase the performance of subsidiaries operating in crisis rather than economically stable environments.
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3.
Abstract and Key Results
•  This study discusses the underlying reasons for the variant nature of the relationship between multinationality and firm performance in the context of service firms.
•  To date, this line of research has mostly used evidence from manufacturing firms, despite the ever-increasing contribution of service firms to national and global economies.
•  We conduct an exploratory study using case analyses of large European retail banks. We argue that the nature of the multinationality-performance relationship for services is moderated by industry characteristics, market-based factors and firm-specific factors.
•  We conclude that the shape of the curve depicting the multinationality-performance relationship of retail banks experiences substantial variations on a single case level.
•  Our exploratory study of retail banks shows that the multinationality-performance relationship varies significantly depending on banks’ strategic decisions regarding branch network configurations, product portfolios, branding strategies, organizational architecture (HQ-subsidiary relationship), and social networks. Any generalization of the relationship is difficult and prone to error.
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4.
•  This paper explores the organizational adjustment in host regions when MNCs switch from their original strategy to a regional strategy.
•  MNCs set up sub-regional headquarters (e.g., Greater China sub-regional headquarters) under a regional headquarters (e.g., Asia regional headquarters). A sub-regional headquarters replaces a regional headquarters directly managing subsidiaries within the sub-region.
•  The emergence of sub-regional headquarters is in response to the need for a balance between global integration and local responsiveness. An increasing number of decisions are made by sub-regional headquarters, instead of by subsidiaries, a parent, or regional headquarters.
•  Industry characteristics and firm’s specific advantages (FSAs) affect the delegation of authority from a parent to regional and sub-regional headquarters.
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5.
•  Drawing on reasoned action and family systems theories, as well as the domestic and international job transfer and relocation, global assignments, personality and work-life balance research domains, this study examines managers’ willingness to assume global assignments.
•  We propose a multi-factor model and test several hypotheses using survey data collected from 431 global managers and 162 spouses/significant others that examine the degree to which individual, family, and organizational variables influence managerial willingness to accept not only the more traditional multi-year, but also the increasingly common traveling and short-term global assignments.
•  Results suggest that individual (adventurousness and destination country), family (eldercare, children at home, community tenure, and spouse/significant other relocation willingness), and organizational (compensatory rewards/benefits and career fit) factors influence managerial willingness to assume global assignments.
Robert KonopaskeEmail:
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6.
•  This paper shows that the role of managerial incentives is highlighted by a relatively complex relationship between technological competence and international diversification. By studying a sample of Standard & Poor’s 500 member firms, we explore the relationships between technological competence, managerial pay, and international diversification.
•  Results indicated a curvilinear relationship (an inverted U-shape) between technological competence and international diversification.
•  In line with agency theory, contingent pay (stock options and bonuses) was positively related to international diversification.
•  Beyond these direct effects, both contingent and non-contingent pay (cash compensation) moderated the relationship between technological competence and international diversification.
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7.
Abstract and Key Results
•  This paper draws on organizational learning theory to explain how experience influences the propensity for emerging market firms (using an event history analysis of a sample of Latin American firms during the 1990s) to enter developed markets, and their likelihood of survival.
•  We argue that developed market experience is positively related to emerging market firms’ entry and survival in developed markets; however, cognitive biases affect the roles played by other types of experience in entry decisions.
•  Alliance experience with developed market firms increases the likelihood of entry, but decreases the likelihood of survival. Failure experience in developed markets reduces the likelihood of entry, but increases the likelihood of survival.
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8.
Abstract and Key Results
•  This study contributes to the existing literature by empirically investigating the effect of FDI inflows on the aggregate labour productivity of China’s automotive industry.
•  A production function model is developed using a panel data set at sub-sector level. Two statistical models: pooled ordinary least squares model (POLS) and fixed effects model (FES) were used to estimate the influence of foreign direct investment on aggregate labour productivity in the industry.
•  Inward FDI plays a positive role in increasing industrial productivity, implying that the government should continue to encourage inward investment. However the results also suggest that efforts to increase capital intensity and average firm size in the industry will also improve labour productivity.
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9.
Abstract and Key Results
•  The service sector is becoming increasingly important in the global economy; this is especially true for ‘soft’ services involved in providing information and knowledge-based solutions. It has been suggested that soft service firms are restricted to internationalising through market entry modes requiring substantial resource commitment, such as wholly owned subsidiaries and equity based joint ventures. We argue that this assessment is based on overly simplistic assumptions regarding the characteristics of these information-intensive soft service firms.
•  Focusing on the nature of the value-adding activities and operations of these firms, an information transformation model is proposed to describe the value creation process for information-intensive soft service firms.
•  Using the model to represent different types of internationalisation situations yields 10 lower-involvement approaches available to information-intensive soft service firms seeking to enter foreign markets.
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10.
•  This study investigates expatriate adaptation using a sample of Japanese expatriates in the US. For a comprehensive understanding, home managers in Japan and host managers in the US were also used.
•  This study is unique in that it examines expatriate adaptation through an analysis of the change of a fit between 12 learning skills and the skills demands.
•  The degree of expatriate adaptation increased in accordance with the length of the current overseas assignment tenure in the host country, along with an increase in job satisfaction.
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11.
•  We examined perceptions differentiating key Colombian decisionmakers in 168 SMEs who decided to either internationalize or remain domestic. An integrative model compares managerial perceptions of competitive, macro-environmental and neo-institutional factors.
•  Foreign MNEs in the home market significantly differentiated decisions to internationalize, as well as the presence of internationalizing domestic competitors, anticipated product acceptance, and internationalizing suppliers.
•  The lack of findings for some institutional and macro-environmental factors may reflect important contextual features of the Colombian business environment.
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12.
•  Employing detailed industry-level data, this paper examines the country-of-origin effects of foreign direct investment in China.
•  The analysis demonstrates that there are significant differences in behaviour between investors from non-Chinese Western (NCW) source countries and those from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan (HMT).
•  The findings show that NCW investors target local market, while HMT investors are export-oriented. Furthermore, NCW firms are more responsive to local labour quality and technological capability than their HMT counterparts.
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13.
•  This paper examines the conditions under which corporate social responsibility (CSR) is related to value creation in the multinational enterprise (MNE).
•  Following prior work by Burke and Logsdon (1996), we examine the relationship of centrality, appropriability, proactivity, visibility, and voluntarism to value creation.
•  The results of a survey of 111 MNEs in Mexico suggest that centrality, visibility, and voluntarism are related to value creation.
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14.
•  In this study, we examine the impact of cumulative experience that arise from a series of sequential entries on the performance of foreign subsidiaries of multinational firms. Drawing upon the literature on organizational learning, we propose that multinational firms acquire different types of experience at the firm level, including general entry experience, entry specific experience, and exporting experience, which exert different influences on their performance. We also investigate the effect of experience on performance at the subsidiary level.
•  Using a dataset of 245 subsidiaries of 81 large U.S. firms in China, we find that firms’ entry specific experience, exporting experience, and subsidiary level experience exhibit significant effects on the return on sales of foreign subsidiaries.
•  Further, the effect of exporting experience gets weaker as firms accumulate more entry specific experience. Firms’ general entry experience, however, is not related to subsidiary performance.
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15.
Abstract and Key Results
•  This paper focuses on the overall themes of the issue to examine the interrelationships between innovation, competition and regulatory change in international business.
•  It provides a synthesis by highlighting recent interlinked developments in two contrasting industries dominated by large multinationals — pharmaceuticals and automotives, with specific reference to cars.
•  This industry based assessment highlights the technical, economic and regulatory forces that have together changed the business environment, innovation processes and nature of competition in the pharmaceutical and automotive industries.
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16.
Abstract and Key Results
•  Research on the process of knowledge learning and absorption in acquisition context has emerged recently. Yet relatively less attention has been paid to the process of knowledge transfer and learning and its impact on successful acquisitions.
•  This paper adopts a process perspective’ to investigate this issue. Based on four international acquisitions in China, it generates new theoretical propositions as well as practical managerial implications.
•  Results reveal the types of knowledge acquired and how it is transferred and learnt to contribute to the success of international acquisitions. The knowledge acquisition and learning process in international context involve three stages: knowledge assessment, knowledge sharing and knowledge assimilation.
•  Foreign acquirers tend to acquire complementary knowledge from local targets, adopt dual management structure and facilitate communications with local personnel in order to achieve the success of acquisitions and future operations.
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17.
Abstract and Key Results
•  We explore the differences in international strategy between multinational enterprises (MNEs) in services and manufacturing, especially in terms of their international diversification, as measured by their sales and asset dispersion.
•  Our longitudinal data show that the largest MNEs in services have a much stronger home-region orientation than manufacturing MNEs. Large MNEs in the services sector average 83.9 percent of their sales in their home region, which is significantly higher than large manufacturing firms at 65.6 percent.
•  We explore the possible reasons for the relative lack of globalization of services firms. The two main reasons are: the difficulty of adapting separately upstream activities and downstream activities in high distance host environments, and the difficulty of selecting activity locations as a function of supply side criteria.
•  We offer a refinement of regional strategy theory applicable to services MNEs.
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18.
•  We explore the role of foreign direct investment and (its relationship to) clusters for the competitiveness (and catching-up) of small(er) developing countries.
•  We suggest that while size per se need not matter, small(er) developing countries need to explicitly account for any liabilities of smallness when devising and implementing strategies for competitiveness and catching-up.
•  We claim that international strategic management scholarship can add insights on this important issue, by complementing extant literature and contributions by international trade and economic development scholarship.
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19.
Conclusions  The conclusions are summarized as follows:
–  • The operation of a new three-salt-carbon chemical heat pump was experimentally verified.
–  • A heat output of 1.5 kW was tested with a temperature lift near 100°C with a COP equal to 1.44 without heat recovery.
–  • With heat-pipe heat recovery the COP of this system can be increased to 1.62.
–  • The efficiency of this heat pump can be increased if for the bottom cycle a condenser and a capillary pumped evaporator are used.
–  • To increase the cycle efficiency it is necessary to improve the design of the adsorber, increase the number of salts with different temperature lifts, and use a convective mode for sorbent-bed heating.
–  • A four-salt heat pump could potentially be used to increase the COP of the system further, provided other parasitic losses can be reduced.
Finally the advantage of no moving parts makes this cooler/heater attractive for space and domestic applications. Academic Scientific Complex “A. V. Luikov Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus,” Minsk. Published in Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 595–600, May–June, 1999.  相似文献   

20.
•  The process of foreign direct investment (FDI) is inherently uncertain as decisions surrounding investments are impacted by fragmented environments which offer contested views as to appropriate actions.
•  We propose a multi-level organizing framework of institutional influences on FDI and examine the differential effect of these forces at two points in time: Prior to a first investment and upon subsequent investments.
•  We posit that upon initial entry, firms are impacted primarily by coercive host country pressures, industry mimeticism, and internal firm norms. We expect these influences to change on subsequent entries with normative forces having the most salience.
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