Dissolution kinetics of malachite in ammonia/ammonium carbonate leaching

The leaching of oxide copper ore containing malachite, which is the unique copper mineral in the ore, by aqueous ammonia solution has been studied. The effect of leaching time, ammonium hydroxide, and ammonium carbonate concentration, pH, [NH₃]/[NH₄⁺] ratio, stirring speed, solid/liquid ratio, particle size, and temperature were investigated. The main important parameters in ammonia leaching of malachite ore are determined as leaching time, ammonia/ammonium concentration ratio, pH, solid/liquid ratio, leaching temperature, and particle size. Optimum leaching conditions from malachite ore by ammonia/ammonium carbonate solution are found as ammonia/ammonium carbonate concentrations: 5 M NH₄OH+0.3 M (NH₄)₂CO₃; solid/liquid ratio: 1:10 g/mL; leaching times: 120 min; stirring speed: 300 rpm; leaching temperature: 25 °C; particle size finer than 450 μm. More than 98% of copper was effectively recovered. During the leaching, copper dissolves as in the form of Cu(NH₃)₄⁺² complex ion, whereas gangue minerals do not react with ammonia. It was determined that interface transfer and diffusion across the product layer control the leaching process. The activation energy for dissolution was found to be 15 kJ mol⁻¹.     

矿堆非饱和渗流中的界面作用

为探明矿堆非饱和浸出渗流规律,以界面作用为切入点,分析了浸出液的运动状态.矿堆中吸力由界面作用产生的基质吸力和吸收扩散产生的渗透吸力组成.孔隙中介质分布的不均匀性和矿石形状的随机性是导致界面作用多样性以及浸出液运动状态复杂的原因.采用毛细上升实验很好地证明了矿堆中吸力的存在,在驱动力的作用下,浸润初期的液面上升速度较快,浸润后期液面上升相对平缓.通过拟合得知液面毛细上升高度与浸润时间符合幂函数关系.理论研究表明可以通过改变固相、液相和气相的物理性质来实现对矿堆非饱和渗流中界面作用的调控.      

低品位氧化锰矿酸浸制备硫酸锰

研究一步法还原浸出低品位氧化锰矿制备硫酸锰工艺。使用亚硫酸盐作为还原剂,采用黄铁矾法除铁,硫化盐法去除重金属离子,最终制备出适用于电解的硫酸锰溶液。结果表明:矿样10g,硫酸用量6mL,亚硫酸钠用量6g,90℃浸出100min,可以获得的96.42%锰浸出率;控制中和调浆终点pH=2.5,铁浸出率0.02%;控制除杂终点pH=4.5时,滤液达到合格电解液的标准。     

Treatment of a Nigerian covellite ore. Part I: Dissolution kinetics study by ammonia solution

In the present work, the leaching kinetics of covellite ore in ammonia solution was studied and the following variables, the solution concentration, reaction temperature and particle size were considered. A kinetics model representing the effects of these variables on the leaching rate was developed and it was ascertained that the leaching rate increases with increasing solution concentration, reaction temperature and decreasing particle size. At optimal conditions, 75.1% of covellite ore was reacted within 120 min and the leaching reaction was diffusion controlled by surface chemical mechanism. The calculated activation energy of 56.98 kJ/mol supported the proposed dissolution process.     

CO2+O2地浸采铀中CaCO3沉淀堵塞条件模拟

CO2+O2地浸工艺是我国第三代铀矿采冶技术,地浸过程中溶浸液与含矿层矿物反应后,在将铀从矿石中浸出的同时,由于地下水矿化度增高又会产生化学沉淀,导致含矿层堵塞。CaCO3沉淀是CO2+O2地浸采铀过程中含矿层堵塞的重要原因。根据内蒙古纳岭沟铀矿CO2+O2浸铀过程中浸出液化学成分数据,通过水文地球化学模拟,对含矿层堵塞的水文地球化学条件进行了系统研究。结果表明,CaCO3沉淀是造成CO2+O2地浸中含矿层化学堵塞的重要原因。当溶浸液pH>6.5时,CaCO3将发生沉淀,溶浸液的pH、HCO3-浓度、Ca2+浓度是影响CaCO3沉淀的主要因素,过高的pH与HCO3-浓度、Ca2+浓度都会造成CaCO3沉淀的产生。根据模拟结果获得了不产生CaCO3沉淀条件下pH、HCO3-浓度、Ca2+浓度三者之间的关系,并由此认为,维持溶浸液较低的Ca2+浓度与较低的pH是预防与缓解CaCO3沉淀堵塞的有效途径。     

从低品位钼铅矿中提取钼的试验研究

研究了从氧化钼矿石中回收钼,考察了NaOH质量浓度、温度、时间、液固体积质量比对钼浸出率的影响。试验结果表明:在NaOH质量浓度80g/L、温度95℃、液固体积质量比3∶1条件下浸出矿石120min,钼浸出率达80%以上;浸出液先以Na2S溶液沉铅,再以HCl溶液调节pH=8除硅,然后再用HCl溶液调节pH=2.5,用D314大孔弱碱性阴离子交换树脂吸附钼,用10%NaOH溶液在40℃下解吸钼,钼吸附率及解吸率分别达到95%和97%。     

某砂岩铀矿石CO_2+O_2柱浸试验

在实验室开展了某砂岩铀矿石CO_2+O_2浸出工艺的柱浸试验。当液固体积质量比达到5.20(mL/g)时,铀浸出率可达到67.05%;HCO_3~-浓度是影响铀浸出浓度的关键因素,保持HCO_3~-浓度不低于800mg/L时浸铀效果较理想;浸出中后期铀浓度随矿石中铀的消耗而降低;溶浸液与矿石中碳酸钙、黄铁矿相互作用导致浸出液中Ca~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)浓度升高,pH在6.6以上时方解石和白云石都处于过饱和状态,为避免发生沉淀,应将pH控制在6.6以下;试验中石膏虽未达到饱和,但地浸实践中应关注Ca~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)浓度持续升高趋势,避免发生石膏沉淀堵塞。     

Dried leaves — Novel reductant for acid leaching of manganese ore

In the present investigation results on the use of dried leaves as a reductant for manganese ore leaching is reported. A complete flow-sheet consisting of steps such as reductive acid leaching, enrichment of leach solution by recycling, iron removal and crystallization has been developed for the preparation of manganese sulphate monohydrate from manganese ore of Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation (GMDC), Ahmedabad, India. During leaching effects of pulp density, amount of acid, temperature, particle size of ore and reductant to ore ratio were studied. Almost total manganese extraction could be achieved under the following conditions: leaching time 8h, H₂SO₄ 5% (v/v), pulp density 10% (w/v), temperature 950C and dried leaves to ore ratio 0.5. Mn enriched (> 90 g/L Mn) leach liquor was obtained by recycling the leach solution twice. The solution so obtained was purified by pH adjustment using lime slurry. A schematic flowsheet for the preparation of manganese sulphate monohydrate crystal is given.     

高碱脉石低品位铜镍复合矿的诱变细菌浸出

金川低品位铜镍复合矿为高碱脉石的氧化—硫化混和矿 ,矿区无土著浸矿细菌。采用经诱变改良的外源混合T .f浸矿菌和控制矿浆 pH(<4 ) ,有效地浸出了该复合矿中的镍和铜 ;控制矿浆pH在细菌生长最适的范围内 ,钙、镁实际耗酸分别只占其总含量的 2 2 %～32 % ;铜、镍在不同浸出阶段表现为相反的浸出行为 ,酸浸时铜优先被浸出 ,菌浸时镍优先被浸出 ;渣样分析表明硫化镍、硫化铜的浸出机制为间接作用。物相分析表明这些浸出行为与浸出对象的赋存状态有关。     

类砂岩型矿石浸出液质量浓度混沌时序重构与浸矿周期预测

以河砂、水泥和盐为原料制作类砂岩型矿石试件,采用水浸的方式对不同品位矿石进行浸矿试验,对浸出液质量浓度进行监测.考察了浸出液质量浓度和浸出率随浸矿时间演变规律;将浸出液质量浓度时间序列进行相空间重构,用混沌理论揭示了不同品位矿石浸出液质量浓度在相空间中相点距演化规律;利用灰色理论,建立了浸出液质量浓度相点距演化预测模型,确定合理的浸矿周期.研究发现:浸出液质量浓度表现出混沌特性,对其进行相空间重构处理后,细微变化特征得以放大,内部规律得以充分展现;不同品位矿石表现出不同的非线性动力学行为;利用基于相空间重构的残差修正灰色模型预测了浸矿周期,为溶浸采矿理论与技术提供了一种新的研究和探讨方法.      

紫金山低品位铜矿生物堆浸模拟研究

对紫金山低品位铜矿进行生物堆浸模拟试验。结果表明,起始喷淋液全铁浓度4.0g/L、矿石粒度-10mm,浸出周期为181天时,铜浸出率达到80%以上。片碱调节喷淋液pH沉矾除铁,采用不同喷淋制度抑制酸铁浸出是低品位铜矿生物堆浸未来重要研究方向。     

Reaction Kinetics of magnesite ore in dilute ethanoic acid

The leaching of naturally occurring magnesite in dilute ethanoic acid is achieved to optimize the reaction conditions affecting the reaction kinetics. In the current study effect of various reaction parameters (The particle size of ore, concentration of leaching agent, the reaction temperature and rate of stirring) on the dissolution of magnesium carbonate ore with aqueous solutions of acetic acid is probed. It is inferred that the rate of leaching reaction of magnesium carbonate ore in the aqueous solutions of acetic acid rises with a rise in temperature of reaction medium, acetic acid solution strength and decreases with the increase in particle size of the magnesite ore samples. The analysis of kinetic data done by the application of graphical and statistical approaches reveals that the leaching kinetics of magnesite ore in dilute solutions of acetic acid follows a surface chemically controlled mechanism. The calculated value of energy of activation for the dissolution reaction of magnesium carbonate in acetic acid is 46.39 kJ mol^–1.     

某砂岩铀矿床矿石中性浸出性能试验

对某砂岩型铀矿石开展不同O2剂量的中性浸出试验。结果表明,试验矿石中性浸出性能较差,铀浓度基本低于20mg/L,在25.2的高液固比条件下,铀浸出率仅为35.36%~41.85%;前期以六价铀浸出为主,浸出强度与HCO3^-浓度正相关;六价铀基本被浸出后,有O2、无O2的浸出差别明显,但O2剂量在30~200mg/L变化时浸出差别并不显著;相对高的pH有利于形成更稳定的铀酰络合物和降低铀的氧化还原临界电位,但应避免高pH引起碳酸钙沉淀。在地浸生产保持不低于800mg/L的HCO3^-和维持浸出液10~20mg/L的余氧是合适的。     

含砷金矿细菌氧化提金废渣综合回收砷

以细菌氧化提金废渣为原料,对其中所含的砷进行回收。分别考察了碱用量、浸出温度、液固比和浸出时间对砷浸出率的影响及溶液初始pH、钙砷摩尔比和沉淀时间对砷沉淀率的影响。通过单因素条件试验确定了浸砷的较优条件为:氢氧化钠浓度240g/L,反应温度60℃,液固比4∶1,搅拌浸出2h。在最优条件下砷浸出率达到85%。从浸出液中沉砷的较优条件为:溶液初始pH=12.0,钙砷摩尔比2∶1,沉淀时间30min。在优化条件下砷沉淀率达到97%以上。     

酸浸-萃取-氨沉淀法从石煤钒矿中提取钒

采用氧化焙烧脱炭-硫酸氧化浸出-P204+TBP溶剂萃取-氨水沉钒的工艺方法,从江西某石煤钒矿中提取V2O5,考察了硫酸用量、萃取及反萃次数、反萃液pH值对工艺过程的影响。试验结果表明:钒矿破碎后在硫酸溶液中用氯酸钠进行氧化浸出,钒的浸出率可达到96%以上;用P204+TBP溶剂萃取和稀硫酸溶液反萃,再用氨水沉淀钒,最终得到纯度98.0%以上的V2O5产品;从石煤钒矿到V2O5的总收率可达86.14%～93.09%。该工艺对钒的回收效果明显,操作简单,生产成本低,对环境污染较小。     

机械活化强化铌钽矿碱性水热体系浸出

针对现行铌钽矿HF酸处理工艺氟污染严重的问题,提出以KOH溶液替代高毒性HF介质的铌钽矿碱性水热体系浸出新方法,研究了铌钽矿在KOH碱性水热体系浸出规律.结果表明,在KOH质量分数50%范围内,KOH质量分数和反应温度的提高会促进铌钽矿分解生成可溶性六铌(钽)酸钾,但过高的KOH质量分数和反应温度会使可溶性六铌(钽)酸钾向不溶性偏铌(钽)酸钾转化,造成铌、钽浸出率的下降.在KOH质量分数35%、反应温度200℃、碱矿质量比4:1以及反应时间2 h的最佳浸出条件下,铌和钽浸出率仅为18.73%和9.4%;通过机械活化对铌钽矿进行预处理后,铌和钽浸出率可大幅度提高至95%和60%,说明机械活化可显著强化铌钽矿碱性水热浸出过程.铌钽矿经机械活化后,矿物粒度减小,比表面积增加,晶格畸变增大,无定形化程度增加,内部缺陷程度增加,矿物的反应活性大大增加,铌钽矿的浸出率显著提高.      

地浸采铀过程中含矿层堵塞特征研究

酸法与碱法浸铀是当前我国铀矿采冶主要地浸工艺,浸铀过程中均会产生含矿层堵塞。含矿层堵塞是地浸采铀中的一种普遍现象,也是制约铀浸出效益的重大瓶颈。根据巴彦乌拉铀矿矿石酸法柱浸试验和十红滩铀矿矿石碱法浸铀试验结果,分别对酸法和碱法浸铀过程中含矿层堵塞的原因进行了系统研究。结果表明,矿物黏土化蚀变是造成酸法地浸中含矿层堵塞的重要原因;碳酸钙沉淀是造成碱性地浸中含矿层堵塞的主要原因;溶浸液的pH、HCO^-₃浓度及Ca²⁺浓度过高都会引起碱性浸铀含矿层碳酸钙沉淀,碳酸钙溶解沉淀特征受pH、Ca²⁺、HCO^-₃的边界值控制。     

紫金山金矿堆浸工艺参数优化实践

紫金山金矿的矿石氧化程度高,由堆浸工艺生产金量占矿总产金量80％以上。通过对影响堆浸效果的矿堆高度、入堆矿石粒度、喷淋液NaCN浓度及pH值、贵液NaCN浓度及pH值、喷淋制度、喷淋强度等主要工艺参数进行优化研究,进一步确定了堆浸工业生产合理的工艺参数。     

硫化铜矿粒孔隙模型重构与溶液渗流模拟

以次生硫化铜矿粉为原料,添加黏结剂、氯化钠制备矿粒,并借助CT扫描技术、图像处理及三维重构方法,开展了单个矿粒浸出试验,探究了溶浸前后矿粒内部的孔隙变化;运用COMSOL Multiphysics模拟仿真软件,构建了溶液在孔隙通道中流动的仿真模型。结果表明:经过一周时间的溶浸,矿粒内部孔隙的数目、平均体积、平均表面积及孔隙平均等效直径分别增长了99%、151%、223%和90%,孔隙率增长了4倍,孔隙连通度增长了近2倍。在孔隙通道较狭窄的区域和底部区域,溶液的流速、压力急剧增加,对矿粒结构的稳定性产生较大影响。      

高碳酸盐砂岩型铀矿石微酸中性浸出性能

为研究微酸中性浸出工艺对高碳酸盐型铀矿石的浸出性能,对某高碳酸盐砂岩型铀矿石进行了静态浸泡试验、多回次氧化浸出试验及柱浸试验。结果表明,高碳酸盐型铀矿应用传统酸法浸出容易产生气堵和CaSO4沉淀,而应用微酸中性浸出虽然浸出强度小,但不容易产生沉淀,应用传统碱性浸出的浸出强度略高于应用微酸中性浸出,但容易产生CaCO3沉淀;应用低浓度H2O2氧化浸出效率低,H2O2主要被矿石中其他还原性物质消耗,高浓度H2O2容易和溶液中的铀反应生成过氧化铀沉淀,而KMnO4氧化浸出效果明显;在柱浸中,微酸浸出浸出率和碱性浸出浸出率分别为49.2%和41.7%,前者主要限制因素是矿柱酸化速率高于矿柱氧化速率,而后者主要限制因素是浸出后期矿层堵塞,渗透性下降。