INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY PROFILE MEASUREMENTS IN A TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER

Instantaneous wall shear stress and streamwise velocities have been measured simultaneously in a flat-plate, turbulent boundary layer at moderate Reynolds number in an effort to provide experimental support for large eddy simulations. Data were obtained using a buried-wire, wall shear gage and a hot-wire rake positioned in the log region of the flow. Fluctuations of the instantaneous U ⁺ versus Y ⁺ profiles about a mean law of the wall are shown to be significant and complex. Peak cross-correlation values between wall shear stress and the velocities are high, and reflect the passage of a large structure inclined at a small angle to the wall. Estimates of this angle are consistent with those made by other investigators. Conditional sampling techniques were used to detect the passage of various sizes and types of flow disturbances (events), and to estimate their mean frequency of occurrence. Events characterized by large and sudden streamwise accelerations were found to be highly coherent throughout the log region and were strongly correlated with large fluctuations in wall shear stress. Phase randomness between the near-wall quantities and the outer velocities was small. The results suggest that the flow events detected by conditional sampling applied to velocities in the log region may be related to the bursting process.     

稀疏气固两相湍流边界层拟序结构变动特性

应用PIV两相同时测量方法,对壁面Reynolds数为430的水平槽道稀疏气固两相湍流边界层拟序结构变动特性进行了研究。选取质量载荷为10^-4~10^-3的110 μm聚乙烯颗粒作为离散相。结果表明,低载荷颗粒仍能显著改变湍流拟序结构,进而影响宏观湍流属性。颗粒重力沉降形成的粗糙壁面增强了壁面附近湍流猝发行为,导致黏性底层中的气相法向脉动速度和雷诺剪切应力显著增大。颗粒与壁面的碰撞加强了低速流体上抛、削弱了高速流体下扫,同时增强了轨道交叉效应,从而抑制了湍流拟序结构发展,显著减小了黏性底层以上区域的法向脉动速度和雷诺剪切应力。此外,颗粒惯性还减小了黏性底层厚度、增大了流向速度梯度,导致气相流向脉动速度峰值增大,且其对应位置也更加靠近壁面。     

Wet granular materials in sheared flows

The transport properties of wet granular materials in a shear cell apparatus have been studied. If the particles are wet, the flow becomes more viscous forming liquid bridges between particles. The dynamic liquid bridge forces are considered as the cohesive forces between particles to restrict their movements. The cohesive forces make the particles stick tighter with each other and hamper the movement of particles. The mixing and transport properties are influenced seriously by the amount of moisture added in the flow. This paper discusses a series of experiments performed in a shear cell device with five different moisture contents using 3-mm glass spheres as the granular materials. The motion of granular materials was recorded by a high-speed camera. Using the image processing technology and particle tracking method, the average and fluctuation velocities in the streamwise and transverse directions could be measured. The self-diffusion coefficient could be found from the history of the particle displacements. The self-diffusion coefficients and fluctuations in the streamwise direction were much larger than those in the transverse direction. Three bi-directional stress gages were installed to the upper wall to measure the normal and shear stresses of the granular materials along the upper wall. For wetter granular material flows, the fluctuation velocities and the self-diffusion coefficients were smaller.     

Particle motion at the wall of a circulating fluidized bed

The motion of alumina particles of mean size 74.9 μm in the region near to the wall of the 305 mm diameter riser of a cold model circulating fluidized bed has been studied using a high-speed video camera employing normal and magnifying lenses. Particles in this region were found to move predominantly downwards, against the main gas flow. High density groups or swarms of particles typically arch-shaped were observed to descend in contact with the wall at velocities in the range 0.3–0.4 m s⁻¹. Tfie distribution of swarm descent velocities was shown to be little affected by changes in superficial gas velocity over the range 3–5 m s⁻¹ and imposed mean solids mass flux over the range 2 to 80 kg m⁻² s⁻¹. A region of steady bulk downflow of solids with a velocity of approximately 1.0 m s⁻¹ was observed to appear a few millimetres from the wall at mean suspension densities greater than 5.6 kg m⁻³. Motion of particles in contact with the riser was analysed by identification of three flow forms; dilute, dense and swarm flow. Results of the analysis are linked with the observations of other workers concerning the onset of the so-called ‘similar profiles’ regime. The relationship between the measured effective particle swarm length and the cross-sectional mean suspension density was established and the implications for modelling suspension-to-wall heat transfer discussed.     

微波化学反应用聚四氟乙烯容器的透波性能

因聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）具有较低的复介电常数,其作为透波材料而被广泛用作微波化学反应用容器。透波材料的介电特性和透波性能对微波化学反应的速率和效果具有重要影响。本研究首先利用谐振腔微扰法测量了PTFE在23~250℃范围内的复介电常数,并分析了该材料介电属性的温度特性;其次,基于电磁波传输原理,计算了该材料受到不同因素影响下的功率透过系数（T²）,并对该材料的透波性能进行了分析。研究表明,随着温度的增加,PTFE的介电常数逐渐减小,损耗正切逐渐增大,但是二者变化幅度较小;在水平（TM）极化中存在一个布儒斯特角θ_B,当微波以该角度入射时会发生全透射现象;TM极化下的T²随着入射角的增大先增大后减小,垂直（TE）极化下的T²随着入射角的增加而减小,TM极化下的整体透波性能要优于TE极化;随着容器壁厚的增加,透波性能波动变化,存在极大值和极小值;在相同容器壁厚范围内（0~0.1m）,2450MHz频率下对应高透波性能的厚度值要多于915MHz。研究还表明,微波入射角度较小时,PTFE的T²始终保持在0.87~0.99之间,透波性能较好。最后给出了微波以不同频率入射时PTFE的优选壁厚以供实际应用过程中进行参考。     

基于停留时间分布的缠绕管内二次流研究

缠绕管内二次流能够显著强化管内传质、传热性能。通过测量缠绕管内液体的停留时间分布,利用无量纲方差σ²表征二次流强度,研究了缠绕直径、缠绕角度、缠绕管管径等结构参数对二次流的影响。结果表明：在径向流动未达到极限迁移距离的缠绕管中,随着液体Reynolds数Re的增大,σ²先减小后增大,对应缠绕管内依次出现的湍流作用区和二次流作用区;在径向流动达到极限迁移距离的缠绕管中,随着Re的增大,σ²先减小后增大最后趋于平稳,对应缠绕管内依次出现的湍流作用区、二次流作用区和二次流极限区。从湍流作用区转变为二次流作用区的临界Reynolds数Re_S随缠绕管缠绕直径和管径的减小而减小,缠绕角度对Re_S的影响较小。     

Fracture Toughness and High-Temperature Slow Crack Growth inSiC

The subcritical growth of macroscopic cracks in hot-pressed and in sintered SiC was examined at 900° to 1100°C in oxygen partial pressures of 10⁻⁴ and 10⁻⁸ atm. The K ₁-V data for the hot-pressed SiC were generated using the double torsion specimen in the incremental displacement rate mode. These data, in addition to earlier results, included three distinct regions in the plot of log V vs log K ₁,: a low slope region, N∼20, of substantial slow crack growth which was insensitive to testing temperature and environment; a plateau region which shifted to higher velocities with increasing temperature; and a region of very high slope with K values near K _IC The results may be described qualitatively by viscous flow of the gram-boundary phase. No slow crack growth could be detected in the sintered SiC when tested hi the environments described.     

Mass transfer at cylindrical gas evolving electrodes

Mass transfer coefficients at cylindrical, H₂ evolving electrodes, were measured by determining the reduction rate of K₃Fe(CN)₆. The variables studied were: gas discharge rate V, diameter of the cylinder D, height and position of the cylinder. The diameters ranged from 0·2–2·5 cm, the cd from 25-380 mA/cm². For horizontal cylinders, the following correlation was found: log K = a + 2·17 log(V^0·11/D^0·08). The application of gas evolving cylindrical electrodes in industrial electrolysis is discussed in comparison with rotating electrodes.     

Subcritical Crack Growth along Ceramic-Metal Interfaces

Environmentally assisted subcritical crack growth along glass/copper interfaces is examined in ambient-temperature gas environments as a function of humidity. Resulting interfacial crack velocities (v), characterised in terms of the crack extension force (G) and approximate solutions for the linear elastic stress intensity factor (K), show ν-K curve behavior typical of (bulk) ceramics. Subcritical crack growth rates are found to be initially highly sensitive to K for G) and to show evidence of a threshold stress intensity between 0.1 and 0.25 Mp a°m^1/2 (region I). At higher crack velocities typically between °10^–5 and 10^–4 m/s, growth rates display a plateau and tend to become K independent (region II). Although specimen-to-specimen scatter is large in region I, interfacial crack velocities in moist environments far exceed those in dry environments and are over 3 orders of magnitude faster (at fixed K) than reported rat's for (bulk) soda-lime glass.     

壁面粗糙度对气粒两相流动中颗粒行为影响的实验研究

The effect of wall roughness on particle behavior in two-phase flows in a horizontal backward-facing step is studied using a phase-Doppler particle anemometer. The results show that the wall roughness widens the particle velocity probability density distribution, enhances the redistribution of particle velocity into different directions,reduces the particle longitudinal mean velocity and increases the longitudinal and transverse fluctuation velocities and Reynolds shear stress. The effect of roughness on particle motion in the recirculation zone is weaker than that in the fully developed flow region. The effect of roughness for small particles is restricted only in the near-wall region, while that for large particle diffuses to the whole flow field.     

Correlation between the Width of the Glass Transition Region and the Temperature Dependence of the Viscosity of High-Tg Glasses

A correlation exists between the width of the glass transition region measured using DTA or DSC during heating and the activation enthalpy Δ H _η^* for the shear viscosity of high-Tginorganic glasses. This is demonstrated by the constancy of a dimensionless parameter C = (Δ H _η^*/ R )(1/Tg – 1/Tg'), where Tg and Tg' are temperatures marking the extrapolated onset and finish of the transition region on the DTA or DSC trace. The logarithm of the shear viscosity at Tg, log η (Tg), is also approximately constant for high-Tg glasses. Using the universal values of C and log η (Tg), fairly reliable estimates of shear viscosities from the transition range through the working range can be made from the Tg and Tg' values obtained using DTA or DSC.     

同轴圆筒流变仪初始瞬态黏度的解析与数值研究

同轴圆筒流变仪在恒剪速或恒应力测试初始过程中测试黏度远高于真实值的现象与流场非稳态作用等因素有关。测量间隙内的Couette流动研究主要集中在边界条件为恒值或某一具体时间函数下的理论推导,而测量间隙的边界条件实际为某一动边界。假设动边界为任意f(t),将同轴圆筒间Newtonian流体初始流变测试过程简化为无限大平板间Couette流动,采用特征函数法和Laplace变换推导应力和剪速边界下流场及表观黏度精确解,同时依据不同间隙尺寸和运动黏度对6种边界条件下的瞬态表观黏度进行数值计算。结果表明:当u <20 mm²·s^-1时,控制剪速边界下流场及表观黏度平衡时间更短;当20 mm²·s^-12·s^-1时,控制应力边界下流场及表观黏度平衡时间更短;当u >20000 mm²·s^-1时,两类边界条件下的平衡时间相近。     

垂直上升内螺纹管内流动沸腾传热特性

在压力9～22 MPa,质量流速450～2000 kg·m^-2·s^-1,内壁热负荷200～700 kW·m^-2的参数范围内,试验研究了用于1000 MW超超临界锅炉φ28.6 mm×5.8 mm垂直上升内螺纹水冷壁管内汽水流动沸腾传热。研究表明：内螺纹管内壁螺纹的漩流作用可抑制偏离核态沸腾（DNB）传热恶化,内螺纹管在高干度区发生蒸干型（DO）传热恶化。增大质量流速可推迟壁温飞升,壁温飞升幅度随质量流速增大而降低。热负荷越大管壁温越高,随热负荷增大管壁壁温飞升提前,且传热恶化后壁温飞升值增大。随着压力增加,壁温飞升发生干度值减小。内螺纹管汽水流动沸腾传热系数呈π形分布,传热系数峰值出现在汽水沸腾区。文中还给出了亚临界压力区内螺纹管单相区和汽水沸腾区的传热系数试验关联式。     

Micromixing performance of the teethed high shear mixer under semi-batch operation

Semi-batch operated reaction processes are necessary for some competitive reaction systems to achieve a desirable process selectivity and productivity of fine chemical products. Herein the structural and operating parameters of the teethed high shear mixers were adjusted to study the micromixing performance in the semi-batch operated system, using the Villermaux/Dushman reaction system. The results indicate that the rising of the rotor speed and the number of rotor teeth, the decrease of the width of the shear gap and the radial distance between the feed position and the inner wall of stator can enhance the micromixing level and lead to the decrease of the segregation index. Additionally, computational fluid dynamics calculations were carried out to disclose the evolution of the flow pattern and turbulent energy dissipation rate of the semi-batch operated high shear mixer. Furthermore, the correlation was established with a mean relative error of 8.05% and R² of 0.955 to fit the segregation index and the parameters studied in this work, which can provide valuable guidance on the design and optimization of the semi-batch operated high shear mixers in practical applications.     

Numerical simulation of three-dimensional viscoelastic flow within dies

In recent years, the development of CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) in polymer processing has been remarkable, and it is expected to be more realistic in viscoelastic numerical simulation, particularly in three-dimensional complex geometry. Because of the problems of computational memory capacity, CPU time, and the numerical convergence of viscoelastic flow simulation, three-dimensional viscoelastic simulation applicable to industrial flow behaviors has not yet been attempted. In this paper, we developed the numerical simulation of three-dimensional viscoelastic flow within dies using a decoupled method, streamwise integration, and penalty function methods to decrease memory, and the TME (“Transformation of Equation of Motion to the Elliptic Equation,” S. Tanoue, T. Kajiwara, and K. Funatsu, The Eleventh Annual Meeting, the Polymer Processing Society Seoul, Korea, Extended Abstracts p.439) method, which raises the stability of convergence. We confirmed the reliability of this simulation technique to compare simulation results with experimental data of the stress field at a downstream wall shear rate of 5.41s^?1 within a 60° angle tapered contraction die. We compared the predictions of a viscoelastic model (Phan-Thien and Tanner model) with a pure viscosity model (Carreau model) at a downstream wall shear rate of 120s^?1 and discovered a remarkable effect of viscoelasticity in the shear stress and first normal stress difference in particular in the tapered region.     

Aspiration below wind velocity of aerosols with sharp edged nozzles facing the wind

Aspiration coefficients of sharp-edged thin-walled nozzles have been measured at zero yaw angle in wind speeds from 77 to 309 cm sec⁻¹ and aspiration velocities from 26 to 309 cm sec⁻¹. Homogeneous liquid droplets of di-2-ethyl-hexyl sebacate of 16 and 22 μ dia. were used with Stokes numbers 0.014 < St_v < 0.64. Substantial deposition occurred inside the nozzles and in the impactors used for sampling; it was measured and allowed for when calculating the aspiration coefficients.     

Inlet characteristics of bioaerosol samplers

The inlet sampling characteristics of several commercial bioaerosol samplers operating in indoor and outdoor environments have been analyzed by use of available and newly developed equations for sampling efficiency. With a focus on the physical aspects of sampling efficiency, the aspiration and transmission efficiencies have been calculated for the bioaerosol particle size range 1–30 μm, which represents single bacteria, bacteria aggregates, bacteria carrying particles, fungal spores, yeast, and pollen. Under certain sampling conditions, the bioaerosol concentration was found to be significantly over- or underestimated. At wind velocities between 0 and 500 cm s⁻¹, calculations show that the AGI-30 would sample 1–10 μm particles with an inlet sampling efficiency of 20–100%. The entrance efficiency of the 6-stage Andersen viable sampler is 90–150% when sampling isoaxially with respect to horizontal aerosol flows, and 8–100% when oriented vertically at a right angle to the horizontal aerosol flow. For the Burkard portable air sampler, an even wider range of deviation may occur. The bioaerosol samplers used for large particles such as pollen are even less accurate: e.g. 10 times the ambient concentration of Lycopodium spores has been calculated to be aspirated by the Lanzoni sampler when operated at 0.5 1 min⁻¹ facing the wind at wind velocity of about 500 cm s⁻¹.

The actual bioaerosol concentration can be calculated from the measured data by use of the indicated procedures. The sampling efficiency graphs presented can be used to bracket the sampling conditions that enable the investigator to avoid or minimize significant sampling biases for each sampler. The findings can also be used for the design of new samplers or for improving commercially available samplers.     

Correlation between viscosity and absorption of electromagnetic waves in an aqueous UNCD suspension

A model of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) particle in an aqueous suspension produced by a stirred-media milling process of detonation nanodiamonds has been suggested for the first time. This model is based on a hypothesis that surface of the single UNCD particle contains partly disconnected sp² hybridized carbon regions. These regions are formed due to the sp³–sp² phase transition on a surface of UNCD particle as result of local heating of that surface during the stirred-media milling process. Unusual high viscosity, UV–Vis absorption, black color in visible region of the UNCD suspension and difficulty of plasmon resonance absorption observation have been explained in the suggested model.

The percolation between the sp² regions has explained small conductivity of UNCD powder and suggests a dependence of the conductivity on conditions of the milling process.

Our model fits well with recent characterization of UNCD powder by NMR and computer simulation.     

Velocity measurements on a polypropylene melt during extrusion through a flat coat‐hanger die

An experimental investigation of various flow regimes observed during the extrusion of a polypropylene melt through a flat coat‐hanger die by laser‐Doppler velocimetry (LDV) is presented. LDV measurements of the velocity profiles across the gap of the die at various locations along the die reveal three different extrusion regimes. At small wall shear stresses, the velocity profiles can be fitted by symmetrical curves with the velocities becoming zero at the die walls. These profiles are not uniformly distributed along the die. An increase of the wall shear stress reveals a second flow regime characterized by a uniform distribution of the velocity profiles along the die. As the wall shear stress is increased even further, a third flow regime characterized by wall slip on the glass windows is observed. This flow regime is systematically characterized by measurements of the slip velocities at various temperatures and throughputs. The maximum velocities along the die are taken to assess the uniformity of flow which decisively influences the thickness of the extruded film. By measuring velocity profiles, at different throughput, and temperatures, the conditions for constant velocities along the die were determined. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers     

高含硫气田集输净化管道缓蚀剂预膜稳定性

针对高含硫气田集输净化系统两相湍流流动条件下缓蚀剂预膜稳定性问题,利用高温高压动态循环腐蚀反应釜实验系统,开展高含硫气田典型管流流动条件下缓蚀剂膜稳定性评价研究:当流速在6 m·s^-1以下时,缓蚀剂预膜稳定性较好;当流速超过7.5 m·s^-1后,缓蚀剂预膜开始出现局部破坏;当流速达9 m·s^-1时,缓蚀剂膜在较高的流动剪切应力作用下已完全失效。流体动力学研究表明剪切应力为6.5 N·m^-2时为缓蚀剂膜发生整体破坏的临界点。