Stability simulation and parameter optimization of a hybrid wind-diesel power generation system

In this paper a systematic method of choosing the gain parameter of the wind turbine generator pitch control is presented using the Lyapunov technique that guarantees stability. A comprehensive digital computer model of a hybrid wind–diesel power generation system including the diesel and wind power dynamics with a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit for stability evaluation is developed. The effect of introducing an SMES unit for improvement of stability and system dynamic response is studied. Analysis of stability has further been explored using an eigenvalue sensitivity technique. The eigenvalues of the system with and without an SMES unit are studied and the effect of variation of the SMES unit parameters on eigenvalue locations are plotted. The dynamic response of the power system to random load changes with optimal gain setting is also presented.     

Enhancement of transient stability of an industrial cogeneration system with superconducting magnetic energy storage unit

This paper has developed the coordination of load shedding scheme and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit to enhance the transient stability of a large industry cogeneration facility. The load-shedding scheme and the tie line tripping strategy by using the frequency relays have been designed to prevent the power system from collapse when an external fault of utility power system occurs. An actual external fault case and a simulated internal fault case have been selected to verify the accuracy of the load shedding scheme by executing the transient stability analysis. To improve the frequency and voltage responses, an SMES unit with various control modes has been installed in the cogeneration system. The sensitivity analysis of the SMES unit with different parameters is applied to achieve better system responses. Besides, an SMES unit with active power deviation as feedback signal is also considered to improve the electric power fluctuation of the study plant with rolling mills. It is found that the SMES system will enhance the electric power quality and minimize the economic losses of the cogeneration facility due to unnecessary load shedding.     

超导储能系统提高风电场暂态稳定性研究

应用超导储能系统(SMES)对提高风电场的暂态稳定性进行了研究。在深入研究超导储能系统运行原理的基础上,建立了基于电压型换流器(VSC)的超导储能系统模型,实现了有功功率和无功功率的解耦控制,并提出了有功、无功功率综合控制策略。利用PSCAD/EMTDC软件进行了仿真计算,结果说明超导储能系统不但能够在风速波动时平滑风电场的功率输出,而且能够提高风电系统的暂态稳定性。     

Application of simultaneous active and reactive power modulation ofsuperconducting magnetic energy storage unit to damp turbine-generatorsubsynchronous oscillations

An active and reactive power (P-Q) simultaneous control scheme, which is based on a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit, is designed to damp out the subsynchronous resonant (SSR) oscillations of a turbine-generator unit. In order to suppress unstable torsional mode oscillations, a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is used to modulate the active and reactive power input/output of the SMES unit according to speed deviation of the generator shaft. The gains of the proposed PID controller are determined by pole assignment approach based on modal control theory. Eigenvalue analysis of the studied system shows that the PID controller is quite effective over a wide range of operating conditions. Dynamic simulations using the nonlinear system model are also performed to demonstrate the damping effect of the proposed control scheme under disturbance conditions     

Damping subsynchronous resonance using superconducting magneticenergy storage unit

A novel damping scheme using superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit is proposed in this paper to damp subsynchronous resonance (SSR) of the IEEE Second Benchmark Model, system-1 which is a widely employed standard model for computer simulation of power system SSR. The studied system contains a turbine-generator set connected to an infinite bus through two parallel transmission lines, one of which is series-capacitor compensated. In order to stabilize all SSR modes, simultaneous active and reactive power modulation and a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) damping controller designed by modal control theory are proposed for the SMES unit. A frequency domain approach based on eigenvalue analysis and time-domain approach based on nonlinear model simulations are performed to validate the effectiveness of the damping method. It can be concluded from the simulation results that the proposed damping scheme can effectively suppress SSR of the studied system     

Control of subsynchronous resonant modes in a series compensatedsystem through superconducting magnetic energy storage units

A simple and novel strategy for damping subsynchronous resonant oscillations through control of converter firing angles of a superconducting magnetic energy storage system (SMES) is proposed. The strategy is derived such that the current injected or drawn by the SMES compensates for any deviation in real and reactive power in the system. The proposed control has been tested on the IEEE second benchmark model for subsynchronous resonance studies. It has been found to eliminate the slowly growing transients resulting from the unstable modes very effectively. The control algorithm is simple and its realization will require very little hardware     

光伏发电系统的超导储能设计

超导储能(SMES)具有非常快速的功率调节能力和灵活的四象限运行能力,可完成调节电力系统功率因数、补偿电压跌落等功能。文章针对光伏发电系统的特殊运行方式,提出了利用光伏出力与本地负荷需求的差值作为SMES控制器的功率控制信号策略。在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台建立了超导储能系统模型,并对其在光伏发电系统的中的运行控制方式进行研究。研究结果表明,超导储能与光伏系统配合可以很好地解决光伏发电功率易受环境影响、不可调节、难于满足负荷需求的问题,对由负荷变化引起的母线电压波动和故障引起的母线电压跌落具有良好的补偿作用。     

Power flow control and damping enhancement of a large wind farm using a superconducting magnetic energy storage unit

A novel scheme using a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit to perform both power flow control and damping enhancement of a large wind farm (WF) feeding to a utility grid is presented. The studied WF consisting of forty 2 MW wind induction generators (IGs) is simulated by an equivalent 80 MW IG. A damping controller of the SMES unit is designed based on the modal control theory to contribute proper damping characteristics to the studied WF under different wind speeds. A frequency-domain approach based on a linearised system model using eigen techniques and a time-domain scheme based on a nonlinear system model subject to disturbance conditions are both employed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed SMES unit with the designed SMES damping controller. It can be concluded from the simulated results that the proposed SMES unit combined with the designed damping controller is very effective in stabilising the studied large WF under various wind speeds. The inherent fluctuations of the injected active power of the WF to the power grid can also be effectively controlled by the proposed control scheme.     

The power regulation of a PWM type superconducting magnetic energystorage unit

This paper presents an analysis of the power regulation of a SMES unit under PWM switching control. The criteria for executing a power limit scheme to maintain power flows of the SMES unit within a controllable range are described. A general technique for design of power controllers based on the power limit scheme is developed. Two illustrative examples, being separate active and reactive power compensations of a model power system, are presented. The study indicates that active power priority control plays a dominant role in the power regulation of a SMES unit. Experimental results for two examples are also presented     

Impact of superconductive magnetic energy storage on electric powertransmission

The authors demonstrate that a superconductive magnetic energy storage (SMES) system can provide a significant positive impact on electric power transmission. By using SMES, transmission-line loadings during heavy load hours can be reduced if the SMES system is located near the major load. Transmission losses as well as the fuel cost for the losses over a 24 hr period can also be decreased. An SMES scheme, the SMES-DC link, is introduced for energy storage and control of power flow. The operation of this scheme and the benefits it provides are described     

Application of superconductive magnetic energy storage in anasynchronous link between power systems

The concept that superconductive magnetic energy storage (SMES) can be incorporated into a back-to-back DC link is introduced. With an SMES-DC link, an SMES system can be shared between several neighboring power systems. This results in better economics for SMES usage for each participating power system. In addition to SMES operation, an SMES-DC link also allows asynchronous connection and interchange of power between the interconnected systems. It is demonstrated that an SMES-DC link can achieve significant economic benefits over pure power interchange or SMES operation alone. The basic principle of an SMES-DC link, which is able to interconnect any number of neighboring power systems with a single SMES unit, and various interconnected system operation modes are presented. A battery-DC link is discussed and compared with the SMES-DC link     

Experimental evaluation of nonlinear robust control for SMES to improve the transient stability of power systems

This paper presents a new approach and corresponding experiments for the nonlinear robust control of a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit to improve the transient stability of power systems. Based on the result of SMES prototype experience, a new dynamic model with disturbances of SMES is adopted, and transferred to the per unit system for simplifying the dynamic analysis and controller design. Then, feedback linearization scheme and linear H/sub /spl infin// control theory are applied to design a novel SMES nonlinear robust controller in a one-machine infinite bus (OMIB) power system. In order to confirm such positive effects of the proposed control strategy, experiments are carried on a laboratory setup of SMES comparing that with a conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller. The results of the experiments demonstrate that the proposed nonlinear robust controller has more excellent performance to improve the transient stability of power systems than that of conventional PI controllers.     

Dynamic performance assessment of an isolated wind–diesel power system with superconducting magnetic energy storage unit under turbulent wind and load disturbances

This paper presents modelling and control aspects of an isolated wind–diesel system equipped with a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit. The SMES unit is located at the induction generators' terminal bus, for exchanging real and reactive powers in four quadrants, with the wind–diesel system. The system components are modelled by non‐linear equations for accurate dynamic performance assessment and the SMES unit is modelled as a controllable current source. The control of the SMES unit is exercised through a multi‐input–multi‐output (MIMO) self‐tuning regulator (STR). The STR uses the local voltage and frequency measurements and generates appropriate signals for the control of the SMES unit. The SMES coil current deviation forms a part of one of the regulated variables of the STR for achieving a continuous control. The complete model of the hybrid system is developed and the parameters of the STR are adjusted for quality improvement of the power supply under turbulent wind. The scheme is then tested for load disturbances. The simulation results show the positive impact of the proposed scheme on the quality of the power supply both under turbulent wind as well as load disturbances. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Power quality improvement of a stand-alone power system subjected to various disturbances

In wind-diesel stand-alone power systems, the disturbances like random nature of wind power, turbulent wind, sudden changes in load demand and the wind park disconnection effect continuously the system voltage and frequency. The satisfactory operation of such a system is not an easy task and the control design has to take in to account all these subtleties. For maintaining the power quality, generally, a short-term energy storage device is used. In this paper, the performance of a wind-diesel system associated with a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system is studied. The effect of installing SMES at wind park bus/load bus, on the system performance is investigated. To control the exchange of real and reactive powers between the SMES unit and the wind-diesel system, a control strategy based on fuzzy logic is proposed. The dynamic models of the hybrid power system for most common scenarios are developed and the results presented.     

超导储能对并网型风电场运行性能影响的仿真分析

采用超导储能(SMES)可以改善风电场并网运行的稳定性,针对风电系统中出现的联络线短路故障和风电场的风速扰动,提出利用超导储能安装点的电压偏差信号作为超导储能有功控制器的控制策略。为了验证这种策略的有效性,建立了风电机组和超导储能装置的数学模型,并利用MATLAB/Simulink软件搭建了风电场接入电网后的仿真模型。仿真结果表明,采用该控制策略不仅可以在网络故障后有效地提高风电场的稳定性,而且能够在快速的风速扰动下平滑风电场的功率输出,降低风电场对电网的冲击。     

Application of superconducting magnetic energy storage unit toimprove the damping of synchronous generator

A systematic approach to the design of a controller for superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) units to improve the dynamic stability of a power system is presented. The scheme employs a proportional-integral (PI) controller to enhance the damping of the electromechanical mode oscillation of synchronous generators. The parameters of the PI controller are determined by the pole assignment method based on modal control theory. Eigenvalue analysis and nonlinear computer simulations show that SMES with the PI controller can greatly improve the damping of the system under various operating conditions. Although the PI controller is designed for a special load condition, it can also provide good damping under other load conditions     

Direct current control strategy of SMES current source converter--Design and simulation

主要研究超导磁储能系统(SMES)用电流型变流器的控制策略.首先为了简化传统三逻辑PWM控制的结构,改进了电流型变流器的主电路拓扑.在此基础上,提出了基于比例谐振微分(PRD)控制的直接电流控制策略.PRD控制既可实现对交流量控制的零稳态误差,又可增大系统阻尼,降低输出的超调量和调节时间,提高系统的响应速度,进而控制SMES与电网之间的实时功率交换.理论分析及MATLAB仿真结果验证了所提出的PRD控制策略具有良好的动态和稳态性能.     

Dynamic Stability Enhancement and Power Flow Control of a Hybrid Wind and Marine-Current Farm Using SMES

This paper presents a control scheme based on a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit to achieve both power flow control and damping enhancement of a novel hybrid wind and marine-current farm (MCF) connected to a large power grid. The performance of the studied wind farm (WF) is simulated by an equivalent 80-MW induction generator (IG) while an equivalent 60-MW IG is employed to simulate the characteristics of the MCF. A damping controller for the SMES unit is designed by using modal control theory to contribute effective damping characteristics to the studied combined WF and MCF under different operating conditions. A frequency-domain approach based on a linearized system model using eigen techniques and a time-domain scheme based on a nonlinear system model subject to disturbance conditions are both employed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. It can be concluded from the simulated results that the proposed SMES unit combined with the designed damping controller is very effective to stabilize the studied combined WF and MCF under various wind speeds. The inherent fluctuations of the injected active power and reactive power of the WF and MCF to the power grid can also be effectively controlled by the proposed control scheme.      

Coil Protection for a Utility Scale Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Plant

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) is proposed for electric utility load leveling. Attractive costs, high diurnal energy efficiency (> 92%), and rapid response are advantages relative to other energy storage technologies. Recent industry-led efforts have produced a conceptual design for a 5000 MWh/1000 MW energy storage plant which is technically feasible at commercially attractive estimated costs. The SMES plant design includes a protection system which prevents damage to the magnetic coil if events require a rapid discharge of stored energy. This paper describes the design and operation of the coil protection system, which is primarily passive and uses the thermal capacity of the coil itself to absorb the stored electromagnetic energy.     

A novel controlling method for the superconducting magnetic energy storage system as a distributed generation source; full modelling,design and simulation

In this article, a novel controlling method applied on the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system, as a distributed generation source, has been proposed. The structure comprises an SMES coil, a three-level bi-directional chopper, a three-level inverter, fuzzy logic-based controlling units, and appropriate interfacing filter and circuitry components. The system can operate both in connected and disconnected cases. In the former, power exchange occurs between the distributed generation source and the power grid; and in the latter, the system will supply the local load independently. Hence, active and reactive power in the connected case, and load voltage in the disconnected case are controlled by three individual fuzzy logic-based controllers. Effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed structure have been verified by a series of relevant simulations.