菠萝汁对牛肉的嫩化效果研究

以菠萝汁和牛肉为原料,研究菠萝汁中菠萝蛋白酶对牛肉的嫩化作用,得到了嫩化的最佳工艺：菠萝汁浓度6%、时间60min、温度50℃、pH7.0。在此条件下,牛肉剪切力可降低50% 左右。对菠萝汁、生姜汁、木瓜蛋白酶嫩化产品与对照组进行了风味、色泽、剪切力的对比,结果表明：菠萝汁较生姜汁能够显著(p ≤ 0.05)提高产品的风味,相比木瓜蛋白酶及对照组其风味也有不同程度提高;菠萝汁、生姜汁、木瓜蛋白酶都能极显著(p ≤ 0.01)的提高产品的嫩度,而三种嫩化产品之间嫩度没有显著差异;用菠萝汁嫩化牛肉,在牛肉腌制后,其色度的b 值和a/b 值相对于对照组有极显著(p ≤ 0.01)提高,而在煮制后,只有b 值和对照组有显著(p ≤ 0.05)差异,而a/b 值无显著差异,表明用菠萝汁嫩化牛肉不会对产品的色泽造成不良影响。     

菠萝-香蕉复合纯果汁生产工艺及冻藏研究

为了研究菠萝-香蕉复合纯果汁饮料的生产工艺,以菠萝和香蕉为主要原料经打浆、过滤和调配后,添加适量的纯奶,以蔗糖为调味剂配制成复合纯果汁。通过正交试验确定了该复合纯果汁的最佳配方为：菠萝：香蕉为6：1,纯奶添加量为10％,蔗糖添加量为8％,果汁具有色泽美观、甜酸可口和风味独特等特点。但对最佳配方产品进行冻藏试验,发现产品在冻藏期问褐变程度增大,香气变淡,口感略微变差。     

Efficacy of phytic acid as an inhibitor of enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning in apple juice

Browning decreases the commercial value of apple juice, and therefore colour preservation during processing and storage is the main objective of manufacturers. In this study, the efficacy of phytic acid as a browning inhibitor for use on apple juice was investigated. Browning of apple juice treated with phytic acid was monitored during processing and storage. 0.1 mM Phytic acid inhibited the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from the apple juice by 99.2%. Consequently, the apple juice treated with phytic acid had significantly lower browning formation during processing and after 6 months of storage at room temperature compared with the control (p<0.05). Results indicate that this is a promising way to inhibit browning in apple juice.     

菠萝果汁抑制香蕉加工过程中酶褐变的初步研究

对菠萝果汁抑制香蕉片和香蕉果浆的酶褐变效果进行了研究。以蒸馏水、pH3.9柠檬酸溶液、10mmol/L异抗坏血酸溶液、5mmol/L亚硫酸氢钠溶液、新鲜菠萝果汁和热处理菠萝果汁分别对香蕉片和香蕉果浆进行处理,然后在不同时间测定香蕉片和香蕉果浆的L值。结果表明,新鲜菠萝果汁和热处理菠萝果汁具有相同的酶褐变抑制效果,而且显著优于蒸馏水、pH3.9柠檬酸溶液和10mmol/L异抗坏血酸溶液,与5mmol/L亚硫酸氢钠溶液的效果相似;其抑制酶褐变的机理不是单一的抗坏血酸或低pH值或柠檬酸或蛋白酶的作用,可能是多因素综合作用的结果。     

模糊数学在菠萝果乳固体饮料制备中的应用

以大豆油为芯材,菠萝果汁及其他材料为壁材,结合微胶囊技术采用喷雾干燥制备新型的菠萝果汁粉末油脂,并以菠萝果汁粉末油脂为原料,添加乳粉、白砂糖及柠檬酸以模糊数学感官评价法采用正交实验配制新型的菠萝果乳固体饮料。结果表明,菠萝果汁固体饮料较优的配方为:菠萝果汁粉末油脂20g、乳粉12g、白砂糖16g、柠檬酸0.1g,热水冲融后为均匀细腻乳状液,气味宜人,酸甜可口。     

浓缩苹果汁生产中褐变因素及其控制措施的探讨

通过分析浓缩苹果汁的生产工艺,阐明了目前苹果汁生产中防止褐变的基本措施以及引起果汁后期贮藏发生褐变的原因。浓缩苹果汁的生产工艺基本消除了果汁贮藏期的酶促褐变,在贮藏期的褐变限于非酶促褐变,主要是Maillard反应和焦糖化反应。     

菠萝胡柚复合乳酸发酵饮料的研制

以菠萝、胡柚为主要原料生产复合乳酸发酵饮料。利用响应曲面法的Hybrid设计对复合乳酸发酵饮料的菠萝汁与胡柚汁配比、加糖量、发酵时间、酸奶添加量四个工艺参数进行了优化,并拟合出回归方程。回归分析表明,菠萝配比、发酵时间及酸奶添加量对复合乳酸发酵饮料感官评定结果影响显著。通过岭脊分析寻优得出复合乳酸发酵饮料最佳工艺参数为:菠萝汁和柚子汁原料配比为4∶1,酸奶添加量为5.18%,发酵时间为3.5h,加糖量为15.88%。此条件下,所得饮料验证实验的感官评分值为92。      

苹果原浆抗氧化防褐变及稳定性试验

新鲜苹果加工成果汁，由于酶促褐变或非酶促褐变常变色，呈褐色，内色或黑色。加入一定量的Vc或L－cys会抑制其褐变，在新鲜汁中加入不同的增稠剂，会提高其稳定性。     

Effect of Processing on the Quality of Pineapple Juice

Pineapple processing plays an important role in juice preservation. Because the quality of the pineapple juice is affected by the processing technology applied, the effects of pasteurization and other preservation methods on the overall juice quality were discussed. During juice processing, microorganisms are destroyed and chemical changes occur. To optimize processing conditions, knowledge of the kinetics of these reactions is needed, but as of yet, data on the degradation of the amino acids and vitamin C and the change in sugar contents during pineapple juice pasteurization are scanty. Furthermore, the kinetics of hydroxymethylfurfural production should be investigated by a precise technique such as high-performance liquid chromatography.     

菠萝浓缩汁带皮生产过程中多酚变化的研究

首先采用比色法测定了菠萝浓缩汁带皮榨汁生产过程中各工序下样品的褐变指数、总酚及原花青素的含量及变化情况,同时进一步用HPLC法确定了菠萝汁中单酚物质的种类和含量变化情况。研究表明,菠萝浓缩汁带皮加工过程中,总酚及原花青素含量与褐变指数是成正向相关的。     

菠萝浓缩汁在储藏过程中美拉德褐变及其反应动力学研究

研究了两种不同加工工艺生产的菠萝浓缩汁(菠萝果肉浓缩汁和菠萝全果浓缩汁)在储藏过程中的美拉德褐变及其反应动力学,并进一步探讨了美拉德反应对菠萝浓缩汁非酶褐变的影响。结果表明,菠萝浓缩汁在储藏期间,美拉德褐变遵循一级反应动力学;菠萝果肉浓缩汁和菠萝全果浓缩汁在储藏期间美拉德褐变的活化能分别为36.19kJ/mol和29.54kJ/mol。HMF积累对果汁非酶褐变的影响主要作用在储藏后期。     

雪莲果发酵酒的防褐变技术研究

在不影响雪莲果果酒发酵过程和品质的前提下,通过添加抗坏血酸、柠檬酸、蜂蜜、菠萝汁等抗褐变剂来解决雪莲果果酒生产中的褐变问题,得到营养成分损失少、风味佳、色泽鲜亮的雪莲果果酒。结果表明,抑制雪莲果褐变程度的先后顺序为柠檬酸>抗坏血酸>菠萝汁雪莲混合比,蜂蜜在雪莲果酒陈酿期会产生深色物质,不适宜作为雪莲果果酒的抗褐变剂。影响感官的顺序分别为菠萝汁雪莲混合比>抗坏血酸>柠檬酸,最后得出抑制雪莲果酒褐变的最佳组合为抗坏血酸的添加量1.00%,柠檬酸的添加量0.75%,菠萝雪莲混合比为1:4。     

褐变抑制剂对苹果多酚氧化酶抑制机理研究

为研究不同褐变抑制剂对苹果多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的抑制机理,采用磷酸缓冲液构建苹果汁模拟体系,选取苹果中含量较多的酚类物质绿原酸作为试验对象,以磷酸缓冲液为苹果汁模拟体系,选取4-己基间苯二酚(4-HR)、草酸、苯甲酸和对甲氧基苯甲酸为抑制剂,通过模拟试验研究抑制剂对绿原酸模拟苹果汁酶促褐变特性的影响,揭示抑制剂对苹果汁PPO的作用机理。结果表明,抑制剂对PPO的抑制机理差异较大,其中4-HR和草酸对PPO的抑制作用为竞争性抑制,植酸为混合性抑制,而苯甲酸为非竞争性抑制。该研究可为利用抑制剂控制苹果汁褐变提供理论依据。     

苹果汁的前褐变及苹果PPO的部分特性研究

苹果汁贮藏过程中色泽加深、色值和透光率不稳定是苹果汁生产中普遍存在的问题,文中尝试采用苹果自身的PPO进行前褐变反应,以减少果汁中的酚类化合物,防止后期褐变。研究表明,果汁经30℃前褐变反应4 0min后,总酚质量含量可下降约30 % ,可溶性固形物质量分数提高了2 8% ,常温下贮藏3个月后,色值和透光率基本保持不变,明显地改善了苹果汁的质量指标。同时,文中还探讨了PPO的最适pH值、最适反应温度及其pH稳定性、热稳定性等性质     

氧化白藜芦醇对鲜切苹果及果汁褐变的影响

为研究氧化白藜芦醇(oxyresveratrol,OXY)对苹果褐变的抑制作用,采用不同浓度的OXY对鲜切苹果、苹果汁进行处理,探讨在不同储藏阶段切片色度和果汁褐变度变化情况及OXY对苹果汁内多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性的影响。结果表明:OXY可改善苹果切片的感官品质,显著延缓切片L^*值的降低(P<0.05),抑制a^*、b^*、ΔE值的升高(P<0.05)。同时,OXY还能显著降低苹果汁褐变度(P<0.05),显著抑制苹果汁内PPO和POD活性(P<0.05)。综上,OXY能有效抑制鲜切苹果片及苹果汁褐变,其作用机制可能是通过抑制苹果内PPO和POD活性实现。     

酶促诱发儿茶素对模拟苹果汁非酶褐变特性的影响

以苹果中含量较多的儿茶素为研究对象,以磷酸缓冲液为苹果汁褐变模拟体系,在多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase,PPO）酶促诱发儿茶素后,钝化PPO,通过色差仪连续测定模拟体系亮度（L*）值、红度（a*）值、黄度（b*）值及总色差（ΔE*）值的变化趋势,研究酶促诱发条件对模拟果汁体系非酶褐变特性的影响。结果表明：酶促诱发时间及诱发体系温度对儿茶素参与的非酶褐变无显著性影响（P＞0.05）,而酶促诱发体系pH值以及儿茶素浓度对模拟体系褐变程度影响显著（P＜0.05）,pH 4.0时,模拟果汁体系褐变程度较大,褐变程度随儿茶素浓度的增大而增强;本实验同时发现,PPO诱发儿茶素发生非酶聚合,并与聚合产物相互作用而沉淀,导致果汁产生后浑浊。     

植物乳杆菌和酿酒酵母发酵菠萝汁的性能比较及产物分析

采用植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）和酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）分别进行单菌与混菌发酵菠萝汁,并比较分析不同接菌方式下菠萝汁的发酵性能及发酵体系中的产物。结果表明,相同接种量发酵72 h后,植物乳杆菌单独发酵活菌数可达108 CFU/mL,分别约为酿酒酵母单独发酵和二者混合发酵活菌数的3倍和10倍;植物乳杆菌的接入使发酵液pH降至3.21,而酿酒酵母的接入使菠萝汁中氨基酸态氮降至3.15×10-4 mg/L,糖类物质几乎被消耗殆尽。发酵产物分析结果发现,植物乳杆菌单独发酵产生大量乳酸（每升增加12.02 g/L）和少量乙酸（每升增加0.40 g/L）,影响了口感,而酿酒酵母单独发酵则使菠萝汁中原有的香气物质损失较多（4种）。综合分析,采用二者混合发酵,既可保有菠萝本身的营养物质和特有香气,又可赋予其一定的发酵风味,获得口感良好的菠萝发酵饮品。     

Kinetic modelling of non-enzymatic browning of apple juice concentrates differing in water activity under isothermal and dynamic heating conditions

The kinetics of non-enzymatic browning in apple juice concentrates were investigated. The effect of a_w (in the range of 0.74–0.99) and/or reactant concentration on brown pigment formation was monitored under isothermal heat treatment at four temperatures (60, 70, 80 and 90 °C) in apple juice solutions having either the same or different concentrations of reactant solutes. The extent of the Maillard reaction was evaluated by spectrophotometric measurements at 420 nm (A₄₂₀). The absorbance–time curves were fitted to five different kinetic models (zero and first order, weibull, logistic and the parabolic model) and estimates of browning rate constants and other model parameters were obtained. Regression analysis revealed that the logistic model was the most appropriate for describing browning in apple juice. The initial reactant concentration, but not water activity, had a significant effect on the colour change of apple juice. The processing temperature also had a strong impact on browning kinetics. Secondary models, expressing the dependence of the best fitted primary model parameters on temperature and a_w, were further developed and validated by comparing the predicted model parameters with the values observed in independent isothermal experiments. Finally, the derived model was further evaluated against the observed browning responses of apple juice under dynamic heating conditions, underlining the applicability of the developed model as a practical prediction tool for the study of non-enzymatic browning.     

菠萝汁嫩化牛肉的标准化研究

菠萝汁腌制牛肉,既可以满足牛肉的嫩化效果,提升牛肉品质,又可以增加牛肉的风味,同时符合当前人们对健康追求的趋势。实验选用牛后腿肉,从剂量、温度、时间三个方面研究菠萝汁对牛肉的嫩化效果。通过质构仪测量,对比牛肉嫩化后咀嚼性、弹性、硬度的大小变化,以及感官评定,分析得出菠萝汁嫩化牛肉的最佳方案。     

Effect of cassava starch coating on quality and shelf life of fresh-cut pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merril cv "Pérola")

This research studied the influence of treatment with ascorbic acid, citric acid, and calcium lactate dipping and cassava starch edible coatings on quality parameters and shelf life of fresh-cut pineapple in slices during 12 d at 5 °C. After previous tests, the treatments selected for this study were samples dipped into antibrowning solution with 0.5% of ascorbic acid and 1% of citric acid, with and without 2% of calcium lactate and coated with 2% of cassava starch suspensions. Changes in weight loss, juice leakage, mechanical properties (stress at failure), color parameters (L* and H*), ascorbic acid content, sensory acceptance, and microbial growth of fruits were evaluated. Samples only treated with antibrowning agents were used as control. Edible coatings with and without calcium lactate were efficient in reducing weight loss, juice leakage, and maintaining firmness during storage. However, these samples showed more browning and the ascorbic acid content was reduced. All treatments presented good sensory acceptance (scores above 6). The determining factor of shelf life of pineapple slices was the microbial spoilage. A shelf life of 8 d was obtained for pineapple slices only treated with antibrowning agents. On the other hand, coated samples showed a reduced shelf life of 7 d and higher yeast and mold growth. Thus, although cassava starch coatings were efficient in reducing respiration rate, weight loss, and juice leakage and maintained mechanical properties, these treatments were not able to increase the shelf life of minimally processed pineapple. Practical Application: Pineapple fruit is highly appreciated for its aroma, flavor, and juiciness, but its immediate consumption is difficult. Therefore, pineapple is a potential fruit for minimal processing. However, shelf life of fresh-cut pineapple is very limited by changes in color, texture, appearance, off-flavors, and microbial growth. The use of edible coatings as gas and water vapor barrier and antibrowning agents can extend the storage time and maintain the quality of fresh-cut produce. Cassava starch and alginate coatings are alternative to preserve minimally processed pineapples without changing the quality parameters of fresh fruit. Thus, this study is useful for consumers and fresh-cut industry interested in knowing factors affecting shelf life and quality of fresh-cut pineapple.