铜冶炼炉渣选矿自动化技术的现状

总结了目前国内铜冶炼炉渣选矿厂的自动化水平,重点介绍了渣包喷淋无线控制系统,炉渣破碎及输送控制系统,半自磨给料控制系统,旋流器给料压力控制系统,浮选液位、充气量控制系统等一些应用成熟的典型自动化控制系统,并分析了铜冶炼炉渣选矿自动化未来的发展方向。     

基于TIA平台的转炉控制系统

基于TIA平台的转炉控制系统主要包括散状料控制系统、铁合金控制系统、本体和公用控制系统、炉底吹氩控制系统、余热锅炉控制系统、干法除尘控制系统、二次除尘控制系统、循环水控制系统、煤气回收加压站控制系统、铁水预处理控制系统（脱硫控制系统、混铁炉控制系统）、精炼炉控制系统。     

带钢位置控制系统在冷轧中的应用

为了解决生产中带钢跑偏问题,许多厂家都引进了带钢位置控制系统,以便把带钢精确地控制在机组中心线上,目前较为常见的控制系统有电容式控制系统、电感式控制系统、光电式控制系统等等.本文主要讲述了电容式带钢位置控制系统的工作原理及系统基本组成.     

现场总线控制系统浅谈

简述了现场总线控制系统的结构及其显优点。现场总线控制系统的结构包括：主控器、总线接口、电源、输入／输出接点、总线电揽和终端电阻。另外对其显优点做了逐一介绍。现场总线控制系统可在工业自动化控制系统中推广应用。     

集散控制系统在原料厂的应用

分析了集散控制系统的体系结构,结合原料厂控制系统的控制要求和工艺流程,说明了原料厂控制系统采用集散控制系统的技术优势,并阐述了基于现场总线技术的集散控制系统的总体方案和实现方法,研究了原料厂集散控制系统在硬件设计、软件设计和通讯实现方面的技术问题.     

两级控制在天铁中厚板控冷系统中的应用

介绍了天铁中厚板基础自动化控制系统和生产过程控制系统的构成、功能配置、数据通讯、控制原理及控制模式。将两级控制系统应用于天铁中厚板控制冷却系统,通过一级、二级控制系统的无缝连接及控冷工艺,实现了数据资源共享,控冷系统的实时控制和生产过程自动化。     

1450 mm冷连轧生产线过程控制系统功能分析

对鞍钢1450mm冷连轧生产线采用的西门子过程控制系统进行了概述，介绍了控制系统的主要设备及组成，对控制系统物料跟踪、进程通讯、轧制模型等功能进行了分析。     

氢气站仪表控制系统升级改造

分析了原氢气站仪表控制系统存在的问题。采取的措施是:从控制系统软件、控制系统硬件、连线与接地等几个方面进行升级改造。改造后取得了良好的效果。     

3AⅡ-13型煤气发生炉自动加煤控制系统技术改造

本文分析了煤气发生炉原有控制系统的缺点和不足,在此基础上对控制系统进行了技术改造,降低了控制系统的故障率,使操作更加简单、维修更加方便。     

热轧平整机电液伺服系统的分析

热轧平整机液压伺服系统分为推上(或压下)部分和弯辊部分,包含轧制力闭环控制系统、位置闭环控制系统和正负弯辊控制系统。以某热轧厂平整机为例,对这套控制系统的模式进行分析,并阐述了闭环控制系统的特性。     

Characterization of Methane Flux and Oxidation at a Solid Waste Landfill

Methane emissions were measured at several locations at a typical solid waste facility using a static chamber technique. At the entire facility, methane flux varied from ?13.6?to?1,755?g?m?2?day?1. The flux data had an arithmetic mean value of 71.3?g?m?2?day?1 and a geometric mean value of 18.6?g?m?2?day?1. At this site, methane emission was generally lower on the side slopes relative to the flat areas of the landfill. The spatial variability of methane flux was characterized by point kriging and inverse distance weighing (IDW) in an intensive study of a 61×61-m area. The geospatial means in this area obtained by both methods were almost identical (20.9 versus 20.8?g?m?2?day?1). These geospatial means for the area were also similar to the arithmetic mean (24.5?g?m?2?day?1), but 3.4 times the geometric mean (6.5?g?m?2?day?1). Methane oxidation was evaluated at the surface of the landfill and at several depths within the cover soil using stable isotope techniques. The δ?13C of CH4 averaged ?55.4% in the anoxic zone. Methane collected in chambers and in surficial soil probes exhibited more 13C enriched values, ranging from ?55.4 to ?34.5%, due to the preferential uptake of 12CH4 by methanotrophic bacteria. Methane oxidation at the landfill averaged 22% and occurred in the upper 70?cm of the landfill cover soil. Oxidation occurred in all tested locations of the landfill and for all ages of buried waste.     

Effect of Increasing Nitrobenzene Loading Rates on the Performance of AMBR and Sequential AMBR/CSTR Reactor System

A laboratory scale sequential anaerobic migrating blanket reactor (AMBR)/aerobic completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system was operated to investigate the effect of increasing nitrobenzene (NB) concentrations on the performance of AMBR/CSTR reactor system. The reactor system was operated at increasing NB loading rates from 1.93?to?38.54?g?NB?m?3?day?1 and at a constant hydraulic retention time of 10.38?days. In this study, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NB removal efficiencies, variations of bicarbonate alkalinity (Bic.Alk.), total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), and total methane gases were monitored. COD removal efficiencies were 93–94% until a NB loading rate of 5.78?g?m?3?day?1 in the AMBR reactor. For maximum COD removal, the optimum NB loading rate and NB concentration were found to be 5.78?g?m?3?day?1 and 60?mg?L?1, respectively. COD removal efficiencies decreased from 94 to 87% and to 85% at NB loading rates of 1.93–28.90 and 38.54?g?m?3?day?1, respectively. COD was mainly removed in the first compartment. NB removal efficiencies also were approximately 100% at all NB loading rates in the effluent of the AMBR reactor. The maximum total gas and methane gas productions were found to be 2.8?L?day?1 and 1.3?mL?day?1, respectively, at a NB loading rate of 5.78?g?m?3?day?1. The TVFA concentration in the effluent of AMBR was low (17?mg?L?1) at a NB loading rate as high as 38.54?g?m?3?day?1. Overall COD removal efficiencies were found to be 99 and 96% at NB loading rates of 1.93 and 38.54?g?m?3?day?1, respectively, in a sequential AMBR/CSTR reactor system. In this study, NB was reduced to aniline under anaerobic conditions. Aniline removal efficiencies were 100% until a NB loading rate of 17.34?g?m?3?day?1 in aerobic CSTR reactor while aniline removal efficiency decreased to 90% at a NB loading rate of 38.54?g?m?3?day?1 in an aerobic reactor. In the aerobic step, aniline was mineralized to catechol. The contribution of aerobic step is not only the degradation of aniline, it may also increase the COD removals from 85 to 99% at a NB loading rate as high as 38.54?g?m?3?day?1.     

Aerobic Methane Oxidation Coupled to Denitrification: Kinetics and Effect of Oxygen Supply

Aerobic methane oxidation coupled to denitrification (AME-D) is a process in which aerobic methanotrophs oxidize methane and release organic compounds that are used by coexisting denitrifiers as electron donors for denitrification. This process is potentially promising for denitrification of wastewater or landfill leachate poor in organic carbon using methane produced onsite as external electron donor. We studied the kinetics of an aerobic methane-oxidizing denitrifying culture and investigated the effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and air supply rate on AME-D using a batch reactor and a semicontinuous reactor setup. At methane concentrations of 18–33% in air and air flow rates of 15–35?mL?air?L?1?liquid?min?1, the DO concentration was less than 0.01?mg?L?1 and the nitrate removal reached a maximum value of 56.7?mg?NO3–N?g?1?VSS?d?1 with 79% being attributed to denitrification. When the air supply rate was increased to 70?mL?air?L?1?liquid?min?1 resulting in a drop in methane content to 10%, the DO concentration in the bioreactor rose to about 0.8–1.0?mg?L?1 and the total nitrate removal dropped to about 10?mg?NO3–N?g?1?VSS?d?1 with none of it being attributed to denitrification.     

Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Performance and Microbial Population Changes at High Organic Loading Rates

A laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor was operated and the dynamics of Rhodocyclus-related phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs) population was monitored. After the system reached a steady state and showed a stable enhanced biological phosphorus removal status, the organic loading rate was increased from 160 to 1,020?g?COD?m?3?cycle?1 in five steps. When the P storage capacity reached maximum at 330?g?COD?m?3?cycle?1, the system lost the stability and the effluent phosphorus concentration fluctuated. As the organic loading rate increased from 160 to 1,020?g?COD?m?3?cycle?1, the PAO population decreased from 83.8±4.9 to 32.2±16.2% and internal polyphosphate content decreased from 0.20 to 0.03?mg?P?mg?VSS?1. Phosphate-accumulating metabolism was weakened as the organic loading rate increased and PAO population decreased concomitantly, whereas glycogen-accumulating metabolism increased at high organic loading rates as supported by the increased intracellular glycogen content and production of a higher fraction of intracellular poly-β-hydroxyl valerate.     

Phosphorus Treatment Capability of Marshland Upwelling System under High Background Salinity Conditions

The marshland upwelling system (MUS) is an alternative onsite wastewater treatment system developed for coastal communities. The phosphorus treatment efficiency of the MUS operated under high background salinity conditions ( ～ 32?ppt) was examined over the course of a one-year field study. Five individual studies were investigated by intermittently injecting wastewater at a depth of 3.8?m using flow rates/injection frequency regimes of 1.9?L/min (30?min/3?h), 5.5?L/min (30?min/3?h), 2.8?L/min (30?min/3?h), and 2.8?L/min (15?min/h). There were two studies conducted within the 2.8?L/min (30?min/3?h) flow regime: (1) with normal influent and (2) with high strength synthetic wastewater. Over the course of the study, no signs of phosphorus saturation were observed. The overall system efficiency for the entire study was estimated to be >98%. Removal rate coefficients ranged from 0.73–1.25?m?1 and 0.66–1.08?m?1 for total phosphorus and orthophosphate, respectively. Upon completion of the final 2.8?L/min (15?min/h) study, it was determined that a travel distance of only 9.4?m would be needed to reduce influent concentrations below 0.1?mg?P/L.     

SPT Hammer Energy Ratio versus Drop Height

Automatic trip hammers have advantages for standard penetration test (SPT) of consistent drop height and low friction loss during hammer fall. These advantages, however, generate high energy transfer ratios (ER), typically about 90%. This efficiency causes lower sensitivity and higher energy correction coefficients, CE. To reduce ER and CE and to increase the sensitivity of SPT conducted at the Wildlife Liquefaction Array (WLA) and the Garner Valley Downhole Array, instrumented Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation sites, a 127?mm (5.00?in.) long sleeve was placed in the hammer mechanism to reduce the drop height from 762?mm (30?in.) to 635?mm (25in.). To calibrate the energy for these drop heights, measurements were made for a series of SPT tests in Borehole X2 at WLA on November 21, 2003. For these SPT, sleeves were inserted with lengths of 50?mm (2?in.), 127?mm (5?in.) 177?mm (7?in.), and no sleeve. Resulting drop heights were 762?mm (30?in.), 711?mm (28?in.), 635?mm (25?in.), and 584?mm (23?in.). Results indicate that: (1) ER increases with rod length as expected; (2) corrections for rod length, CR, increased with rod length in accordance with CR published in 2001 by Youd et al.; and (3) for lengths greater than 6?m, ER increased approximately linearly with drop height. Average ER30 [ER based on a 762?mm (30?in.) drop height] were 43% for a 584?mm (23?in.) drop, 60% for a 635?mm (25?in.) drop, 84% for 711?mm (28?in.) drop, and 89% for a 762?mm (30?in.) drop.     

Application of MIVM for Pb-Sn System in Vacuum Distillation

The activity coefficients of components of the Pb-Sn binary alloy system were calculated based on the molecular interaction volume model (MIVM). A significant advantage of this model lies in its ability to predict the thermodynamic properties of liquid alloys using only two binary infinite activity coefficients. Based on the MIVM, the vapor-liquid phase equilibrium of the Pb-Sn alloy system in vacuum distillation has been predicted using the activity coefficients of Pb and Sn. The results showed that the content of tin in the vapor phase was 0.008?wt?pct, while in the liquid phase, it was 83?wt?pct at 1173?K (900?°C); it reached 0.022?wt?pct in the vapor phase, while in the liquid phase, it was 92?wt?pct at 1223?K (950?°C); and it was 0.052?wt?pct in the vapor phase, while in the liquid phase, it was 97.88?wt?pct at 1273?K (1000?°C). The content of tin in the vapor phase increased with the distillation temperature increasing. Experimental investigations into the separation of Pb and Sn from the Pb-Sn alloy by vacuum distillation were carried out for the proper interpretation of the results of the model. The influence of the distillation time (20 to 80?minutes) and the distillation temperatures of 1173?K, 1223?K, and 1273?K (900?°C, 950?°C, and 1000?°C) on the separating effect was also studied. The experimental results showed that the content of tin in the vapor phase was 0.085?wt?pct, while in liquid phase, it was 83?wt?pct under the operational conditions of distillation temperature of 1173?K (900?°C), evaporation time of 20?minutes, and chamber pressure of 20?Pa; it reached 0.18?wt?pct in the vapor phase, while in the liquid phase, it was 92?wt?pct at 1223?K (950?°C), 20?minutes, and 20?Pa; and it was 0.35?wt?pct in the vapor phase, while in the liquid phase, it was 97.88?wt?pct at 1273?K (1000?°C), 20?minutes, and 20?Pa. In all these experiments, it was observed that the content of tin in the vapor phase increased as the distillation time and temperatures were increased. The experimental results are in good agreement with the predicted values of the MIVM for the Pb-Sn binary system.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定石灰石、白云石中的多元素

研究了ICP-AES法同时测定石灰石、白云石中多元素的方法,经试验确定了溶样条件I、CP分析条件及各元素的特征分析谱线。该方法简洁快速,结果满意,适用于石灰石、白云石中SiO2、CaO、MgO、Fe2O3、Al2O3、MnO、P、TiO2、SrO、K2O、和Na2O的同时测定。     

Treatment of Aluminum Plant Hazardous Wastes Containing Fluorides and PAH

Aluminum industry wastes are solid residues contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and fluorides. The aluminum industry waste used in this study contained 1,129?mg?kg?1 of benzo(b,j,k)fluoranthene. On application of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), a leachate containing 448?mg?L?1 of fluoride ions was obtained. The decontamination of aluminum industry wastes was carried out in cycles and included a stage of flotation, followed by stabilization and neutralization. The flotation treatment in the cell containing wastes contaminated with a concentration of 15% (w?v?1) in the presence of surfactant cocamydopropyl hydroxysultaine (0.25% w?w?1) allowed 47 to 83% removal of benzo(b,j,k) fluoranthene. The subsequent step of lime stabilization (8% w?v?1) allowed production of nonhazardous wastes. The concentration of fluoride ions resulting from the TCLP test (67?mg?L?1) remained lower than the permissible level (150?mg?L?1).     

粉末锻造Fe–Ni–Cu–C–Mo齿轮材料热处理及性能研究

对Fe–Ni–Cu–C–Mo粉末锻造材料的锻后热处理工艺进行了研究,通过动态连续冷却转变试验绘制出该材料的连续冷却转变（continuous cooling transformation,CCT）曲线,指导材料锻后冷却工艺的选取。对Fe–Ni–Cu–C–Mo淬火试样进行不同温度的低温回火试验,探究不同回火温度对该材料微观组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,当锻后冷却速率大于7.0 ℃·s?1时,Fe–Ni–Cu–C–Mo粉锻材料组织全为马氏体,硬度趋于稳定;在150 ℃和175 ℃回火,碳化物均匀地分布在马氏体板条内部,起到析出强化的作用,材料表现出优异的抗拉性能。