基于欧Ⅵ排放标准的中型柴油机排气热管理试验研究

尾气后处理的转化效率受排温影响,而柴油机中低负荷下排温较低,难以满足要求。以某中型柴油机为对象,针对影响排温的进气节流阀(IAT)、电控废气旁通阀(EWG)和排气背压阀(EAT)进行了中低负荷稳态点控制策略的试验研究。试验结果表明:在满足低排放和低油耗的前提下,仅靠单一排气热管理措施难以提高排温,须两种或两种以上措施合理匹配,共同作用。基于此,提出了可行的排气热管理方案,并在WHTC测试循环下验证了该方案可使试验柴油机在保证经济性和排放的变化在可接受范围内,满足排温要求。     

船用两级增压柴油机性能仿真研究

在一台船用柴油机上进行了两级增压性能仿真研究,分析了进排气旁通和高压级涡轮旁通对船用两级增压柴油机性能的影响。以原机单级增压柴油机计算数据为对比基准,计算研究了不同工况下船用两级增压柴油机的性能和排放特性,研究结果表明:与原机相比,两级增压柴油机燃油消耗率比原机平均降低了10.25(g·(k W·h)-1),涡前排温平均降低69.31℃,NOx加权排放降低了0.73(g·(k W·h)-1),柴油机经济性、热负荷以及NOx排放特性得到显著改善。     

可变进气对船用柴油机性能影响的试验研究

为了探究可变进气系统对船用柴油机性能的影响,在一台配备进气可变配气和进气旁通阀的船用中速柴油机上开展试验研究。分别在可变配气机构处于强米勒正时和弱米勒正时,进气旁通阀处于开启和关闭状态下开展船用柴油机螺旋桨特性试验。试验结果表明：采用弱米勒正时可降低燃油消耗率,但是最高燃烧压力和NO_x比排放增加,燃油消耗率降低幅度随负荷升高而减小,最高燃烧压力和NO_x比排放增加幅度随负荷升高而增加,弱米勒正时对低负荷优化效果更明显。受到最高燃烧压力限制,高负荷必须采用强米勒正时。弱米勒正时角度从20°增加到30°,燃油消耗率基本不变,最高燃烧压力和NO_x比排放进一步增加,对于试验柴油机而言,20° 弱米勒正时配置更优。开启进气旁通阀可以提高中低负荷增压压力,降低燃油消耗率、排温和烟度。在超低负荷及高负荷时开启进气旁通阀效果与中低负荷相反。在25%及50%负荷下应用可变进气技术,燃油消耗率分别降低6.0%和2.9%、烟度分别降低61.6%和59.7%。合理的可变进气系统控制策略可有效优化船用柴油机性能。     

低速小负荷下提高柴油机排气温度的措施

介绍城市用重型车全球统一瞬态试验循环的背景,指出提高发动机低速小负荷时的排气温度对提高SCR系统催化剂的效率有重要意义;以某型柴油机为试验样机,通过试验对比研究带增压器发动机和自然吸气发动机在低速小负荷时对发动机排气温度及排放的影响。试验研究发现,在低速小负荷工况下相比于带增压器的柴油机,处于自然吸气状态的柴油机能够提升排气温度,转速越高负荷越大,提温能力越明显;小负荷时自然吸气有利于降低油耗率,并且自然吸气对降低NOx排放有利。     

基于仿真计算的船用柴油机性能优化研究

以某船用大功率高增压柴油机为研究对象,采用一维工作过程软件进行仿真计算,研究不同排气管方案和不同米勒正时方案对柴油机性能的影响规律。结论是:通过匹配柴油机排气能量利用率更高的排气管和适当强度的米勒正时,可以在满足排放法规的前提下,降低柴油机热负荷和燃油消耗率,有利于提高柴油机的可靠性和经济性。     

基于EGR技术的船用低速二冲程柴油机增压系统匹配研究

针对采用EGR技术的船用低速二冲程柴油机在满足IMO排放法规时增压系统须兼顾多模式、宽流量范围运行的问题,基于某型低速二冲程柴油机在GT-Power软件中搭建整机及EGR系统仿真模型并校核。在此基础上研究涡轮增压器匹配、进排气旁通、废气旁通(EGB)等措施对该型柴油机TierⅢ和TierⅡ模式时性能的影响并得出系统匹配策略。研究结果表明:TierⅢ模式时,减小涡轮等效流通面积可有效恢复增压压力,但导致运行点接近压气机喘振线;引入进排气旁通则可有效解决喘振问题。TierⅡ模式时,采用EGR和EGB措施均可有效解决因涡轮等效面积减小带来的增压压力过高问题,但其中EGR方案NO_x排放较低,燃油消耗率偏高,而EGB方案燃油消耗率较低,NO_x排放偏高;综合应用EGR和EGB,即高负荷采用EGR,中低负荷采用EGB的匹配方案,可达到整机NO_x排放满足TierⅡ法规要求且燃油消耗率最低的设计目标。     

两级增压对船用柴油机性能影响的试验

以国产6CS21型发电用柴油机为对象,研究了两级增压技术对船用柴油机性能的影响.结果表明:两级增压技术的应用可以显著提高柴油机功率密度,采用可变气门正时(VVT)技术可以解决强米勒技术应用下柴油机在低负荷时过量空气系数不足的问题,共轨压力的提高有利于降低两级增压柴油机烟度排放.与单级增压柴油机相比,两级增压柴油机功率可提高13.6%,加权燃油消耗率降低了11.6 g/(kW·h),柴油机排气温度在全负荷下平均降低23℃,标定负荷压比可达7.15,加权NO_x排放比原机降低了11.8%,可同时满足IMO TierⅡ和内河近海中国第Ⅰ阶段排放法规要求.     

冷EGR技术对柴油机性能及排放的影响

通过在不同转速和负荷工况下进行的冷EGR试验,研究了冷EGR技术对降低柴油机NOx排放的有效性,同时对比分析了EGR开启和关闭时对柴油机性能和排放的影响.试验研究表明:冷EGR技术除了可以有效降低柴油机的NOx排放以外,还将对柴油机的进气流量、燃油消耗率、烟度、排温以及HC,CO等排放物产生影响,且这种影响随着EGR率和工况的不同而变化.     

EGR率对船用柴油机中低负荷燃烧排放性能影响的仿真及试验研究

在船用高压共轨柴油机TBD234V6上进行了中低负荷工况下EGR率对柴油机燃烧排放性能影响的试验研究。应用AVL-FIRE软件建模,对柴油机缸内燃烧过程进行CFD仿真分析。仿真和试验研究结果表明:中低负荷工况下采用EGR能够有效降低NO_x的排放。EGR率较小时,对柴油机的性能影响较小;当EGR率较大时,柴油机的工作性能恶化,soot排放迅速增多。特定工况下的CFD模拟结果显示:随着EGR率的增加,燃烧过程的最高压力和最高温度降低,放热速率减小,燃烧过程变得平缓。     

基于欧-Ⅵ柴油机排气热量管理主动控制措施研究

利用发动机台架试验研究了中低负荷稳态工况下进气节流阀、喷油提前角、喷射压力和后喷等排气热量管理主动控制措施对排气温度的影响,并基于欧-Ⅵ排放法规要求的瞬态测试循环(world harmonized transient cycle,WHTC)验证排气温度提升的效果。稳态试验结果表明:与进气节流阀不工作时相比,在进气节流阀开度约15%~20%时排气温度提高了140℃左右,NOx排放减小,PM排放和燃油消耗率均增大;喷油提前角和喷射压力的改变对排气温度影响较小,对NOx排放、PM排放和燃油消耗率影响较大;后喷角度和后喷油量的合理匹配,可以提高排气温度约70℃。WHTC测试循环试验结果表明:排气温度在整个循环内均得到有效提升,怠速工况和低负荷工况提升尤为明显。     

温度对NTP喷射系统处理柴油机模拟排气的影响

为研究低温等离子体活性物质对柴油机有害排放物的去除效果,自行设计了介质阻挡放电型低温等离子体反应器。采用独立于柴油机排气管之外的低温等离子体喷射系统,研究其在不同的柴油机模拟排气温度下,对各排气成分的转化效果。研究结果表明:在低温等离子体环境下,NO主要转化为NO2;O3对NO和HC有较强的氧化作用;高温不利于NO的转化和O3的产生,但有利于HC的氧化,同时产生CO;温度和激励峰峰值电压的变化对CO2浓度基本没有影响。     

Performance of a stationary diesel engine using vapourized ethanol as supplementary fuel

The modification and testing of a compression ignition engine using diesel and vapourized ethanol as fuel has been carried out. Tests on the engine fuelled with diesel only were made, and the performance evaluated to form a basis for comparison for those of ethanol–diesel dual fuelling.

Modifications were made in the introduction of the ethanol and air. A carburettor was used to vapourize aqueous ethanol into the engine. The effect of preheating the intake ethanol–air mixture was also investigated. Performance was evaluated in terms of engine horsepower, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, the exhaust gas temperature, lubricating oil temperature and exhaust emissions. The vapourized ethanol partially reduced diesel fuel consumption but also increased total fuel delivery. Vapourization increased power output, thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions but lowered exhaust temperature and lubricating oil temperatures.     

The effect of clove oil and diesel fuel blends on the engine performance and exhaust emissions of a compression-ignition engine

Diesel engines provide the major power source for transportation in the world and contribute to the prosperity of the worldwide economy. However, recent concerns over the environment, increasing fuel prices and the scarcity of fuel supplies have promoted considerable interest in searching for alternatives to petroleum based fuels. Based on this background, the main purpose of this investigation is to evaluate clove stem oil (CSO) as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. To this end, an experimental investigation was performed on a four-stroke, four-cylinder water-cooled direct injection diesel engine to study the performance and emissions of an engine operated using the CSO–diesel blended fuels. The effects of the CSO–diesel blended fuels on the engine brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), specific energy consumption (SEC), exhaust gas temperatures and exhaust emissions were investigated. The experimental results reveal that the engine brake thermal efficiency and BSFC of the CSO–diesel blended fuels were higher than the pure diesel fuel while at the same time they exhibited a lower SEC than the latter over the entire engine load range. The variations in exhaust gas temperatures between the tested fuels were significant only at medium speed operating conditions. Furthermore, the HC emissions were lower for the CSO–diesel blended fuels than the pure diesel fuel whereas the NO_x emissions were increased remarkably when the engine was fuelled with the 50% CSO–diesel blended fuel.     

柴油机稀燃NOx催化剂的性能评价试验

如何在稀燃条件下降低柴油机尾气中的NOχ是柴油机后处理技术的难点之一。在发动机台架上对乙醇作为还原添加剂的柴油机稀燃NOχ催化剂进行了起燃特性和空速特性的性能评价，并考察了该催化剂对欧Ⅲ排放法规的适应性。结果表明：催化剂的起燃特性曲线先随温度升高而增加，后随温度升高而降低，并且整个转化率曲线随空速增加而下降；欧Ⅲ测试循环中，NOχ排放值明显降低，其转化效率达50％以上，能够满足欧Ⅲ要求．但CO和HC排放值明显升高，不能满足欧Ⅲ要求，需要采取其他措施。     

EGR冷却温度对重型柴油机性能及排放的影响

以一台配有废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)冷却系统和可变几何截面涡轮增压器的高压共轨重型柴油机作为研究对象,进行了EGR冷却温度对柴油机性能及排放影响的台架试验研究。结果表明:随着EGR冷却温度降低,柴油机燃油消耗率、烟度和NOx排放均持续降低。而EGR冷却温度每降低1℃,柴油机燃油消耗率、烟度和NOx排放在不同转速、负荷下降幅差异明显。燃油消耗率在中等转速、低负荷工况降幅最大,NOx排放和烟度在高转速、低负荷工况下降幅最大;在考虑到EGR冷却系统消耗的能量后,可以通过计算得到理论燃油消耗率。在兼顾燃油消耗率和排放性的原则下得到了各工况下EGR相对最优冷却温度,而所得到的相对最优EGR冷却温度正是各个试验工况下理论燃油消耗率最低的温度。     

Theoretical study of the effects of engine parameters on performance and emissions of a pilot ignited natural gas diesel engine

With the increasing concern regarding diesel vehicle emissions and the rising cost of the liquid diesel fuel as well, more conventional diesel engines internationally are pursuing the option of converting to use natural gas as a supplement for the conventional diesel fuel (dual fuel natural gas/diesel engines). The most common natural gas/diesel operating mode is referred to as the pilot ignited natural gas diesel engine (PINGDE) where most of the engine power output is provided by the gaseous fuel while a pilot amount of the liquid diesel fuel injected near the end of the compression stroke is used only as an ignition source of the gaseous fuel–air mixture. The specific engine operating mode, in comparison with conventional diesel fuel operation, suffers from low brake engine efficiency and high carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. In order to be examined the effect of increased air inlet temperature combined with increased pilot fuel quantity on performance and exhaust emissions of a PINGD engine, a theoretical investigation has been conducted by applying a comprehensive two-zone phenomenological model on a high-speed, pilot ignited, natural gas diesel engine located at the authors' laboratory. The main objectives of the present work are to record the variation of the relative impact each one of the above mentioned parameters has on performance and exhaust emissions and also to reveal the advantages and disadvantages each one of the proposed method. It becomes more necessary at high engine load conditions where the simultaneous increase of the specific engine parameters may lead to undesirable results with nitric oxide emissions.     

基于轻型柴油车的柴油机氧化催化器入口温度升温特性及策略研究

选取了高、中、低负荷的3个典型工况,研究了进气节流及喷油策略对柴油机缸内燃烧过程、排放性、经济性及柴油机催化氧化器(diesel oxidation catalyst,DOC)入口温度的影响,得到全工况区域的DOC入口温度的升温策略。试验结果表明:随进气节流阀开度减小,进气流量降低,压缩压力下降,燃烧始点滞后,最高燃烧压力下降,循环指示功降低;HC排放得到抑制,其他排放恶化;DOC入口温度得到有效提升,负荷越小,温升效果越显著。喷油规律耦合进气节流发现,主喷提前角的推迟使得滞燃期缩短、后燃加重,DOC入口温度小幅度提升;近后喷油量增加可提高DOC入口温度,推迟近后喷,DOC入口温度先增大后降低,存在最佳的近后喷时刻。依据样机全工况排温分布特征,提出了不同工况区域DOC入口温度升温控制策略。     

云内4100柴油机增压中冷机型的试验研究

对4100QBZL所配用的中冷器的阻力特性和冷却性能，以及发动机的动力性，经济性排放性能进行了试验研究。试验结果表明，中冷器的阻力较小，冷却能力很强。增压中冷后发动机的动力性有较大提高，排气温度下降，增压中冷发动机的排放性能较好。     

Combustion and emission characteristics of a two-stroke diesel engine operating on alcohol

Though, as a renewable energy resource, alcohol fuel has many advantages in China, it is difficult for diesel engines to operate on alcohol due to its low cetane number and high latent heat of vaporization. This paper proposes an approach to its ignition problem by combining internal exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) with injection of small diesel fuel. Based on this approach, a two-stroke single-cylinder diesel engine was developed. Preliminary studies demonstrated that the engine can run on alcohol with almost zero level of smoke and low exhaust gas temperature, and that the engine operating on alcohol has lower nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions and 2–3% higher effective thermal efficiency than that operating on diesel fuel in moderate and high load zones.     

柴油机加装柴油机氧化催化器和催化型颗粒捕集器装置性能评定试验研究

为了研究加装柴油机氧化催化器(DOC)和催化型颗粒捕集器(CDPF)装置的柴油机性能,探讨DOC与CDPF的净化效率和再生特性随试验循环数的变化规律,搭建了柴油机高原试验台,并按13试验循环进行了性能评定试验。结果显示,在全负荷工况下,随着试验循环数的增加,发动机的进气量、转矩、功率和油耗均比未装DOC和CDPF的原机略有下降。同时,在排气后处理装置的后端,烟度和CO排放均趋向零,而NO₂排放增加,NO排放减少。将第1试验循环与第13试验循环进行比较后可以发现,DOC和CDPF的前端温度均比后端低,而排气后处理装置经13试验循环后仍具有较高的净化效率。与原机相比,加装排气后处理装置的发动机,经性能评定试验后的外特性有所下降,但在排气后处理装置后端的烟度和CO排放趋近于零,而NO₂/NO比例随发动机转速增加先升后降。此外,DOC和CDPF的后端温度低速时上升明显,后随转速升高而降低,直至趋于稳定,而CDPF的压差随转速增加先升后降。此时,捕集效率和再生效率仍保持较高水平。