Water Quantity and Quality Models Applied to the Jucar River Basin,Spain

Traditionally, water quality modelling has focused on modelling individual water bodies. However, water quality management problems must be analyzed at the basin scale. European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires introducing physical, chemical and biological aspects into the management of water resources systems. Water quality modelling at a basin scale presents the advantage of incorporating in a dynamic way the relationships between the different elements and water bodies. Currently, there are few tools to deal with water modelling of water quality and management at the basin scale. This paper presents the development of a water quantity model and a water quality model for a very complex water resources system: the Júcar River Basin (Spain). The basin is characterized by a high degree of use of the water and by many water problems related to point and diffuse pollution, on top of a complex water quantity management of the basin. To deal with this problem, SIMGES (water allocation) and GESCAL (water quality) basin scale models have been used. Both are part of the Decision Support System AQUATOOL, one of the main instruments used in Spain in order to analyze water quantity and quality aspects of water resources systems for the compliance with WFD, as shown for the case of study.     

Propagation of uncertainty in diffuse pollution into water quality predictions: application to the River Dender in Flanders, Belgium.

The uncertainty of water quality predictions caused by uncertainty in the inputs related to emissions of diffuse pollution is analysed. An uncertainty analysis of the effects of diffuse pollution is essential to compare the cost and benefits of measures to lower those emissions. We focus on diffuse nitrate pollution due to fertiliser use. Using an efficient Monte Carlo method and Latin Hypercube sampling, the contribution to the overall uncertainty by each of the inputs is calculated. The modelling environment is ESWAT, an extension of SWAT, which allows for integral modelling of the water quantity and quality processes in river basins. The diffuse pollution sources are assessed by considering crop and soil processes. The crop simulations include growth, uptake of water and nutrients and several land management practices. The in-stream water quality model is based on QUAL2E. The spatial variability of the terrain strongly affects the non-point source pollution processes. The methodology is applied to the Dender basin in Belgium. Eight inputs have significant influence on the time that the nitrate content in the river is higher than 3 mg/l. The uncertainty analysis indicated wide uncertainty bounds (95% percentile bounds differ up to +/-50% from the average NO3 predictions).     

Diffuse pollution abatement--a key component in the integrated effort towards sustainable urban basins.

Water bodies are highly stressed by overdrafts of water for many purposes upstream and in the cities, and effluent domination and excessive point and diffuse pollution downstream. Pollution is also caused by the urban landscape which prefers impervious rather than porous surfaces; fast-conveyance infrastructure rather than "softer" approaches like ponds and vegetation; and stream channelization instead of natural stream courses, buffers and floodplains, and development in the floodplains. In future, the comprehensive and complex problems of urban pollution must be solved within the framework of the total hydrological cycle concept. This provides a new impetus to diffuse pollution management in urban areas. The best management practices that have been developed in the past could become key components of the new urban total hydrological cycle paradigm for solving the water shortage and pollution problems in an integrated manner, and making the urban systems hydrologically and ecologically sustainable. The paradigm will include landscape changes (less imperviousness, more green space used as buffers and groundwater recharge) as well application of the best management practices that provide water conservation, storage and reuse.     

Product Policy as an Instrument for Water Quality Management

A main reason for the persistence of current water pollution lies in the diffuse character of many of its sources. For a large part such diffuse pollution is related to the production, use and waste of various kinds of products. For the reduction of this pollution, a product-oriented policy strategy, based on interaction with stakeholders could be more successful than the traditional measures of direct regulation that were devised for point source reduction. In this article we identify different types of product policy, and explore the potential benefits and costs for water quality management. The methods that can be used in a product policy approach are illustrated with some examples. Although the specific advantages for water quality management have not been quantified yet, governments increasingly recognise the potential positive effects. In this context, the European Water Framework Directive, in stimulating product policy by enhancing public and stakeholders participation, can be considered to be part of a general development towards interactive water management.     

Urban diffuse sources of faecal indicators.

Increasing concern about bathing water quality in Scotland has led to renewed interest in diffuse sources, as well as the already closely monitored municipal sewage effluents and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) that have been the subject of multi-million pound capital expenditure schemes for several years. Early investigations of diffuse sources focused on rural land uses. This paper is an initial effort to consider the possible significance of urban diffuse sources. A review of the potential for diffuse urban sources includes consideration of sewage pollution in surface water sewers, as well as non-human sources such as pigeon and other bird roosts, and faecal material from pets such as dogs and cats. Portobello beach in Edinburgh is the case study selected, because of earlier work done by Scottish Water and SEPA. The Figgate Burn crosses Edinburgh to discharge onto the beach at Portabello, and pollution sources in its catchment are described. Additional information is reported from Dunfermline, where the sewer network has provided examples of three ways in which sewage pollution can occur in urban streams, and also Scottish examples of measures to control some non-human sources (e.g. SUDS).     

Runoff and windblown vehicle spray from road surfaces, risks and measures for soil and water.

Soil and surface water along roads are exposed to pollution from motorways. The main pollutants are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), mineral oil, heavy metals and salt. These pollutants originate from vehicles (fuel, wires, leakage), wear and degradation of road surfaces and road furniture (i.e. crash barriers) and the application of de-icing salts. Runoff, vehicle spray and dry deposition disperse these contaminants into the soft shoulder (verges) of the roads and surface water to a measurable distance of about 50 up to more then 150 m from the road. Despite many monitoring programs, little is known about the risks of this diffuse pollution for soil and water quality and the geochemical and physical factors which determine these risks. Also little is known about the effects of possible measures. Therefore, extensive research has been carried out at two local motorways. Specific measurements on runoff, vehicle spray and effects of measures have been carried out for one year (13 months). This resulted in several new insights. The pollutants appear to adsorb effectively to natural soils. In vulnerable areas groundwater can be protected by adjusting the policy to removing the contaminated upper topsoil of the verges. Discharges of runoff into local surface water are not recommended.     

农业面源污染对湖泊水质影响的初步分析

我国是一个多湖泊的国家，湖泊水质直接影响我国整体水质状况。目前，许多湖泊严重污染，湖泊周边地区成为典型的“水质型缺水”地区。调查资料显示，农业面源污染成为主要污染源之一。通过分析典型湖泊的污染成因，提出了防治污染的具体措施。     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

Transjurisdictional Water Pollution Disputes and Measures of Resolution: Examples from the Yellow River Basin,China

Abstract

Transjurisdictional water pollution problems are increasing in number and are becoming a significant governance problem in China. A large number of transjurisdictional water pollution disputes that have far-reaching social effects are occurring between provinces and are also frequent between municipalities, counties, towns, and villages. In this paper, several transjurisdictional water pollution cases in China, particularly in the Yellow River Basin, are discussed. The problems and causes for transjurisdictional water pollution are addressed. There are many causes for transjurisdictional water pollution problems although the key reasons are the rapid economic development, the failure of local authorities to enforce the existing laws and to implement administrative decisions, as well as inadequacies in the legal framework. Other factors include poor technology, shortage of funds, the institutional division of jurisdiction and management over water quantity and quality both administratively and legally, the lack of transparency in the decision-making process, insufficient public participation and information disclosure, poor communication, and lack of involvement of stakeholders in basin or sub-basin organizations.     

国内湖泊水质污染及富营养化治理

湖泊水质污染及生态恢复是我国当前水环境保护所面临的主要问题。在国内湖泊富营养化防治调研的基础上,对我国重点治理的“三湖”水环境状况及治理对策进行了总结与分析,提出国内湖泊治理存在的问题和对策,以及官厅水库水污染防治应注意的问题。     

日本水环境标准及其对我国的启示

日本水环境标准的法律依据和水质保护体系较为完备.水质环境标准分为保护人们健康的标准和保护生活环境的标准;水污染排放标准由国家统一制定,包括健康项目27项和生活环境项目17项并实行总量控制.饮用水水质标准不断进行完善.日本依靠行政指导政策成功控制水污染的经验值得我国借鉴.     

大同市水源地水质现状及保护措施

大同市是以地下水为主要供水水源的新型工业城市。通过大同市供水区域的地下水观测资料,分析论述了水源地分布及水质现状,指出地下水多年开采引起的水环境问题。从而提出防治地下水污染的措施。     

长江中下游干流饮用水水源地现状及保护探讨

饮用水水源地保护是一项非常重要的工作,关系人民群众的切身利益,确保饮水安全,必须首先确保饮用水水源地安全。在调查长江中下游重要饮用水水源地水质、排污口、污染防治、管理状况等基础上,评估了各水源地水量安全、水质安全、安全监控和安全管理等方面的保障情况,分析了水源地保护存在的主要问题,探讨了长江中下游重要饮用水水源地安全保障措施体系。     

Diffuse pollution associated with the mining sectors in South Africa: a first-order assessment.

Internationally it has become recognised that diffuse source water pollution from mining activities severely affects the degradation of water quality especially with regards to acidification and metal loading. South Africa is facing major problems with regard to the management and treatment of contaminated mine water. Very little has been published for South Africa about the quantities and qualities of diffuse source water pollution by the mining industry. Furthermore the available information has not yet been compiled into a consolidated overview that presents the total picture. Some of the problems that limit the use of the available information and would necessitate further processing to normalise the data, derive from the fact that the investigations producing the information were done at different times, to different levels of detail and using different approaches. A further complicating factor is that data for some mining commodities may not be available and may necessitate further investigation. The overview of the quantities and qualities of non-point source effluent production by different sectors needs to be interpreted in terms of the effect the effluent can be expected to have on receiving water quality (both surface and groundwater). It would thus be necessary to categorise waste types according to their effect on water quality and synthesise the data to obtain an estimate of the threat that different sectors and sub-sectors pose to receiving water quality.     

Applicability of modelling tools in watershed management for controlling diffuse pollution.

Diffuse pollution is hard to analyze, control and manage by its nature. Watershed models and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are recently developed tools that aid analysis of diffuse sources of pollution. However, their applications are not always easy and straightforward. Turkey is a typical example of a mountainous country rich in rivers and streams. Due to the complex geomorphology, land-use and agricultural practices in most of the watersheds in Turkey, modelling, analyzing and managing diffuse pollution has been a challenge. The complex watershed structure forces the modellers to work with spatially high resolution data. Apart from the data, the models themselves may also cause operational problems. These issues and their probable solutions form the basis of the discussions in this paper. It acts as a guideline for modelling and analyzing diffuse pollution by emphasizing the referred problems and difficulties. Design of an Information Technology-based system tool for watershed and/or water quality modelling, which would be suitable for countries having watersheds with similar structure and problems to those of Turkey, is also outlined.     

海河流域水污染现状与水资源质量状况综合评价

海河流域在我国国民经济中占有举足轻重的地位。水污染及水环境恶化、水资源短缺 ,已成为制约本流域经济进一步发展、影响人民生活稳定的社会问题。对海河流域水污染现状与水资源质量状况进行了综合评价 ,初步分析论述了水污染造成的恶果和危害 ,以及应当采取的水环境保护措施     

The assessment of diffuse pollution from acid-mine drainage using an updated and revised diatom assessment procedure as an added-value bio-monitoring tool.

Three data sources (physico-chemistry, bio-monitoring and eco-toxicology) are currently used in South Africa to establish environmental water quality conditions. Environmental water quality in turn is key information required for the "ecological reserve determination" of river reaches. Bio-monitoring in South Africa has been limited in recent times mostly to the use of the SASS procedure which relies on invertebrates only. This paper describes the re-introduction of a diatom-based water quality assessment as an added-value bio-monitoring tool. A specific example is discussed citing the response of diatom assemblages to diffuse pollution from acid mine drainage and how effective diatoms are as indicators of ecological integrity and river recovery measured downstream of the area of impact. The advantages of applying this bio-monitoring technique over other biological measures are presented in the context of technological advances in rapid image processing, species identification and software applications of diatom-based water quality indices. The valuable records of the diatom assemblages of the past, held in the South African Diatom Collection at the CSIR (KwaZulu-Natal), can now be accessed and interpreted as historical environmental water quality reference points for several rivers in South Africa.     

南流江干流水污染发展趋势

针对广西南流江部分河段水质不断恶化、干流水污染等诸多问题,对南流江水污染趋势及污染成因进行分析,探讨水污染防治对策与治理措施.     

Water quality and pollution control

This paper charts the decline in the quality of Japan's water resources from about 1955, and the increasingly energetic measures taken to reverse the trend. The standards set by the Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control are described, and their impact to date is assessed. With respect to human health protection the measures taken have been almost wholly successful, but serious problems of environmental pollution remain, especially in lakes and reservoirs. The main countermeasures against water pollution ‐ effluent control, sewerage and night soil treatment facilities, control of pollutants, steps to arrest eutrophication and prevent groundwater contamination ‐ are described. Finally, the special measures adopted and proposed for lakes and reservoirs are outlined.     

松花江流域水污染特征及其调控对策

针对松花江流域日益突出的水问题,研究总结了流域水污染的五大特征,即:入河污水量大,点面源并重;有机污染严重,有机毒物突出;大城市排放集中;水污染趋势加重、冰封期问题突出;污染事故风险高。在此基础上,结合当前流域水环境管理的现状,识别了松花江流域水污染调控的主要问题,即缺乏系统协调性。提出松花江流域构建基于"自然-人工"二元水循环过程的水质水量联合调控体系的思路,在自然水循环和社会水循环两大层面七个方面基础上建立完整的水量控制及水质保障系统,并提出进行综合管理的体制和机制保障措施以及注重水污染的风险管理与应急机制建设的对策建议。