Performance analysis for an adaptive filter code-tracking techniquein direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems

This paper investigates tracking of direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS/SS) signals based on an adaptive filtering technique. It is shown that a previously proposed hardware for code acquisition is also capable of code-tracking, and, hence, by performing both acquisition and tracking with the same circuitry, a significant simplification in the overall DS/SS receiver structure is gained. Analytical results show that the proposed scheme has a good tracking performance, as measured by the hold-in time and the false alarm penalty time, and is less sensitive to variations in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to conventional delay-locked loops (DLLs). Moreover, simulation results show that the proposed adaptive filter tracking scheme has a smaller residual tracking error than that produced by a conventional maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE)     

卫星信道下低速扩频信号的快速同步

提出一种适合于卫星信道下低速扩频信号的快速同步方案。在高速时钟的驱动下,利用抽头数远小于扩频码长的匹配滤波器实现扩频信号的快速捕获;扩频码同步后先利用部分相关值对大载波频差进行初步估计,估计范围可接近符号率;然后再利用全相关值对剩余小频差进行精确的估计;最后利用锁相环实现载波的跟踪。计算结果和仿真结果表明,该方案是切实可行的。     

Code acquisition of DS/SS signals in fading channels using an LMSadaptive filter

The mean acquisition time performance for a direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS/SS) code acquisition technique utilizing a finite impulse response (FIR) least-mean-square (LMS)-adaptive filter is investigated in fading conditions. The optimum tap-weight vector for the adaptive filter is derived and computer simulation results are presented to assess the acquisition performance for the system. It is shown that fading causes a slight degradation to the mean acquisition time (less than 3-dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) degradation) which is far less than that incurred by other systems utilizing matched filters (about 10 dB). In frequency selective fading channels, the adaptive nature of the proposed scheme is exploited to acquire the strongest received path and as the paths fade the new strongest available path is acquired     

Effects of multiple threshold values in double dwell DS-SS codeacquisition systems

We describe a decision method using multiple threshold values for direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS-SS) code acquisition systems. We apply this technique to a conventional double dwell serial search algorithm and analyze it in terms of mean code acquisition time. Numerical results show that our proposed scheme outperforms the conventional one by 0.2-0.5 sec with respect to the mean code acquisition time because multiple threshold values mitigate the possible decline in search performance caused by the use of a single threshold     

一种基于数字匹配滤波器的伪码捕获方法

基于匹配滤波器的伪码捕获方法由于其速度优势在直扩通信系统中得到越来越广泛的研究和应用。数字匹配滤波器在基于软件无线电架构的数字通信系统中有很强的实用性。为提高伪码同步性能,提出了一种基于数字匹配滤波器的伪码捕获方法,主要针对载波多普勒频偏较小的应用场合。该方法保留了匹配滤波器捕获方法的速度优势,同时降低了虚警概率,提高了同步精度。该方法已成功应用于某系统。     

Detection technique for a serial DS-SS code synchronisation in afading mobile channel

A performance analysis of the threshold decision technique for direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS-SS) code synchronisation is presented. The proposed serial acquisition system is compared to the conventional serial acquisition system, and a significant improvement in performance is shown in terms of the mean acquisition time     

基于辛算法的二维电磁场散射问题的研究

辛算法是保持Hamilton系统辛结构的一种新的数值方法,由于 Maxwell方程是一无穷维Hamilton系统,因此可将辛算法用于电磁场模拟中.本文提出一种基于辛分块Runge-Kutta(PRK)方法的显式辛算法,并将它成功应用于二维电磁散射问题的计算中.通过对金属方柱散射场的数值模拟,比较了FDTD法和低阶辛算法(一阶和二阶),结果表明低阶辛算法不仅与FDTD法精度相当,而且可以减少存储空间和计算时间,尤其是一阶辛算法节省了大约的CPU时间,提高了计算速度,体现了该算法的优越性.     

基于FFT伪码快速捕获方法及其性能分析

针对大频偏下高动态直扩接收机伪码捕获时间长的问题,提出了一种新的捕获方案,即基于FFT算法实现对多普勒频移进行一定程度的补偿,解决了高动态环境下伪码序列的快速捕获问题。实验结果表明,该方法可以很好地实现高动态扩频信号的捕获,并可以有效地节省硬件资源。     

GPS软件接收机基带信号处理研究

GPS软件接收机相对传统硬件接收机,设计灵活,能够迅速分析、仿真、实现各类算法.本文主要针对GPS L1频率的C/A码信号,设计并实现了GPS软件接收机的基带处理部分,阐述了射频前端原理、并行码相位搜索捕获策略以及鉴频辅助跟踪环路,并推导了适应动态环境的三阶数字环路滤波器.仿真数据和实际中频数据测试表明:算法性能优越,能迅速捕获并锁定信号,获取导航数据.     

利用自适应滤波器实现扩频码的捕获

使用自适应滤波器对扩频信号进行扩频码捕获,不仅理论上是可行的,而且此方法还能够实现快速捕获,同时还可以对输入信号内的多种干扰信号起到抑制的作用。自适应滤波器法结构简单,易于实现;同时跟踪采用与捕获同一个支路,不需要额外硬件实现,从而节省硬件资源。自适应滤波器法扩频码捕获时,只需期望扩频码的周期与长度,并不期望码型与干扰信号的任何信息。在稳态时,此方法还具有对多径信号分集接收的潜力。     

直接序列扩频捕获的门限调整技术与混合方案

讨论了对传统的直接扩频序列同步捕获的改进方法,包括分别基于顺序搜索捕获和匹配滤波捕获的门限调节技术和结合了这两种传统方法的两种不同的混合方案。文中对这几种方法的性能、复杂度和适用性作了对比分析。     

Noncoherent hybrid parallel PN code acquisition for CDMA mobilecommunications

This paper proposes a noncoherent hybrid parallel pseudonoise (PN) code acquisition scheme for code-division multiple access (CDMA) mobile communication systems and analyzes the effect of multiple access interference (MAI) on the code acquisition performance for Rayleigh and Rician fading channels. The hybrid acquisition scheme combines parallel search with serial search to cover the whole uncertainty region of the input code phase. It has a much simpler acquisition hardware structure than the total parallel acquisition and can achieve the mean acquisition time slightly inferior to that of the total parallel acquisition in the case of severe MAI; on the other hand, it provides the flexibility in the tradeoff between the mean acquisition time and system complexity if no MAI is considered. The closed-form expressions of the detection and false-alarm probabilities and mean acquisition time are derived. Numerical analysis quantifies the severe performance degradation of code acquisition due to both MAI and channel fading, and demonstrates the dependence of the increase of mean acquisition time (due to MAI) on the number of users in the CDMA system, system design parameters, and channel fading statistics     

New Code Acquisition Techniques in Spread-Spectrum Communication

New techniques for acquiring the codes used in frequency hopping (FH), hybrid frequency hopping/time hopping (FH/TH), and frequency hopping/direct sequence (FH/DS) spread-spectrum systems are presented. Autoregressive spectral estimation is employed to recover the FH code, quadrature processing is used for the DS code, while the TH gating code is recovered by a simple threshold test used in conjunction with the adaptive filter used for the spectral estimation. A wide margin of spectral estimation errors can be tolerated since an acquisition logic is used to estimate the FH code phase. The proposed techniques require acquisition times only of the order of the shift-register generator lengths, whereas other schemes of serial and parallel search require acquisition times of the order of the code lengths. Detailed simulation results will identify the working carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) range for the different techniques presented as well as the various thresholds involved.     

自适应滤波在扩频信号分集接收中的应用研究

使用自适应滤波器完成对扩频信号的扩频码捕获后,传输信道中由于信号衰落造成的多径信号的幅度就可以从自适应滤波器收敛后的系数权值向量上体现出来.根据分集接收的理论分析,依据多径信号的信号幅度值进行分集接收在理论上是可行的,因此利用自适应滤波器对接收到的多径信号进行隐分集接收是完全可行的.使用自适应滤波器在完成扩频码捕获的同时,在不增加额外硬件支路的情况下就可以实现对多径信号的分集接收功能,从而改善在多径衰落环境下的信道传输性能.     

应用LMS自适应滤波器实现直接序列扩频系统伪码同步

在直扩系统中,伪随机序列的同步必须在数据解调判决前完成。介绍了一种新型的同步方法,这种方法利用LMS自适应滤波器来检测收发端的码延迟,具有比传统的相关检测更优良的性能。更重要的是,这种方法根据稳定后的滤波器工作特性,可直接实现PN码的跟踪,不需要额外电路。     

Differentially coherent correlation technique for DS-SS codeacquisition in a fast Rayleigh fading channel

A differentially coherent (DC) correlation scheme is proposed for rapid DS-SS code acquisition in a fast Rayleigh fading channel. It is analytically shown that a serial-search DC acquisition system significantly outperforms the conventional parallel-search I-Q system in a highly dynamic environment     

A Performance Comparison of Code Acquisition Techniques in DS-CDMA System

This paper compares parallel acquisition with hybrid acquisition in terms of mean acquisition time in code acquisition system of forward link and reverse link of direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system. The mean acquisition time of the hybrid and parallel acquisitions is derived from the distribution of the multiple correct code-phase offsets. Especially, the mean acquisition time of the hybrid acquisition scheme is derived by considering both case 1 (the correct code-phase offsets are included in one subset) and case 2 (the correct code-phase offsets exist at the boundary of two subsets), which are caused by the distribution of the correct code-phase offsets in the subset. Results are provided for the performance comparison between hybrid acquisition and parallel acquisition under the same hardware complexity in the forward and reverse links. In our performance evaluation of code acquisition in DS-CDMA system, the hybrid acquisition shows a better performance than the parallel acquisition in terms of mean acquisition time of the both links in the frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channel.     

一种面向深空测距的大多普勒频偏信号捕获算法

在深空测距任务中,高精度的伪码捕获是后续执行伪码跟踪的关键前提.传统基于时频二维搜索的频偏估计算法对于深空测距中频率偏移范围较大的情况难以满足伪码捕获实时性要求.为此,提出了改进的时频二维搜索算法,通过在传统时频二维搜索算法的前端引入快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier Transform,FFT)算法对多普勒频偏...     

PN acquisition for DS/SS using a preloop parallel binary search phase estimator and a closed-loop selective search subsystem

An acquisition method of long pseudo-noise (PN) sequences in direct-sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) systems is presented. The concurrent cross correlation of locally generated auxiliary signals with the incoming PN sequence produces binary search estimates leading to an initial approximation of the input signal's PN offset. The PN receiver then uses a closed-loop subsystem to determine the true offset of the incoming PN signal. New phase estimates are generated from successive corrections of likely errors in the binary search. The acquisition scheme's average acquisition time and its variance are analytically determined. Simulation results show that the proposed acquisition scheme is faster than the conventional serial receiver. A hybrid serial/parallel PN acquisition receiver is used for comparing the acquisition performance given similar hardware complexity. The hybrid receiver used the same number of parallel correlators as used in the proposed receiver's input phase estimator. Simulation results show that the proposed system provides an improved performance under normal operating conditions.     

Code acquisition in coherent optical pulse CDMA systems utilizingcoherent correlation demodulation

A code acquisition technique based on active optical correlation detection is introduced for coherent optical pulse code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems implemented through coherent correlation demodulation. Passive matched filter acquisition, commonplace in most radio CDMA systems, does not translate directly into the optical domain since synchronization between the incoming optical signal and a local optical code of the intended user at the receiver has to take place in several picosecond duration. Parallel and serial acquisition schemes under the same search algorithm are described and the effect of optical device noise, partial autocorrelation, and multiuser interference on acquisition performance is theoretically analyzed. Numerical results are given for Gold codes. In general, the degree of parallelism inherent in code acquisition techniques for radio systems allows a tradeoff between acquisition speed and hardware cost; however, in optical acquisition schemes, increasing the degree of parallelism with the concomitant hardware cost penalty does not necessarily reduce the time to acquisition. This is due to optical power budget limitations brought about by the need to split the optical signal, although optical amplifier technology can improve the performance of these parallel search schemes. The expressions for the partial correlation and multiuser interference derived in the paper can also be utilized for the analysis of other radio and optical acquisition schemes