基于Matlab的LFM脉冲压缩仿真

基于Matlab平台以线性调频信号为例通过仿真研究了雷达信号处理中的脉冲压缩技术。在对线性调频信号时域波形进行仿真的基础上介绍了数字正交相干检波技术。最后基于匹配滤波算法对雷达回波信号进行了脉冲压缩仿真,仿真结果表明采用线性调频信号可以有效地实现雷达回波信号脉冲压缩,提高雷达的距离分辨力。     

毫米波调频步进雷达运动补偿方法研究

毫米波调频步进（chirp-step frequency , Chirp-SF）雷达是一种距离高分辨率雷达,但是存在严重的距离 速度耦合问题,所以实现运动目标的距离高分辨必须进行运动补偿。文章提出了一种把脉冲多普勒（Pulse Doppler）测速和基于Chirp-SF信号的时域相关法测速相复合的方法。仿真结果表明该方法测速精度高,算法简单,速度快。     

基于升降HFM组合的高分辨抗混响波形设计

双曲调频（Hyperbolic Frequency Modulation, HFM）波形是传统主动声呐常用的信号波形，具有多普勒不变性。HFM信号虽然便于匹配，但无法进行准确的测速、测距。升降HFM组合的V型双曲调频（V-Hyperbolic Frequency Modulation, V-HFM）脉冲信号，可以解决HFM的距离-速度耦合模糊问题，但在多目标情况下会有虚假亮点干扰问题。受V-HFM组合方式启发，文章提出一种新的HFM组合方法：N型双曲调频（N-Hyperbolic Frequency Modulation,N-HFM）组合信号。该信号形式可以降低虚假亮点出现的概率。水池实验表明：在多目标情况下，N-HFM脉冲信号可以实现距离和速度二维检测的较高分辨力，以及较强的抑制虚假目标的能力。     

宽带调频步进信号的全去斜处理方法

针对宽带调频步进信号在逆合成孔径雷达中的应用,在分析信号模型的基础上,提出非常简单的全去斜处理方法,即分别将线性调频子脉冲进行全去斜处理．根据频率步进值,将去斜后的时域信号进行时间搬移．然后再将所有全去斜后经过时域搬移的信号在时域进行相干合成．最后进行傅立叶变换便可实现调频步进信号的压缩处理．文中还将本文方法与基于匹配滤波的子孔径处理方法进行了对比．计算机模拟结果说明了本文方法的有效性．     

测量雷达的距离多普勒耦合修正方法研究

线性调频脉冲压缩体制的测量雷达,在探测运动目标时,由于距离-多普勒耦合效应的影响,多普勒频移会使雷达产生测距误差,且该误差与目标径向速度成正比。针对该问题,文章在分析多普勒频移对线性调频脉压影响的基础上,给出了距离多普勒耦合修正方法,并利用雷达实测数据进行了验证,有效提高了测量雷达的测距精度。     

连续波声呐中的调频信号设计方法及性能分析

相对传统的短时脉冲波主动声呐而言,连续波主动声呐是一种新型体制的声呐设备,允许在扫描周期内发射高占空比的信号,并且在发射信号的同时进行侦听,由此可以对水下目标实现连续照射,消除距离盲区。由于发射和接收机制的不同,连续波主动声呐对发射信号的波形和处理方法也各有差异,一是要考虑到"直达波"抑制问题,二是要在时间带宽积和对目标的照射时间间隔两者之间进行折中。针对上述两个问题,设计了一种在连续波主动声呐中发射的新型脉冲串信号,该类信号由多个相互正交的广义正弦调频信号串组成,以此在频域上消除回波与拷贝信号的相关性;后置处理中对接收回波提供了三种不同的方案,在时间带宽积和照射时间间隔两者之间择优选择最佳检测效果。计算机仿真结果表明:该类信号波形以及相应的处理方法可以有效地抑制直达波干扰并给出目标的速度-距离信息。     

基于瞬时频率的双曲调频信号距离估计误差分析

双曲调频信号的多普勒不变性可使运动目标匹配滤波输出的能量损失达到最小,从而可对运动目标有很高的检测能力,在运动目标检测与参数估计中具有独特优势,但同时也给目标距离的估计带来一定误差。在双曲调频信号模糊函数、多普勒不变性和匹配滤波特性的基础上,对距离分辨力和测距误差进行了分析,提出了基于瞬时频率的距离误差计算公式,可直接应用于目标距离的补偿以及目标跟踪中量测方程的校正,提高声呐的工作性能。     

调频信号的数字化解调

介绍一种用3参数正弦波拟合算法实现的、绝对收敛的4参数最小二乘正弦波拟合算法，给出了其收敛区间、绝对收敛判据以及实现过程，在此基础上讨论实现正弦载波的调频信号的精确解调问题，使用一个周期的正弦波曲线模型的滑动拟合法，实现了频率调制信号波形的精确解调，在调制信号是方波的情况下，给出了频率解调的仿真结果和其它参数的波动情况；在1个实测调频曲线波形上进行的解调分析，给出了频率调制波形的解调结果，同时，在调制信号也是正弦波的情况下，给出了解调失真的计算方法和结果。本方法是评价载波为正弦波的调频信号的一种优良方法，准确度高、分辨力强，可用于调频信号源及其解调设备的指标评价和计量测试。     

圈养环境下瓶鼻海豚、白鲸、伪虎鲸click脉冲信号特征分析

通过实地采样采集到的瓶鼻海豚、白鲸、伪虎鲸的click脉冲信号数据,对所采集信号分别从时域、频域、时频特性以及距离分辨力等方面分别进行了分析对比。结果表明,三种海洋哺乳类动物均通过不断发射click脉冲串实现对目标的探测,在这过程中可以调节脉冲间隔或信号波形,其中伪虎鲸一部分click脉冲信号的频谱具有双峰的特殊性质。通过对这三种海洋哺乳动物click脉冲信号模糊函数的分析,发现瓶鼻海豚与白鲸的距离分辨力可以达到毫米量级,伪虎鲸相对较差,但也可以达到厘米量级。而随着频谱双峰信号的出现,伪虎鲸click脉冲信号的距离分辨力有明显提高,也达到了毫米量级。     

水下高速目标航行参数遥测技术研究

对于高速、强机动的水下目标来说,其航行参数信息的实时遥测具有重要意义。水声信号的多普勒频移估计与补偿是水声遥测的关键技术之一,它直接影响着水声遥测的效果与性能。针对双曲线调频信号及线性调频信号进行仿真分析,对比在相同情况下的多普勒频偏可补偿性,仿真实验证明双曲线调频信号具备较高的多普勒容限,其时延值估计精度可达到1μs。结合工程实际,采用双曲调频信号与单频信号组合的方式进行水声遥测,充分发挥双曲线调频信号的多普勒不变性和单频信号对多普勒频移的敏感性,在获得较高定位精度的同时,也具备高精度的水声遥测功能。该组合信标信号经过湖上试验验证,具有遥测精度高、误码率低、易于实现等优点,可直接应用于相关水声工程中。     

Evaluation of a pulse coding technique for spacial structurecharacterization

Pulse coding techniques have been used in the past primarily to improve signal to (electronic) noise ratio. However, the flexibility inherent in pulse coding can be exploited to solve several problems in medical imaging and nondestructive testing. We have experimentally examined its potential for spacial structure characterization of a scattering medium on a scale below the resolution of the imaging system. The ability to change the point spread function and the spectral content of the interrogating pulse with frequency modulated (FM) pulse coding has been utilized. Water filled sponge with pore size much smaller than the resolution cell volume was used as the scattering medium. A nonfocused transducer was driven with FM coded pulses. The pulse compression processing was carried out digitally on a computer. FM pulses with 143 different combinations of center frequency f₀ and 6 dB bandwidth Δf were used. Amplitude signal to noise ratio (SNR_A) was calculated on the envelope detected signal for spacial structure characterization. SNR_A showed significant increase from its Rayleigh limit value of 1.91 at certain specific frequencies. Both simulation and theoretical considerations are used to show that this resonance effect is a signature of the underlying semiperiodic scattering structure of the medium     

Echography using correlation techniques: choice of coding signal

Theoretical studies made in the early 1980's suggest that ultrasonic imaging using correlation technique can overcome some of the drawbacks of classical pulse echography. Indeed by transmitting a continuous coded signal and then compressing it into a short, high resolution pulse at the receiver the total signal to noise ratio (SNR) is improved. The target location is determined by cross correlation of the emitted and the received signal. The band compression allows, by increasing SNR, the retrieval of echo signals buried in the receiver noise. Thus in medical-type echography, where the signal attenuation at fixed depth is proportional to the frequency, the SNR improvement allows the use of higher frequency signals and leads to improved resolution. We report here the results of comparative experimental studies of simple echo B type images as obtained by the classical pulse echo and correlation techniques. Because the optimisation of the coded signal plays a crucial role in the performance of the correlation technique we will also present a comparative study of the performances of the most common codes (m-sequences and complementary series). In particular we shall emphasise the following points: the relative importance of the central lobe as compared to the side lobes of the correlation function, which is directly related to the dynamic of the imaging system, the width of the correlation peak which is directly related to the axial resolution of the system, the facility of the realisation. The merit of B-mode images obtained with the coded signals will be discussed showing that as far as signal modulation is used the best results are obtained with periodic m-sequences     

宽带多普勒测速技术中跨周期模糊问题的研究

宽带声学多普勒流速剖面仪,利用伪随机编码调制发射脉冲信号以及复相关算法计算各水层反射回波的多普勒频移,进而达到测速的目的。复相关算法中,在排除模糊速度干扰的情况下,测速精度与脉冲信号的长度存在正比的关系。而脉冲宽度越长,所用来调制发射脉冲信号的编码阶数也越高,随之带来的便是速度模糊的问题。在复相关测频算法的基础上,针对长编码脉冲信号出现的周期性测频模糊情况,利用短编码脉冲信号的测频结果作为判别标准,选取恰当的周期性频偏作为计算结果,既提高了测速精度,又解决了精度提高所带来的周期性速度模糊问题,并且在实际应用中,提高了低信噪比条件下的测速精度。     

二相编码雷达信号细微特征分析

在信息化战场上,二相编码信号是常用的脉压雷达信号,具有较强的似噪声性和良好的低截获概率特性。二相编码信号的调制特征对于信号的分选和识别也是很重要的参数。本文提出了一种识别二相编码脉冲压缩雷达信号的新算法,仿真试验验证了此方法的有效性。     

Use of modulated excitation signals in medical ultrasound. Part I: Basic concepts and expected benefits

This paper, the first from a series of three papers on the application of coded excitation signals in medical ultrasound, discusses the basic principles and ultrasound-related problems of pulse compression. The concepts of signal modulation and matched filtering are given, and a simple model of attenuation relates the matched filter response with the ambiguity function, known from radar. Based on this analysis and the properties of the ambiguity function, the selection of coded waveforms suitable for ultrasound imaging is discussed. It is shown that linear frequency modulation (FM) signals have the best and most robust features for ultrasound imaging. Other coded signals such as nonlinear FM and binary complementary Golay codes also have been considered and characterized in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and sensitivity to frequency shifts. Using the simulation program Field II, it is found that in the case of linear FM signals, a SNR improvement of 12 to 18 dB can be expected for large imaging depths in attenuating media, without any depth-dependent filter compensation. In contrast, nonlinear FM modulation and binary codes are shown to give a SNR improvement of only 4 to 9 dB when processed with a matched filter. Other issues, such as depth-dependent matched filtering and use of filters other than the matched filter (inverse and Wiener filters) also are addressed.     

一种新的相位编码信号多普勒补偿算法研究

相位编码信号是一种多普勒频率敏感信号,而且码长越大,对多普勒频率越敏感,严重影响了雷达对高径向速度目标和远距离目标探测的能力。该文在分析伪码序列与多普勒容限关系的基础上,提出一种新的伪码调相准连续波雷达的多普勒补偿算法。该算法将回波信号取平方后送到动目标检测(MTD)滤波器中,通过提取回波信号中的多普勒频率信息,进行多普勒补偿。从仿真结果可以看出,该算法能够有效地降低多普勒频率对脉冲压缩结果的影响,验证了方法的可行性。     

Coded excitation for diagnostic ultrasound: a system developer's perspective

Resolution and penetration are primary criteria for clinical image quality. Conventionally, high bandwidth for resolution was achieved with a short pulse, which results in a tradeoff between resolution and penetration. Coded excitation extends the bounds of this tradeoff by increasing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) through appropriate coding on transmit and decoding on receive. Although used for about 50 years in radar, coded excitation was successfully introduced into commercial ultrasound scanners only within the last 5 years. This delay is at least partly due to practical implementation issues particular to diagnostic ultrasound, which are the focus of this paper. After reviewing the basics of biphase and chirp coding, we present simulation results to quantify tradeoffs between penetration and resolution under frequency-dependent attenuation, dynamic focusing, and nonlinear propagation. Next we compare chirp and Golay code performance with respect to image quality and system requirements, then we show clinical images that illustrate the current applications of coded excitation in B-mode, harmonic, and flow imaging.     

毫米波段宽带信号源的设计与实现

针对毫米波雷达灵敏度指标测试的需要,设计了一种小型化、低成本、宽带数字式灵敏度测试信号源.该信号源通过串口进行控制通信,接收上位机的频率控制命令,频率带宽达2 000 MHz,频率间隔1 MHz;同时,信号源可实现功率控制和脉冲调制,功率变化范围30 dB,脉冲宽度最小低至ns级.给出了信号源硬件电路和软件程序的具体设计步骤,通过对原理样机的测试,验证了信号源的可行性.     

某新型战场侦察雷达信号处理系统研究

为有效、经济地提高部队及院校对某新型战场侦察雷达的训练,在LabVIEW软件平台上设计某新型战场侦察雷达的信号处理系统。采用模块化编程方法,建立伪码调相准连续波雷达的数字下变频、脉冲压缩、动目标显示、动目标检测、恒虚警检测和PPI显示模块,设计系统的人机交互界面。结果表明:设计的某新型战场侦察雷达的信号处理系统可以有效地模拟该雷达的信号处理过程及PPI显示,操作方便,易于扩展和部队使用。