试论建筑项目结算审计策略

随着城市化水平的不断提升,运输业也在不断的发展,各项城市道路项目和市政项目的数量也在不断增多。在各种建筑工程项目中,每个小的施工项目都是建设工程重要的组成部分,但在工程阶段设计中存在的问题却一直困扰着人们。因而,对建筑工程中的结算审计予以加强,对工程建设有着非常重要的意义。文中就建筑项目在结算审计中存在的问题作了大致论述,并提出了解决的对策,以期为我国建筑项目的结算审核提供可供参考的意见和建议。     

对因材料市场价格异常上涨导致索赔的处理

以上海浦东国际机场扩建场外供油工程为例,对因材料市场价格异常上涨所导致的索赔问题,提出了根据工程用料特点及市场价格波动因素,对工程用量及价格涨幅较大的主材进行补差的处理原则;同时,针对工期较长、投资额较大的项目,在合同条款中增加了＂物价波动引起的价格调整＂条款,明确了操作细则,并在上海虹桥机场扩建工程中推广应用,充分体现了公平、公正的合同管理原则。     

浅议土建工程预算时的误差分析

在开展土建工程施工前往往都要对成本进行预算规划,这当中就包含了在工程施工全阶段当中所用到的材料、人工费用以及图纸设计、模型建造及后期装修等资金支出。制定出的预算方案将是土建工程项目在具体开工前最关键的一项参考依据。在实际的预算工作实施过程当中,任意一处环节出错都将会致使最终的工程结果受到严重影响。因而,对于具体土建工程项目而言确保良好的工程预算误差处理意义重大。本文将重点就土建工程预算时所面临的误差影响因素展开具体分析,并在此基础上提出了一些针对性的控制方法。     

工程项目可持续管理中的二元组织构造

研究了传统项目管理组织与工程项目可持续管理的不兼容性,构建了适用于工程项目可持续管理的二元项目管理组织。分析传统项目管理组织在工程项目整体管理组织中的局限,找出它与工程项目可持续管理不兼容的原因:项目管理参与者多元化导致项目管理目标多样化和动态化,进而在保证管理目标动态化的前提下将多元项目管理参与者压缩为二元,使多元化的管理目标随着管理主体的分类在项目整体组织中通过两条不同的目标管理渠道分别进行管理,并在宁夏石化炼油污水风机改造工段中建立二元项目管理组织进行实践     

Grasping project complexity in large engineering projects: The TOE (Technical, Organizational and Environmental) framework

This paper presents a framework for characterising project complexity in large engineering projects, which can be used to adapt the front-end development phase of engineering projects to the particular complexity. Recently, a large number of project complexity related papers were published, demonstrating the evident importance of “complexity” in current project management research. However, no generally accepted framework is available to support the characterising and understanding of project complexity that appreciates the richness of project complexity in large engineering projects. Therefore the TOE (Technical, Organizational, and Environmental) framework was developed, based on a literature survey building upon existing work and on new empirical work consisting of eighteen interviews about six projects in the process engineering industry. As a result of an inductive approach, this framework presents the elements that contribute to project complexity from a theoretical as well as a practical perspective. The framework can be used to assess the complexity of engineering projects, and subsequently adapt the front-end development phase of projects in order to better manage the complexity of the project.     

Applying systems engineering in the civil engineering industry: an analysis of systems engineering projects of a Dutch water board

The past decade, practice and literature have shown an increasing interest in Systems Engineering (SE) in the civil engineering industry. The aim of this study is to analyse to what extent SE is applied in six civil engineering SE projects of a Dutch water board. The projects were analysed using a framework that was developed from existing SE literature. The projects that scored highest on the application of SE were those where the project leader was highly motivated to apply SE, where top management support for SE was arranged, and where an experienced engineering consulting firm was involved. The lowest scoring project was a routine project in which project team members considered the use of SE unnecessary. To improve SE implementation and execution in organisations, it is recommended to arrange top management support for SE, to enhance the SE skills of employees, and to establish clear SE standards and procedures.     

工程项目管理中的网络计划技术应用

建设工程项目管理是一项十分复杂的活动,施工计划的安排控制等工作比较繁琐,需要经常性调整计划和进行实时动态管理,使用项目管理软件Microsoft Project 2000完成网络计划的优化,解决网络计划应用中大量繁重的计算的实际问题,提高工程管理水平。     

圈梁加固组合结构托换改造简化模型

已有砖砌体房屋进行开洞改造时需要对部分承重墙体进行拆除,这会导致传力途径的变化,从而需要对墙体进行加固。结合托换改造工程中经常遇到的这类问题,本文介绍了圈梁加固组合结构托换改造技术的加固方法,提出了建议计算模型,并通过试算,确定参数的合理取值。最后对工程实例进行了验算,并提出了可供类似工程参考的工程建议。     

“金课”背景下土木类虚拟仿真实验教学发展趋势——基于2018年国家虚拟仿真实验教学项目共享平台公示数据

土木工程是一门具有较强实践性的课程,然而土木工程实验具有成本高、周期性长、危险性大的特点,大规模的实体教学实验受限于设备、场地、资金等无法实现。随着计算机仿真技术的不断进步,基于数值模拟技术的土木工程虚拟仿真手段在工程实践应用和科学研究中发挥着越来越重要的作用,通过虚拟仿真实验弥补课堂教学和实体实验的不足,成为土木工程专业教学的发展趋势。国家虚拟仿真实验教学项目集合了国内最先进的虚拟仿真教学项目,代表虚拟仿真教学的发展方向,是国家级“金课”的重要组成部分,具有指导意义。基于2018年国家虚拟仿真实验教学项目共享平台公示数据,对土木类虚拟仿真项目的学校、负责人和项目类型进行归类,分析公示中虚拟仿真项目的特点,指明土木类虚拟仿真教学项目的发展趋势,为后续土木类虚拟仿真实验教学项目建设提供参考。     

Object–Oriented Enterprise Modeling and Simulation of AEC Projects

In this paper we describe an object–oriented framework for developing enterprise models of Architecture, Engineering, Construction projects, and a methodology for formalizing these models such that they can be used for discrete event simulation of information processing and coordination in project execution. The simulation results can be used to predict the probable effects of carrying out proposed changes in planning and managing projects.
In our enterprise modeling framework we represent engineering design projects in terms of deliverables (requirements and solutions), plans (activities and process relations), and organization (participants and organizational relations). The resulting project model is the starting point for identifying coordination requirements between project team participants. Our methodology uses matrix techniques derived from qualtiy function deployment (QFD) to identify interactions between project requirements and solutions and calculate measures of product complexity . We then describe information flow between project activities in a similar matrix and calculate measures of process uncertainty . Finally, we identify the responsibilities of project team members and use a matrix to point out organizational interdependencies .
We apply our framework and methodology to model and simulate engineering design for a major extension of an electrical power substation. Our simulation results demonstrate how project performance is contingent on the fit between the project policies and the objectives and preferences of the project team.     

如何做好建设工程竣工结算审核工作

针对在工程结算审核过程中发现的问题,根据工作经验对如何做好建设工程竣工结算审核,从审核办法和审核的具体内容进行了讨论,从而做好建设工程竣工结算审核工作,确保工程造价的合理性.     

建造功能性湿地的开拓性技术

湿地修复往往是工程项目中的重要组成部分.为了能成功地修复和改善湿地,经常需要对现有的水力系统做大规模的变动.这些看来简单而自然的系统,却往往对工程师们提出很高的要求.工程师的职能是在满足所有这些有时相互矛盾要求的前提下提出一个符合人类和自然需要的,并能在允许的资金和时间之内建成的工程设计.在加利福尼亚州非常都市化的洛杉矶市附近,大规模的水文和湿地修复的Bolsa Chica工程是一个很好的工程实例.     

The accuracy of pre‐tender building cost estimates in Australia

A pre‐tender building cost estimate is an important piece of information when making decisions at the project planning and design stage. The important project characteristics influencing the accuracy of pre‐tender building cost estimates are examined and practical improvement for increasing the accuracy of estimates are considered. A quantitative approach is used to address the research problem. Analysis of data from 56 projects and from a postal questionnaire survey of 102 quantity surveying firms suggests that the accuracy of pre‐tender building cost estimates varies according to project size and principal structural material. When eight identified project characteristics are controlled in a multiple regression analysis, the accuracy of estimates is influenced by project size. The estimates of smaller projects are more biased than the estimates of larger projects. It was discovered that pre‐tender building costs are more often overestimated than are underestimated. Overestimated forecasts are incorrect by a larger amount than underestimated forecasts. Data analysis also revealed that the accuracy of pre‐tender building cost estimates has not improved over time. The majority of the respondents are somewhat dissatisfied with the accuracy of estimates in the industry. Probability estimation and simulation of past estimates, reducing quantity surveying and cost engineering skill turnover, incorporating market sentiments into estimates, early involvement of the quantity surveyor at the brief stage, and proper documentation of experience gained in the estimation of projects should help firms increase the accuracy of estimates for new projects.     

火电厂建设管理中应加强的几个环节分析

近年来,随着我国电力事业的迅猛发展,工程建设项目不断增多,情况也变得日益复杂,这对工程质量控制提出了更高的要求。电力建设工程与一般的工程项目有所不同,特别是火电厂建设工程,其不仅具有建设周期较长、质量影响因素多、规模大、投资大等特点,而且工期较紧,施工作业难度非常大,若是某个环节出现问题,则后果非常严重。为此,加强火电厂建设工程项目管理就显得尤为重要。基于此,论文就火电厂建设管理中应加强的几个环节进行分析。     

Applying institutional theories to managing megaprojects

This paper contributes to Rodney Turner's initiative to develop a theory of project management from practice. Organizational scholars studying strategy suggest that more attention needs to be paid to practices involved in organizing, as well as the institutional contexts in which these practices are embedded. Taking a cue from strategy-in-practice approaches, it is proposed that institutional theories can be used to address some questions that have not been answered adequately regarding megaprojects. Institutional theories also seem to be gaining the attention of scholars investigating large, global, infrastructure projects as reported in engineering, management and construction journals. Increasingly, it is evident that the problem areas attached to these projects stretch beyond technical issues: they must be considered as socio-technical endeavours embedded in complex institutional frames. The authors suggest that studying how to deal with institutional differences in the environment of megaprojects has both theoretical and practical implications.     

园林绿化行业属性探讨

园林绿化正逐渐发展为一个独立的产业。通过对风景园林工程设计、工程咨询、工程施工、工程监理等建设环节的分析,发现风景园林在施工和设计领域已经得到了一定程度上的承认,在注册建造师和工程咨询、工程监理领域依然没有从市政公用行业中分离出来。另一方面,国家行政管理部门对于园林绿化行业属性甚至建设工程类型的认识是不明确的,导致了国家和地方在立法上对园林绿化表述不清,在风景园林行政管理过程产生了一定的混乱。建议国家有关部门应该明确以"风景园林工程"为名称,作为与土木工程、建筑工程、安装工程相并行的建设工程的第4种类型,列入相关的法规之中。     

Escalation in major projects: Lessons from the Channel Fixed Link

Why do major projects escalate on schedule and budget? Research from an engineering management perspective has focused the technical failings in project management, but little has been achieved in improving performance. We therefore contribute to theory by posing the question “can a more comprehensive perspective on the escalation phenomenon drawing on organisation theory be developed?” We turn to three contributions to research on major projects which treat project escalation as an organisational process rather than an engineering problem. We suggest each of these contributions – future-perfect strategising, strategic misrepresentation, and escalation of commitment – makes only a partial contribution, but also they can complement each other as elements in a more comprehensive perspective on the escalation phenomenon. The resultant analytic model is applied to the case of the Channel Fixed Link using a hindsight approach to explore the dynamics of escalation using history for generating theory in project management research.     

Competing management approaches in large engineering projects: The Dutch RandstadRail project

The management of large engineering projects is often a combination of the focus on planning and control, and the ambition to be flexible given the complexity and uncertainties that characterises these kinds of projects. However, control and flexibility impose contradictory requirements upon the management of these projects. The literature on project management reflects this contradiction. Some authors underline that projects require firm planning and control, thus downplaying the role of flexibility. Others emphasise that projects require flexibility and responsiveness, thus moving away from rigid planning and control. In this contribution, we suggest that in practice project managers acknowledge the weakness of both extremes and therefore strive to combine the two. Moreover, we argue that project success is at risk when project managers do not succeed in meeting the requirements of control and flexibility. To be able to investigate how these competing requirements are dealt with in practice, a framework is developed. The usefulness of the framework is explored by applying the framework to the large engineering project Randstadrail—a light rail project in The Netherlands.     

应对不确定性的水利工程项目责任成本测算方法

成本控制对提高项目管理水平、扩大项目利润空间具有重要意义。责任成本测算作为工程项目成本控制的有效方法被许多企业认可,但是工程项目的许多不确定性限制了这种方法的应用。以水利工程项目群为基础,从概率论的角度分析了人为、环境等不确定性因素对责任成本测算的影响,并提出应对不确定性的具体措施。针对水利工程项目特点对责任成本测算方法进行研究,提出了“小循环”成本测算方法,将不确定性因素产生的总影响考虑在责任成本测算额之内,为项目成本测算的合理性与准确性提供了思路,并为责任成本测算在水利工程项目中的应用提供了方法。     

后插型钢混凝土支护桩施工技术及其应用

针对地下工程的特点,尤其是环境复杂、空间狭小、深度较大的基坑工程,传统的基坑支护施工工艺和方法往往无法满足需要。为做到护坡工程技术可行、经济合理,研究了长螺旋钻孔压灌混凝土后插型钢支护桩施工技术,并研制了型钢下放送桩器。该施工技术已成功应用于多个深基坑工程,与传统施工技术相比,具有工序简捷、施工速度快、质量容易控制、成本低等优点,解决了空间狭小护坡工程难题,具有较高的推广应用价值。