柠檬酸包覆钛酸锂负极材料的改性研究

采用柠檬酸(C6H8O7·H2O)作碳源制备Li4Ti5O12/C复合材料,利用X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了柠檬酸添加量对材料结构和形貌的影响。研究结果表明:添加不同量的柠檬酸,所制备的样品均为尖晶石型结构。随着柠檬酸添加量的增加,材料颗粒粒径逐渐增大,分布更加均匀,团聚也逐渐加剧。在1.0~2.5V的电压范围内,对样品进行恒流充放电测试,柠檬酸(C6H8O7·H2O)的添加量为6%时,制备的Li4Ti5O12/C复合材料具有最佳的电化学性能,0.2C和1C的放电比容量分别为171.3m Ah/g和165.4m Ah/g。     

以竹叶为碳源制备Li4Ti5O12/C复合材料

以钛酸四丁酯、醋酸锂、柠檬酸和竹炭为原料,采用两步煅烧和溶胶-凝胶法制备了锂离子电池Li4Ti5O12/C负极材料.采用XRD、SEM表征了材料的微观结构和形貌.采用恒流充放电、交流阻抗法和循环伏安法测试了材料的电化学性能.结果显示,Li4Ti5O12/C具有良好的结晶度,颗粒表面光滑,分散均匀,粒径为200～300 nm.10 C倍率下,Li4Ti5O12/C的首次放电比容量为180.4 mA·h/g,循环300圈后为167.5 mA·h/g,容量保持率为92.8％,远高于Li4Ti5O12的46.9％.在20 C大倍率下,Li4Ti5O12/C和Li4Ti5O12的容量保持率分别为68.9％和41.3％.     

锂离子电池正极材料Li2Mn0.95Mg0.05SiO4的合成和电化学性能

以Li2SiO3、Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O和Mg(CH3COO)2·4H2O为原料,采用高温固相反应法成功合成出Li2Mn0.95Mg0.05SiO4锂离子电池正极材料.采用XRD、扫描电镜等技术分析了合成粉末的相组成、结构和微观形貌,利用电池测试仪测试了正极材料的电化学性能.研究结果表明,固相合成的粉末主相为Li2Mn0.95Mg0.05SiO4,同时存在少量的杂质,产物表面形貌、粒度均与未掺杂样品类似,二者均为非球形颗粒,颗粒尺寸约为100～500 nm.电化学测试结果表明,Mg掺杂后,正极材料的可逆容量和循环寿命都得到提高.正极材料电化学性能提高的机理在于Mg掺杂稳定了Li2MnSiO4正极材料的结构.     

碳源对碳热法制备LiFePO4/C复合电极材料性能的影响

以廉价的Fe2O3为铁源,(NH4)H2PO4为磷源,Li2CO3为锂源,分别以乙炔黑、葡萄糖、PEG6000为还原剂和碳源,采用碳热还原法制备了LiFePO4/C复合材料。X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明用三种碳源都合成了橄榄石结构的LiFePO4。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析显示,以PEG6000为碳源合成的LiFePO4/C复合材料粒径较小,较均匀,且有较好的碳包覆。以充放电曲线、循环性能和交流阻抗等测试研究了材料的电化学性能,结果表明,以PEG6000为碳源合成的材料的电化学性能较好,0.1C、1C下首次放点比容量分别为144.7 mAh/g、132 mAh/g。     

不同碳源合成Li2MnSiO4／C正极材料的电化学性能

采用溶胶一凝胶法合成Li2MnSiO4并以葡萄糖、己二酸和蔗糖为碳源合成Li2MnSiO4／C材料,对其进行XRD物相分析和SEM形貌分析。对合成出的Li2MnSiO4及Li2MnSiO4／C电极进行了充放电和电化学阻抗谱（EIS）测试。充放电结果表明碳包覆可以提高Li2MnSiO4放电容量,EIS结果说明,Li2MnSiO4／C能够减少电荷传递电阻,增加锂离子在颗粒内部的扩散速率,从而提高材料的电化学性能。     

LiNO3-TiO2-尿素体系燃烧合成锂离子电池负极材料Li4Ti5O12及电化学性能

以纳米TiO2和LiNO3为原料,尿素为燃料,燃烧法合成了锂离子电池负极材料Li4Ti5O12. 利用XRD、SEM和恒电流充放电、循环伏安和交流阻抗对其进行表征. 结果表明,预设炉温850℃,尿素与锂摩尔比1,焙烧8 h,制备得到平均粒径小于500 nm、粒度分布均匀的纯相尖晶石型结构Li4Ti5O12,并具有良好的电化学性能,具有1.5 V充放电平台,在0.1 C倍率下(1 C=170 mA·h/g),其首次充放电容量达到168 mA·h/g,经过100次循环后放电比容量仍有162 mA·h/g,容量保持率96.4%.     

高库仑效率的锂离子电池负极材料炭包覆锂化钛酸锂

利用纳米TiO2颗粒和Li2CO3为原料,分别在不添加及添加中间相沥青的情况下通过固相反应制备出Li4Ti5O12及炭包覆的锂化钛酸锂Li4+x Ti5O12/C。Li4Ti5O12颗粒尺寸在0.5～3μm之间,而Li4+x Ti5O12/C颗粒尺寸比较均匀,在200～500 nm之间,且颗粒表面包覆了一层厚度约2 nm的炭层。充放电研究表明,Li4Ti5O12的可逆容量较低,而Li4+x Ti5O12/C则具有非常高的可逆容量、循环稳定性及容量保持率。同时,Li4+x Ti5O12/C可提供Li+补偿首次不可逆容量损失,导致首次库仑效率超过100%。Li4+x Ti5O12/C中预储锂量随碳源量的增加而增加,在碳源量5%条件下制得的Li4+x Ti5O12/C的首次脱锂容量超过嵌锂容量24.2 mAh·g-1。Li4+x Ti5O12/C有望消除锂离子全电池的首次不可逆容量损失并提高其容量。     

高库仑效率的锂离子电池负极材料炭包覆锂化钛酸锂

利用纳米TiO2颗粒和Li2CO3为原料,分别在不添加及添加中间相沥青的情况下通过固相反应制备出Li4Ti5O12及炭包覆的锂化钛酸锂Li4+x Ti5O12/C。Li4Ti5O12颗粒尺寸在0.5～3μm之间,而Li4+x Ti5O12/C颗粒尺寸比较均匀,在200～500 nm之间,且颗粒表面包覆了一层厚度约2 nm的炭层。充放电研究表明,Li4Ti5O12的可逆容量较低,而Li4+x Ti5O12/C则具有非常高的可逆容量、循环稳定性及容量保持率。同时,Li4+x Ti5O12/C可提供Li+补偿首次不可逆容量损失,导致首次库仑效率超过100%。Li4+x Ti5O12/C中预储锂量随碳源量的增加而增加,在碳源量5%条件下制得的Li4+x Ti5O12/C的首次脱锂容量超过嵌锂容量24.2 mAh·g-1。Li4+x Ti5O12/C有望消除锂离子全电池的首次不可逆容量损失并提高其容量。     

改进固相法合成LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2正极材料及性能研究

采用同相法制备正极材料LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2,用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)/透射电镜(TEM)分析材料的结构和形貌特征,用LAND电池测试系统测试材料的电化学性能(充放电容量和循环性能等).以LiOH·H2O,H2C2O4·2H2O,Ni(AC)2·4H2O,Co(AC)2·4H2O和Mn(AC)2·4H2O为原料,采用固相法在不同煅烧温度和煅烧时间下制备的层状正极材料LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2具有典型的α-NaFeO2型层状结构特征,晶型结构完整.电化学性能测试结果表明,在850℃下保温15 h合成的正极材料电化学性能最优,在电流密度为120 mA/g、充放电电压在2.75～4.5 V时,经30次循环后放电比容量为163.5 mA·h/g,容量保持率为94%;50次循环后为157.2 mA·h/g,容量保持率为90.8%.     

锂离子电池正极材料Li3V2[(PO4)1-xFx]3/C的合成及性能表征

以LiH2PO4、LiF和V2O5为原料,蔗糖为还原剂,用碳热还原法合成了Li3V2[(PO4)1-xFx]3/C(x=0、0.02、0.05、0.08、0.10和0.15),并用X射线衍射、Fourier变换红外光谱、循环伏安、交流阻抗谱和恒流充放电技术研究了F-掺杂对材料结构和电化学性能的影响.结果表明:F-掺杂Li3V2(PO4)3/C与纯Li3V2(PO4)3/C均为单斜结构,但少量的F-掺杂可提高电极反应可逆程度和电导率,降低电荷传递阻抗;在所得的F-掺杂材料中,Li3V2[(PO4)0.95F0.05]3/C具有较好的电化学性能.在3.0～4.2V (vs.Li/Li+)循环时,电极的0.5C放电容量为124.4 mA·h/g,50次循环后容量保持率为98.5％,15C下的放电容量为84.7mA·h/g,50次循环后容量保持率为97.4％,而Li3V2(PO4)3/C的仅为59.2 mA·h/g和89.0％.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA

Ethanol and α-pinene were tested as attractants for large wood-boring pine beetles in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in 2002–2004. Multiple-funnel traps baited with (−)-α-pinene (released at about 2 g/d at 25–28°C) were attractive to the following Cerambycidae: Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus rusticus nubilus, Asemum striatum, Monochamus titillator, Prionus pocularis, Xylotrechus integer, and X. sagittatus sagittatus. Buprestis lineata (Buprestidae), Alaus myops (Elateridae), and Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Curculionidae) were also attracted to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. In many locations, ethanol synergized attraction of the cerambycids Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus r. nubilus, Monochamus titillator, and Xylotrechus s. sagittatus (but not Asemum striatum, Prionus pocularis, or Xylotrechus integer) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. Similarly, attraction of Alaus myops, Hylobius pales, and Pachylobius picivorus (but not Buprestis lineata) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene was synergized by ethanol. These results provide support for the use of traps baited with ethanol and (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common large wood-boring beetles from the southeastern region of the USA at ports-of-entry in other countries, as well as forested areas in the USA.