管线钢在湿气介质中的H_2S/CO_2腐蚀行为研究

利用高温高压反应釜模拟高含硫气田H2S/CO2共存环境,在流动湿H2S/CO2介质中进行腐蚀实验,辅以SEM,EDS和XRD,探讨了湿气介质中高H2S分压对API-X52和API-X60管线钢H2S/CO2腐蚀行为的影响。两种钢在湿气介质中的腐蚀速率均随H2S分压的升高而增加,X60腐蚀速率略高于X52,随着H2S分压由0.15MPa增至2.0MPa,腐蚀形态由全面腐蚀趋向局部腐蚀,腐蚀过程由H2S控制,腐蚀产物以四方晶系的FeS1-x(Mackinawite)为主。X60钢表面出现氢鼓泡,内部发生氢致开裂。     

20钢在H2S溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂行为研究

采用电化学极化、慢应变拉伸、外加极化电位等方法对20钢在饱和H2S溶液中的应力腐蚀及其预防措施进行了研究.研究结果表明,20钢在饱和H2S水溶液中具有很高的应力腐蚀敏感性;在饱和H2S水溶液中对20钢进行适当的阳极或阴极极化均可降低20钢的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性,但阳极极化效果最为明显;在饱和H2S水溶液中添加咪唑啉缓蚀剂、硫脲-吡啶复配缓蚀剂都能显著降低20钢的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性.     

X70钢在鹰潭酸性土壤中的应力腐蚀行为

在不同的阴极保护电位下,采用慢应变速率拉伸试验（SSRT）和电化学方法研究X70钢在水饱和鹰潭土壤中的应力腐蚀开裂行为,为酸性土壤地区的X70钢管线的腐蚀防护提供基础参考数据。结果表明,X70钢在实验所用的酸性土壤环境中能够发生穿晶应力腐蚀裂纹（TGSCC）;SCC萌生与外加保护电位有关,外加电位较高、X70钢完全受阳极过程控制时的SCC敏感性较低;外加电位较低、X70钢受阴阳极混合电极过程控制或完全受阴极过程控制时均能发生SCC,且其敏感性随外加电位的降低而增加,且完全受阴极过程控制时的SCC敏感性大大高于其它情况。     

耐蚀油套管管材的国内外研究现状

世界油气田中大约1/2含有H2S和CO2气体,针对CO2/H2S腐蚀所采取最安全的防护措施是使用耐蚀油套管材料。本文综述了国内外抗腐蚀油套管管材的研究现状,详细介绍了低碳钢、低合金钢、低碳3-5wt.%Cr钢、13Cr和超级13Cr不锈钢的冶金成分、组织结构及抗CO2/H2S腐蚀,特别是抗硫化物应力腐蚀开裂(SSC)的性能。指出了耐蚀油套管管材在CO2/H2S油气田应用的不足之处及在以后研发过程中有待解决的问题。     

极化电位对超级13Cr钢应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的实验方法,通过应力应变(σ-ε)曲线、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射分析(XRD)等手段分析了不同极化电位下超级13Cr钢在NaCl溶液中的力学性能、腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物和应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数(Iscc),研究了极化电位对其抗SCC性能的影响。结果显示:随极化电位的升高,超级13Cr钢在5%NaCl溶液中的Iscc增大,其抗SCC性能降低;当极化电位低于-150mV时,超级13Cr钢的应力腐蚀程度较轻,抗SCC性能较好;当极化电位高于-90mV时,其应力腐蚀程度严重,抗SCC性能较差。     

富锌涂层、阴极极化对管线钢应力腐蚀开裂敏感性的影响

为加强对油气管线钢腐蚀失效机理的认识,采用动态慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT),研究了弱酸性环境中富锌涂层与阴极保护对16Mn和X80 2种不同强度级别管线钢应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)敏感性的影响,探讨了2种管线钢的SCC机理.结果表明:在5%NaCl 0.5%CH3 COOH 酸性溶液中,16Mn钢的SCC机理以阳极溶解为主,富锌涂层和阴极保护均能有效提高16Mn钢的SCC抗力,前者效果优于后者;X80钢的SCC机理以氢脆为主,富锌涂层和阴极极化均促进其SCC过程,但富锌涂层提高X80钢SCC敏感性的程度低于与涂层自腐蚀电位相近的阴极极化作用.     

低Cr耐蚀管材的国内外研究进展

低Cr耐蚀管材在冶炼过程中加入少量的Cr和微量合金元素,在成本增加很少的情况下具有良好的抗CO2及H2S腐蚀性能.综述了国内外低Cr耐蚀油套管、集输管线材料的研究现状,详细介绍了低Cr钢抗CO2/H2S均匀腐蚀、局部腐蚀和硫化物应力腐蚀开裂(SSC)的性能及影响因素,同时介绍了低Cr钢对缓蚀剂缓蚀效率的影响及使用的经济性,指出了国内研制开发的低Cr耐蚀管材与国外的差距及需要采取的措施,并展望了其在国内油气田的应用前景及发展方向.     

硫化氢介质条件下换热器管束钢的腐蚀行为

采用腐蚀失重及慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)方法,对20钢和08Cr2AlMo钢在饱和H2S水溶液中的腐蚀行为进行了研究.结果表明,08Cr2AlMo钢在饱和H2S水溶液中的耐腐蚀能力优于20钢,但存在比较明显的点蚀倾向;在饱和H2S水溶液中两种钢都具有硫化氢应力腐蚀开裂(SSCC)敏感性,应力腐蚀开裂大多发生在塑性变形区,应力水平要求比较高,20钢的断口属于韧脆混合型断口,08Cr2AlMo钢断口则属于典型的准解理脆性断口.     

X52钢在H2S/CO2饱和5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为研究

通过动电位扫描、交流阻抗、失重法等试验方法和SEM、EDS、XRD等表面分析技术对APIX52钢在35℃的H2S/CO2饱和5%Nacl溶液中的腐蚀行为进行了研究.结果表明,在本试验条件下,APIX52钢以H2S腐蚀为主,随着时间的延长,X52钢的腐蚀速率逐渐减小,最后趋于一稳定值;腐蚀产物膜为双层结构,膜外层较为致密,富含元素Fe和S,膜内层比较疏松,富含元素Fe和O.这种双层结构与腐蚀产物膜的离子选择性有关.     

Cl~-浓度对超级13Cr油管钢应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的实验方法,通过应力应变(σ-ε)曲线、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射分析(XRD)等手段分析了超级13Cr油管钢在NaCl溶液中的抗拉强度、延伸率、断裂时间、应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数(kscc)和断口形貌,研究了Cl-浓度对其应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响。结果显示:当NaCl溶液浓度低于15%时,超级13Cr油管钢应力腐蚀的程度较轻,抗应力腐蚀开裂性能较好;而当NaCl溶液浓度大于25%时,其应力腐蚀的程度严重,抗应力腐蚀开裂性能较差;随溶液Cl-浓度的增大,超级13Cr油管钢的力学性能降低、抗SCC性能降低、应力腐蚀开裂的倾向增大、应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数kσ和kε均呈现增大的趋势,且kε比kσ增大的趋势更明显;Cl-浓度对超级13Cr油管钢塑性的影响比对其抗拉强度的影响更显著。     

Q345R钢焊接热影响区在碳酸钠和硫化氢混合介质中的应力腐蚀行为

以往对Q345R钢焊接热影响区在碳酸盐和硫化氢混合介质中的应力腐蚀开裂行为研究不多。针对石油化工行业的CO2-H2S-H2O典型腐蚀环境中Q345R钢应力腐蚀失效造成的重大事故,通过慢应变速率试验(SSRT)和楔形张开加载(WOL)预裂纹应力腐蚀试验研究了Q345R钢热影响区在Na2CO3和H2S混合环境中的应力腐蚀行为。结果表明:在Na2CO3+H2S复杂介质环境中,Q345R钢热影响部位应力腐蚀敏感性较低,其断口呈现韧性断裂形貌,WOL裂纹扩展速率较低,应力强度因子KI值基本不变,应力腐蚀倾向不明显。     

X100管线钢在含SRB的盐碱土壤溶液中的SCC行为

为证实SRB对X100管线钢在土壤中应力腐蚀行为的影响,采用慢应变速率拉神(SSRT)实验和SEM研究了X100管线钢在含有SRB的海滨模拟盐碱土壤溶液的应力腐蚀开裂行为.结果表明:X100钢母材和焊缝在无菌的海滨模拟盐碱土壤溶液的断裂模式为穿晶+沿晶SCC混合断裂,而在有菌的海滨模拟盐碱土壤溶液的断裂模式为穿晶SCC断裂;且X100钢母材和焊缝在无菌的海滨模拟盐碱土壤溶液中的SCC敏感性高于有菌时的,说明SRB的存在抑制了X100钢的脆变,导致X100钢的SCC敏感性降低.     

Stress corrosion cracking of AISI 321 stainless steel in acidic chloride solution

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of AISI 321 stainless steel in acidic chloride solution was studied by slow strain rate (SSR) technique and fracture mechanics method. The fractured surface was characterized by cleavage fracture. In order to clarify the SCC mechanism, the effects of inhibitor KI on SCC behaviour were also included in this paper. A study showed that the inhibition effects of KI on SCC were mainly attributed to the anodic reaction of the corrosion process. The results of strain distribution in front of the crack tip of the fatigue pre-cracked plate specimens in air, in the blank solution (acidic chloride solution without inhibitor KI) and in the solution added with KI measured by speckle interferometry (SPI) support the unified mechanism of SCC and corrosion fatigue cracking (CFC).     

Failure of aircraft propeller assembly

This paper analyses the causes of the incident of a Cessna trainer whose propeller was separated due to the cracking of the propeller blade hub during the take off roll. Beach marks and fatigue striations, typical of fatigue cracks, were observed on the fracture surface and corrosive oxides were detected in the center of beach marks that are considered to be the crack origin. The stress acting on the fracture surface under a corrosive environment forms corrosive oxides, such as mud cracks. By analyzing the fractography and metallography of the failed parts, it is found that the propeller blade hub nucleated stress corrosion cracking (SCC) as a result of residual stress and corrosive environment and the SCC was the cause of the fatigue crack. Moreover, a fatigue crack reaches its critical length by repeated cyclic stress, which occurs during the rotation of the propeller blade and then, the rest of the fracture occurred instantaneously.     

Failure of a 17-4 PH stainless steel sailboat propeller shaft

In this study, a 17-4 PH precipitation hardening stainless steel propeller shaft failed in use when installed in a sailboat working in a marine environment. Failure analysis was conducted on the propeller shaft. Results indicate that the failure was caused by the fracture of the propeller shaft by torsional fatigue and stress corrosion cracking (SCC). SCC progressed transgranulary in the martensitic matrix.     

1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢输油管道开裂原因分析

通过化学成分分析、宏观检验、金相检验和断口分析等方法对1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢液压油输送管道开裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:不锈钢管开裂为应力腐蚀开裂,裂纹起源于管道外壁并逐渐向内壁扩展;产生开裂的主要原因是工业水中氯、硫和氧等腐蚀性物质不断在钢管外壁沉积,在管道压力和腐蚀介质共同作用下,不锈钢管发生应力腐蚀开裂。     

外压型不锈钢波纹管膨胀节开裂分析

奥氏体不锈钢外压轴向型波纹管膨胀节在使用较短时间后发生了开裂。采用化学成分分析、金相检验和断口分析等方法对开裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:波纹管膨胀节的工作介质过热蒸汽中含有腐蚀性氯离子,在服役环境下受到拉伸应力的作用,导致其发生了应力腐蚀开裂。     

SCC of XT0 and Its Deteriorated Microstructure in Simulated Acid Soil Environment

In order to study the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X70 pipeline steel and its weld joint in acid soil environment of southeast of China, two simulating methods were used here. The one was to obtain the bad microstructures in heat affected zone by annealing at 1300℃ for 10 min and air cooling to room temperature,the other was to get a series of simulating solutions of the acid soil environment. SCC susceptibilities of X70pipeline steels'before and after being normalized in the simulated solutions were studied by slow strain rate test (SSRT) and microstructural observation of fracture areas. Potentiodynamic polarization curves were used to study the electrochemical behaviour of different microstructures. SCC does occur to both the as-received material and normalized microstructure after heat treatment as the polarization potential decreased. Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is indicated occurring to all tested materials at -850 mV (vs SCE) and -1200 mV(vs SCE). The SCC mechanisms are different within varying potential range. Anodic dissolution is the key cause as polarization potential higher than null current potential, and HE will play a more important role as polarization potential lower than the null current potential.     

SCC of X70 and Its Deteriorated Microstructure in Simulated Acid Soil Environment

In order to study the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X70 pipeline steel and its weld joint in acid soil environment of southeast of China, two simulating methods were used here. The one was to obtain the bad microstructures in heat affected zone by annealing at 1300°C for 10 min and air cooling to room temperature, the other was to get a series of simulating solutions of the acid soil environment. SCC susceptibilities of X70 pipeline steels before and after being normalized in the simulated solutions we...     

Assessment of stress corrosion cracking susceptibility by a small punch test

The object of this study is to establish a new test method for evaluating stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of high-strength steel using a small punch (SP) test and acoustic emission (AE). A miniaturized specimen (10 × 10 × 0.5 mm) is adopted for SCC evaluation. The experiments are conducted at various loading rates and at various orientations of the specimen. The cumulative average amplitude of the AE signal per unit equivalent fracture strain ( ε _qf ) increases as the SCC susceptibility increases. Through the load–displacement behaviour, the fracture energy ( E _SP ), the SEM fractographs, and the correlation between the SCC susceptibility and the AE characteristics, it is proved that the small punch test method combined with AE measurements is a useful method to evaluate the SCC susceptibility of high-strength steel.