冰机跑油原因分析及处理措施

由于浮环磨损造成间隙增大,使污油回油量增大,超过污油捕集器的处理能力,造成冰机跑油.通过对冰机低压缸低压侧浮环及其对应的污油捕集器采取相应的措施,保证冰机稳定运行.     

油水井作业中污油污水回收技术的研究

油水井在工作时由于各种各样的原因会产生不同程度的污油污水,如果没能够及时处理好产生的这些污水污油,在今后的工作中会出现各种不同问题。,中国的好多油水井已经用了好多年了,,而且利用油水井工作的时间越长。产生的污油污水也会越来越严重。笔者就油水井污水污油的回收技术来发表一些自己的看法。     

试论油水井作业中污油污水回收技术

进入21世纪以来,在社会经济稳健发展的背景下,我国石油工程事业发展迅速。而对于油水井作业来说,面对复杂的环境,会出现污油污水的情况;为了确保污油污水得到有效处理,便有必要注重回收技术在其中的应用。本课题在分析油水井作业中污油污水处理的重要性的基础上,进一步对油水井作业中污油污水回收技术的具体应用进行分析,希望以此为油水井作业的优化及完善提供一些具有价值的参考建议。     

炼油厂重污油脱水工艺选择与优化设计

通过对多种重污油脱水工艺在原料组成、脱水效果、投资等方面进行比较,认为负压闪蒸工艺处理炼油厂重污油是可行的,工艺流程与油田地面原油稳定工艺类似,但由于两个工艺的原料组成差异较大,部分流程需要优化。通过标定装置运行参数,发现PRO/II流程模拟软件对界面张力计算存在一定偏差,在油包水的乳化液脱水计算中显现的更为明显,在炼油厂重污油闪蒸脱水设计中,减压塔的操作温度应比PRO/II模拟值过热29.5℃较为合适。     

焦化装置加工劣质原料探索与实践

介绍了焦化装置为平衡分公司重油,掺炼塔河油后,原料性质变差、加工难度增大等问题,通过一段时间的摸索,总结出降低循环比、缩短生焦周期、甩油在线回炼、全厂重污油回炼等措施,使装置达到运行以来的最好水平.     

炼厂回炼重污油技术的可行性研究

目前炼厂在装置正常开停工以及紧急工况下会产生大量含水重污油(含硫高且组分复杂),通常采用脱水后并入焦化装置原料线。但因脱水后其成分与渣油差异性较大,易引起加热炉炉管结焦,不利于装置的平稳生产。结合国内对放空塔系统的技术和运行特点,结合本公司生产运营特点,通过流程改造优化放空塔底重沸器为稳定热源,污油回炼量控制<10 t/h,且回炼前采样分析,油中水含量<20%,有效降低含水重污油处理成本。     

延迟焦化装置回炼炼厂重污油技术的应用

延迟焦化装置回炼重污油是解决炼厂重污油难处理的一个较好的途径,通过比较重污油回炼至焦化的四个部位,选择注入焦炭塔顶油气线代替急冷油较为合适。本文阐述了重污油回炼流程和操作步骤,分析了对生产操作、产品收率和质量的影响,指出存在的问题并加以改进。     

用表面活性剂和硫化物去除剂协同处理含硫化亚铁颗粒污油

对表面活性剂和硫化物去除剂协同处理含硫化亚铁颗粒污油的可行性进行了研究。通过将污油混入游离水脱除器进液中,并在游离水脱除器和电脱水器进液中分别投加0·012kg/m3污油破乳剂和0·607kg/m3硫化物去除剂,回收处理了2150m3大庆油田北二联合站内的含硫化亚铁颗粒污油,污油回收处理过程中的药剂费用为61·40元/m3。     

氨气压缩机跑油原因分析及处理

由于氨气压缩机高压缸密封油高位槽的液位调节系统故障，不能正常调节油位致使高位槽液位上升，导致密封油沿着气相管线（即参考气管线）进入浮环油膜密封与轴端密封的前迷宫密封之间，密封油一部分去了污油捕集器，另一部分通过轴端前迷宫密封进入到了缸体内部。通过对氨气压缩机组的特定监护运行，调整优化工况，保证了生产装置的连续运行；借系统停车的机会，更换了高压缸密封油高位槽的液位变送器，机组开车后，运行正常。     

新型油泥处理剂在子北采油厂的应用

选油站沉降罐内囤积有数量不等的污油,具有含水率高、含油量大以及含有其他有害物质等特点,采用加入常规破乳剂无法实现脱油脱水。对子北采油厂选油站的罐底油泥进行了分析,针对油泥特点,进行了化学药剂处理的脱油脱水技术研究。室内实验表明,在最佳的处理条件下,运用所研制的污油处理剂HK12对油田污油具有很好的处理效果。现场应用效果证明,所研制的处理剂和处理技术能够成功高效地处理油田污泥,该方法经济可行,为油田污油后续的无害化及资源化处理做了铺垫。     

A new device for coating single particles under controlled conditions

A new device for coating a single levitated particle in a controllable environment is designed and tested. This enables fluidized bed processing to be simulated experimentally on a single-particle level. The device consists of a coating chamber, which contains a capillary tube for levitating the particle, a micro-dispenser for producing discrete drops of controlled size and velocity and a device for supplying gas with specified temperature and humidity. The coating chamber consists of two parts, a confined space where the particle is levitated and a droplet insertion cone where the coating solution is injected into the particle suspending gas flow. A capillary with a well-defined diameter connects the droplet insertion cone and the area where the particle is levitated. The device is equipped with a piezo-actuated flow-through micro-dispenser that has the ability to produce discrete droplets with high reproducibility in terms of droplet size and velocity. The gas required for the coating process is taken from a gas container where the water content is analysed and kept at a minimum. A liquid flow is then introduced into the gas flow at a well-defined flow rate, mixed and evaporated in a three-way mixing vault. The humidified gas flow is then split into two separate flows; a suspending gas flow and a protecting gas flow for the inside of the coating chamber. The device is equipped with a high-speed video camera for monitoring both droplet production and droplet impact. Temperatures and flow rates throughout the device are measured and logged. Preliminary results show the influence of solvent, gas quality and coating procedure on the quality of the coating.     

Measurement of short-term changes in heart rate and in plasma concentrations of cortisol and catecholamine in a small marsupial

Using a chronically placed jugular catheter and a silver electrode, it was possible to monitor short-term changes in the plasma concentration of cortisol and catecholamine in the marsupial sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) and to monitor both heart and respiration rates. Males judged to be low in the social hierarchy of a particular group were exposed to the whole-body odor of a dominant male from the same social group, a foreign dominant male, or a castrate male. While there was no evidence of a change in any of the physiological parameters when a male was exposed to either a castrate male or a female, a rapid increase occurred in heart rate and plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose and catecholamine when the donor was a dominant male from the same or a different social group.     

Anti- and Prooxidant Properties of Carotenoids

Carotenoids can be effective singlet oxygen quenchers and inhibit free-radical induced lipid peroxidation. A remarkable property of β-carotene ( 1a ) is the change from an antioxidant to a prooxidant depending on oxygen pressure and concentration. In the present study a considerable number of carotenoids ( 1a , 2c , 2d , 2e , 3a , 4a , 5a , 6a , 7a , 8a , 8h , 8i , 8j , 9f , 10a , 11a , 12g ) was investigated using two independent approaches: 1. Comparison of their effects on inhibition of the free-radical oxidation of methyl linoleate, and 2. The direct study of the effect of oxygen partial pressure upon their rates of oxidation. It is shown that some carotenoids ( 7a , 8a ) are even more effective than the well-known compounds β-carotene ( 1a ) and astaxanthin ( 5a ) and are powerful antioxidants without any prooxidative property. Different carotenoids display different behaviour depending on chain length and end groups. The influence of these functional groups on the antioxidative reactivity is discussed.     

STRUCTURE OPTIMIZATION OF A CIRCULATING MOVING BED REACTOR

A stress distribution model for a liquid-solid circulating moving bed reactor that consists of a bottom reaction chamber, a top regeneration chamber, a coupling standpipe, a particle transportation system, and a bottom standpipe is established based on the equations of continuity and momentum balance. Simulations show that the stress concentration regions are at the bottom of the regeneration chamber and the coupling standpipe. To reduce the maximal stress and increase the operation flexibility in a reactor for the 2000-ton-per-year production of linear alkylbenzene, the regeneration chamber should have a low height-to-radius ratio (about 9), a suitable half-conical angle between 28° and 35°, and standpipe radius of about 0.05 m.     

国内外己内酰胺生产现状及市场分析

世界上最大的5家己内酰胺生产商是德国BASF公司,生产能力为55.5万T/a;荷兰DSM公司,生产能力为42.0万t/a;美国Allied-Signal公司,生产能力为32.7万t/a;日本宇部兴产公司,生产能力为26.8万t/a;日本东丽公司,生产能力为17.0万t/a。这5家公司的已内酰胺生产能力合计为174万t/a,约占世界总产量的50％。中国目前有4套己内酰胺生产装置,岳阳巴陵鹰山石化厂,2000年生产能力为7万t/a;南京东方公司,生产能力为6万t/a;石家庄化纤公司,生产能力为5万t/a;浙江巨化公司锦纶厂,生产能力为0.45万t/a,全国合计年生产能力为18.45万t/a。国外己内酰胺的主要消费领域为纤维、工程塑料和食品包装膜;国内已内酰胺的主要消费领域为帘子布、民用丝、工程塑料,所占比例分别为70％、28％、2％。国内己内酰胺需求一直大于国内产量,但由于技术力量薄弱、资金有限及下游产品结构不合理等原因制约了己内酰胺的应用,目前国内的已内酰胺主要应用在中低档产品中,高档产品所需己内酰胺仍要依靠进口。     

A next-generation wide color gamut WLED with improved spectral performance in phosphor composite functional solid

As is well known, a way to obtain a high color resolution and saturation of a liquid crystal display and thereby obtain a higher visual accuracy and comfort in the coming 5G era remains an urgent challenge. In the present study, a new type of phosphor composite material doped with Ln³⁺ ions provides a promising alternative to the color filters used in White light-emitting diodes (WLEDs), achieving a better performance regarding the realization of a wider color gamut. The advantages of this composite material are illustrated through an abundant phase and morphology analysis along with a discussion regarding the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the valence bond of Ce ions, which maintain the luminescence properties of the phosphor while providing a stable and solid amorphous environment. An improved spectral performance was obtained through color filtering at 580 nm along with the regulating effects of red, green, and blue emissions according to the doped Ln³⁺ ions. Notably, we fabricated a high-performance WLED based on a Ln³⁺-doped PiG with a correlated color temperature of 5037 K, color rendering index of 72.8, and high color gamut of 91.97%, providing a new choice for the development of luminescence materials with a high color resolution and saturation.     

Effect of the mechanical failure of catalyst pellets on the pressure drop of a reactor

The effect of the mechanical failure of catalyst pellets on the pressure drop across a laboratory-scale catalyst packing has been examined by experiment. Results reveal that, along with the mechanical failure of the pellets, there exists a point of maximum curvature around which the slope of pressure drop increases rapidly. This rapid increase is attributed to a mutation of the packing structure, occurring as the amount of failed pellets reaches a certain critical value. The secondary breakage of the pellets contributes much to the mutation of the packing and to the pressure drop. It has been observed that a trilobite catalyst is more susceptible to a mechanical stress than a cylindrical catalyst, and that a catalyst with a smaller diameter is much easier to result in an increase in the pressure drop. The measurement of the pressure drop across a laboratory-scale catalyst packing as the failure of pellets under a mechanical stress has a satisfactory reproducibility, and has a close meaning to the mechanical reliability of a fixed bed converter, and hence is recommended as a method for catalyst assessment. The multi-scale and multi-disciplinary nature of catalyst mechanical reliability is also discussed.     

Sedimentation of a cylindrical particle along the axis of a cylindrical tube filled with Carreau fluid

The boundary effect on the movement of a particle in a Carreau fluid is investigated theoretically by considering the sedimentation of a cylindrical particle along the axis of a cylindrical tube. The influences of the key parameters of the system under consideration on the drag coefficient and the associated flow field are discussed. These include the relaxation time constant and the power-law index of a Carreau fluid, the length of a particle, and the diameter of a cylindrical tube. We show that the flow field and the drag coefficient are affected more significantly by the boundary effect, measured by the ratio (particle diameter/tube diameter) than by the size of a particle and the properties of the fluid. In general, the terminal velocity of a particle correlates nonlinearly with the ratio (particle diameter/tube diameter). The problem of a particle in an unbounded fluid can be recovered as a limiting case of the present one.     

Drag on two co-axial rigid spheres moving normal to a plane: Newtonian and Carreau fluids

The boundary effect and the presence of a nearby entity on the drag of a rigid entity is investigated by considering the movement of two identical, rigid, coaxial spheres normal to a plane in both a Newtonian and a Carreau fluid at a low to medium large Reynolds number. The parameters key to the phenomenon under consideration, including the nature of the fluid, the separation distance between two spheres, the distance between the near sphere and the plane, and the Reynolds number, on the drag coefficient are discussed. We show that the influence of a boundary on the drag coefficient is more important than that of the nature of a fluid and that of the separation distance between two spheres. The variation of the drag coefficient as a function of Reynolds number for a Carreau fluid is similar to that for a Newtonian fluid. Due to the shear-thinning nature of the former the drag coefficient in the former is smaller than that in the latter. The influence of the index parameter of a Carreau fluid becomes appreciable only if the Carreau number is sufficiently large. Correlations between the drag coefficient and the key parameters of a system are developed for the case when the Reynolds number is smaller than l.     

注塑机拉杆三角螺纹端卸载槽的多目标优化

针对注塑机拉杆三角螺纹在近卸载槽处发生早期断裂的问题，在用ANSYS软件对近卸载槽处三角螺纹进行有限元分析的基础上，就拉杆三角螺纹端卸载槽的几何特性建立参数优化模型，以控制三角螺纹在近卸载槽附近的最大应力、卸载槽的最大应力以及卸载槽加工量最小化为统一的目标函数。通过对拉杆在单向拉伸力作用下的多目标优化，可使拉杆三角螺纹牙根在卸载槽处的最大应力降低55％，在偏载作用下，其最大应力降低21．4％。在单向拉伸力作用下，拉杆卸载槽的最大应力比平均单向拉伸应力提高26．5％，使卸载槽能够较好地发挥其卸载的作用。