用快速凝固粉末冶金工艺制备的高强度纳米晶Mg-Al-Ca合金

<正>日本大学研究人员通过快速凝固粉末冶金(RSP/M)法制备了高比强、高比模、高温抗拉强度、高应变率超塑性和高耐磨蚀纳米晶镁合金。纳米晶快速凝固粉末冶金(RSP/M)镁合金的密度为1.80 g/cm3,其压缩屈服强度和塑性应变分别为570-930MPa和0.5%-9.2%,这些性能取决于固化温度。500℃下挤压的合金的拉伸屈服强度、塑性延伸率和弹性模量分别为600 MPa,1.0%和50 GPa。比拉伸屈服强度是工业AZ91-T6合金的4倍。该RSP/M镁合金的高温(200℃)屈服强度为360 MPa,在500℃下还显示出高应变率超塑性。这种合金可用于同时要求室温和高温高比强度、高加工性和高耐蚀性的场合。     

12CrNi3钢的粒状贝氏体及性能

12CrNi3钢采用860℃加热,530℃等温热处理2h获得粒状贝氏体.钢的抗拉强度σb=654MPa、屈服强度σs=468MPa、伸长率δ5=25.1%、断面收缩率ψ=76.4%、室温冲击韧度aku = 24.7Jcm-2 .     

加热温度对铝-钢复合材料组织和性能的影响

研究了铝-钢复合材料经不同温度加热后组织和性能的变化。结果表明,在350℃以下温度加热复合界面基本上无变化,而在400℃以上温度加热复合界面上有FeAl金属间化合物生成,且化合物层的厚度逐渐增大;界面结合强度随加热温度升高呈下降趋势;350℃以上温度加热后,侧弯曲角度均达不到90°即发生界面开裂;高温拉脱强度在350℃时已降至爆炸态的10％以下。因此铝-钢复合材料的加热温度不要超过350℃,以防止界面化合物的生成,保证铝-钢复合材料的良好性能。     

固溶-时效处理对7B04合金组织和性能的影响

通过拉伸力学性能、微观组织观察、X射线衍射物相分析及晶格常数精确测量等方法,研究固溶-单级时效处理条件对7B04合金组织和性能的影响。实验结果表明:采用合适的固溶-时效温度和时间,能使合金的力学性能得到明显的改善,经过470℃×60 min+120℃×24 h处理后,合金的拉伸性能分别达到σb=568 MPa,σ0.2=542 MPa,δ=12%;通过XRD衍射物相分析及α(Al)基体晶格常数的精确测量,能更好地表征溶质相的回溶以及时效后第二相的析出程度,指导合金固溶-时效热处理制度的选择。     

Al-Cu-Mg-Ag-Zr合金高温持久后的组织与性能

研究Al-Cu-Mg-Ag-Zr合金在165℃时效组织与性能的变化,并采用欠时效态(165℃×2h)的试样进行200℃及外加应力为200MPa的高温持久试验。结果表明,欠时效态的试样在高温持久下,随时间延长,其剩余强度先上升后下降,强度峰值出现在持久20h。延伸率变化与强度变化基本相似。持久100h后,合金力学性能相对欠时效态无明显下降,显示出优良的热稳定性。     

低活性Fe-Cr-Mn(W,V)奥氏体合金长期时效高温力学性能和相稳定性研究

研究了用于核反应堆中的低活性Fe -Cr-Mn(W ,V)奥氏体合金不同温度长期时效 (10 0 0h)后的高温拉伸性能 (40 0℃ )及相稳定性。结果表明 :Fe -Cr -Mn(W ,V)奥氏体合金经长期时效后 4 0 0℃时的屈服强度 (或σ0 2 ,40 0℃)随时效温度从 35 0℃至 4 5 0℃上升变化不大 ,4 5 0℃至 5 5 0℃从 2 95MPa上升到 4 4 4MPa,5 5 0℃至 6 5 0℃保持在 4 90MPa左右 ;抗拉强度 (σb)在 35 0℃至 4 5 0℃比较平稳 ,4 5 0℃至 5 5 0℃从 6 38MPa上升到 75 9MPa ,5 5 0℃至6 5 0℃保持在 75 0MPa左右 ;合金延伸率 (δ/ % ) 35 0℃至 4 5 0℃比较稳定 ,4 5 0℃至 5 5 0℃下降较快 ,在 5 5 0℃至 6 5 0℃下降比较平缓 ,6 5 0℃时δ值为 19%左右。合金经不同温度 (35 0℃～ 6 5 0℃ )长期时效组织为稳定的奥氏体相及少量碳化物 ,在 4 5 0℃以下长期时效 ,合金中无大量碳化物析出 ,4 5 0℃以上时效时 ,碳化物析出量明显增加 ,6 5 0℃时在晶界集聚 ,导致合金拉伸强度上升而塑性下降     

氢对TA16钛合金性能影响研究

研究氢对TA16钛合金显微组织、氢脆行为和应力腐蚀行为的影响,以及TA16钛合金在8.5 MPa高温碱性水中的吸氢性能。结果表明,氢在TA16钛合金中形成面心立方的δ相氢化物TiHx(x=1~2)。在室温条件下,TA16钛合金氢脆敏感性随着合金中的氢含量的增加而增大;在8.5 MPa高温碱性水中,TA16钛合金的应力腐蚀敏感性随着合金中氢含量的增加而增大,但合金中氢的体积浓度小于350 mL/m3时,合金的应力腐蚀敏感指数小于0.2。在8.5 MPa高温碱性水中,TA16钛合金的吸氢量随着浸泡时间的增加而增大,浸泡13 000 h后,TA16钛合金的吸氢体积浓度小于50 mL/m3,合金表面形成的由TiO、TiO2和Ti2O3组成的致密氧化膜。     

Al-30Si合金的固液混合铸造

研究了Al-30Si合金的固液混合铸造。结果表明,采用该工艺制备的Al-30Si合金组织细小,合金力学性能明显优于传统铸造和半固态加工合金,并且解决了传统铸造Al-30Si合金铸件难以热加工的问题。在本工艺条件下,当粉末添加量与合金熔体质量比为1时,Al-30Si合金中的初晶硅粒径可控制在30μm以下;材料的室温力学性能为:σb=129MPa,σ0.2=112MPa,δ=1.4％。     

金属型铸造盐芯活塞的研制

采用盐芯与Al-Fe双金属技术研制成功了金属型铸造的盐芯活塞。试验表明,这种活塞的冷却油道偏差可控制在±0.5～1％,油道表面粗糙度可达R_a3.2～6.3μm;Al-Fe双金属的结合面积为85％以上,其结合强度超过40MPa;活塞基体合金的性能为:σ_b=272MPa,δ=0.5％,HB=121;250℃保持70h后,δ_b=143MPa,保持250h后HB=37。成品盐芯活塞经1000～1500小时整机考核试验表明,这种活塞可以进行工艺定型。     

Al-2.3Li-3.6Zn-0.1Zr合金显微组织与力学性能

本文研究了Al-2.3L1-3.6Zn-0.1Zr合金的固溶处理、时效析出特征及力学性能。结果表明,合金的时效硬化与δ′相的析出与粗化有关。433K 16h为实验合金的峰值时效制度;过时效时,合金晶界析出平衡相δ及含Zn相(A),晶内含Zn析出相(B)依赖δ′颗粒消失而长大。各时效制度下合金均以穿晶断裂为主,从峰值时效到过时效状态,沿晶开裂的成份增加。时效前的冷变形处理对合金的强度影响不大。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.     

A Study on the Estimation of Aeroheating upon the Warhead Nose at Supersonic Speed

An expression for estimating the aeroheating on a warhead nose at different supersonic speeds is proposed by incorporating CFD （computational fluid dynamics） and the least-square method. Compared with the traditional estimation formula, the expression is more accurate, convenient and can be used in the optimized design of warheads. The error from the result obtained in the test of a ball cartridge flight is less than 3 %. It satisfies the engineering requirements.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.