生物柴油的组成对低温流动性的影响

生物柴油的化学组成是影响其低温流动性的重要因素。通过用气质联用仪和多功能低温试验器分别测定常见的6种生物的组成分布和浊点、倾点、冷滤点等低温流动性指标,用控制变量法研究生物柴油的组成和冷滤点的关系。结果表明,生物柴油中饱和脂肪酸甲酯的含量越高,饱和脂肪酸甲酯的脂肪酸碳链越长,生物柴油的低温流动性越差;不饱和脂肪酸甲酯的含量越高,脂肪酸甲酯的不饱和度越大,生物柴油的低温流动性越好;与饱和脂肪酸甲酯相比,不饱和脂肪酸甲酯对生物柴油低温流动性的影响可以忽略。     

生物柴油的组成对低温流动性的影响

生物柴油的化学组成是影响其低温流动性的重要因素。通过用气质联用仪和多功能低温试验器分别测定常见的6种生物的组成分布和浊点、倾点、冷滤点等低温流动性指标,用控制变量法研究生物柴油的组成和冷滤点的关系。结果表明,生物柴油中饱和脂肪酸甲酯的含量越高,饱和脂肪酸甲酯的脂肪酸碳链越长,生物柴油的低温流动性越差;不饱和脂肪酸甲酯的含量越高,脂肪酸甲酯的不饱和度越大,生物柴油的低温流动性越好;与饱和脂肪酸甲酯相比,不饱和脂肪酸甲酯对生物柴油低温流动性的影响可以忽略。     

柴油低温流动改进剂感受性的影响因素

选择南阳柴油以及T1804、XLT-1808(103#)、PAE等几种柴油低温流动改进剂进行了感受性的实验研究.结果表明:不同的低温流动改进剂对同一种柴油感受性存在差别;存在差别的影响因素主要表现在低温流动改进剂的化学结构方面,如:分子结构、碳数分布、支链长度、极性基团、非极性基团;柴油中正构烷烃含量高使低温流动改进剂感受性变差.     

生物柴油及调和柴油低温流变性能研究

通过脂肪酸甲酯含量、冷滤点、倾点测定,对大豆油甲酯、花生油甲酯、棉籽油甲酯、棕榈油甲酯、棉籽油甲酯与花生油甲酯调和油、棕榈油甲酯与花生油甲酯以及生物油甲酯与石化柴油调和油的低温流动性能进行考察。脂肪酸甲酯冷滤点较高,两种脂肪酸甲酯按一定比例调和能改善其低温流动性。通过研究脂肪酸甲酯和脂肪酸甲酯调和油的粘温和流变性能,发现它们的表观粘度均随温度的降低而升高;在剪切率较高时表现为牛顿型流体,在剪切率较低时表现为剪切稀化的非牛顿型流体。剪切率和温度影响脂肪酸甲酯及其调和油的粘度,剪切率低、温度低时剪切稀化趋势明显。     

柴油低温流动改进剂的研究

介绍了一种新研制的复配型柴油低温流动改进剂,并与公司目前使用的TS型低温流动改进剂进行了比较。结果表明,复配型柴油低温流动改进剂对不同批次、不同组成的柴油具有较好的感受性,当加剂量为400mg/kg,柴油冷滤点的降低值都在10个单位以上,好于目前使用的TS改进剂。同时考察了改进剂对柴油质量的影响,用复配剂由0^#柴油调成的-10^#柴油产品完全符合轻柴油的质量指标。     

生物柴油组分对低温流动性能影响的多元回归分析

为更好地了解生物柴油组分对其低温流动性的影响,探究组分与生物柴油低温流动性的关系,采用碱催化酯交换法制备生物柴油,对生物柴油进行低温流动性检测以及气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析,同时利用多元回归的方法建立组分与低温流动性的关联式。结果表明,生物柴油之间低温流动性具有很大差异,菜籽油生物柴油的冷滤点和凝点温度最低,分别为-13和-10℃,棕榈油生物柴油的冷滤点和凝点温度最高分别为12和16℃,生物柴油的低温流动性主要由其组分的含量以及组分自身性质决定。通过GC-MS分析,生物柴油主要由5种脂肪酸甲酯构成,含量达90%以上;采用多元回归的方法,分析生物柴油组分对低温流动性影响,建立基于生物柴油主要组分(硬脂酸甲酯、棕榈酸甲酯、油酸甲酯、亚油酸甲酯、亚麻酸甲酯)的凝点、冷滤点、运动黏度的预测模型,相关系数均在0.95以上,可以很好地预测生物柴油的低温流动性。     

生物柴油低温流动性能的研究

生物柴油是典型的绿色能源,主要成分是脂肪酸甲酯。生物柴油的低温流动性与饱和脂肪酸甲酯的含量及分布有关,还与脂肪酸酯支链程度有关。综述了改善生物柴油低温流动性的方法,分析了降凝剂对生物柴油的降凝机理以及今后的研究方向。     

GC／MS法测定五种生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯的研究

选用菜籽油、葵花籽油、玉米油、棕桐油、麻疯果油快速甲酯化制得生物柴油,通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定5种生物柴油的脂肪酸甲酯成分及其含量,共分析鉴定了14种脂肪酸甲酯,发现5种生物柴油主要由油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸的甲酯组成,并比较分析了它们的异同点,提出了研究脂肪酸甲酯成分和含量对生物柴油理化性能指标影响的必要性.     

固体碱法制备生物柴油及其性能

用共沉淀法制备了水滑石,焙烧后得到Mg-Al复合氧化物,以此为催化剂进行菜籽油的酯交换反应,正交实验表明该酯交换反应的小试最佳工艺条件为： 反应温度65 ℃、醇油摩尔比6∶1、反应时间为3 h,催化剂加入量为菜籽油质量的2%,脂肪酸甲酯（生物柴油）含量为95.7%.得到的生物柴油低温流动性能好,闪点高达170 ℃,氧化安定性好,主要性能指标符合0#柴油标准,可以和0#柴油以任何比例调和.     

柴油低温流动改进剂复配研究

本实验采用抚顺石油二厂催化裂化柴油为研究对象，合成不同降凝剂以及降凝剂与表面活性剂的复配物，考察其对柴油冷滤点的影响。结果表明：柴油低温流动改进剂的复配物可使柴油冷滤点明显降低，最多可下降9℃。将表面活性剂同降凝剂复配以后，复配物的降滤效果明显提高。实验中还发现一些非离子表面活性剂可降低柴油冷滤点，查看其结构发现这些非离子表面活性剂具有降凝剂的特征结构，可以认为它们是柴油低温流动改进剂。     

Cold flow properties of fuel mixtures containing biodiesel derived from animal fatty waste

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the cold temperature behavior of methyl esters of vegetable and animal origin and of their mixtures with fossil diesel fuel, as well as to investigate the effectiveness of different depressants. Various blends of rapeseed oil methyl esters, linseed oil methyl esters, pork lard methyl esters and fossil diesel fuel were prepared, and both cloud point and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) were analyzed. It was found that mixtures with CFPP values of –5 °C and lower may contain up to 25% of pork lard methyl esters; whereas the ratio of summer fossil diesel fuel and rapeseed oil methyl esters may vary over a wide range, i.e. such mixtures can be used in a diesel engine in the summer. In the transitory periods it is possible to use up to 20% animal and vegetable ester blends (3 : 7) with winter fossil diesel, whereas only up to 5% of esters can be added to the fuel used in winter. In order to improve the cold properties of rapeseed oil, pork lard and linseed oil methyl ester mixtures, various additives were tested. Depressant Viscoplex 10–35 with an optimal dose of 5000 mg/kg was found to be the most effective.     

低温流动性改进剂对低凝柴油性能的影响

通过考察几种低温流动性改进剂的活加量对常一线馏分、常二线馏分、常三线馏分、催化轻柴油等基础调合组分以及成品柴油冷滤点的影响,对以华北油田原油为原料生产低凝柴油的油品调合进行了研究。结果表明Ｄｏｄｉｆｌｏｗ４１３８和ＰＳＭ可做为华北石油管理局第一炼油厂生产柴油时的低温流动性改进剂,并确定了两种适宜的柴油生产方案。     

柴油降凝剂感受性研究

针对镇海炼化公司生产加剂柴油的需要,对柴油加剂感受性进行研究,论述了影响柴油降凝剂的主要因素,如基础油组成,馏分,馏程,蜡含量,添加剂品种等,找出降低柴油冷滤点的规律,同时初步探索了降凝剂的机理.     

Synthesis of biodiesel fuel from safflower oil using various reaction parameters

Biodiesel fuel is gaining more and more importance because of the depletion and uncontrollable prices of fossil fuel resources. The use of vegetable oil and their derivatives as alternatives for diesel fuel is the best answer and as old as Diesel Engine. Chemically biodiesel fuel is the mono alkyl esters of fatty acids derived from renewable feed stocks like vegetable oils and animal fats. Safflower oil contains 75-80% of linoleic acid; the presence of this unsaturated fatty acid is useful in alleviating low temperature properties like pour point, cloud point and cold filter plugging point. In this paper we studied the effect of various parameters such as temperature, molar ratio (oil to alcohol), and concentration of catalyst on synthesis of biodiesel fuel from safflower oil. The better suitable conditions of 1:6 molar ratio (oil to alcohol), 60 degrees C temperature and catalyst concentration of 2% (by wt. of oil) were determined. The finally obtained biodiesel fuel was analyzed for fatty acid composition by GLC and some other properties such as flash point, specific gravity and acid value were also determined. From the results it was clear that the produced biodiesel fuel was with in the recommended standards of biodiesel fuel with 96.8% yield.     

硫酸催化合成α-甲基丙烯酸十六酯及应用研究

文章研究了用硫酸催化合成α-甲基丙烯酸十六酯的合成工艺条件及应用情况。α-甲基丙烯酸与十六醇的摩尔比为1．3：1,对苯二酚0．4％,浓硫酸0．56％,偶氮二异丁腈用量是酯的4．6％;恒温70-80℃,聚合8h。使用1g/L的α-甲基丙烯酸十六酯可使河南濮阳0#柴油冷滤点降低6℃,凝点降低7℃;南阳0#柴油冷滤点降低5℃,凝点降低8℃;濮阳-10#柴油冷滤点降低5℃,凝点降低6℃。     

柠檬酸-新戊二醇-柠檬酸-环烷酸-十八醇爪形大分子的合成、表征与降滤性质

以新戊二醇、柠檬酸为原料,以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,甲苯为溶剂,在120℃油浴中反应,合成了以新戊二醇为核的多羟基多酸爪状物小分子柠檬酸-新戊二醇-柠檬酸(CNC);再利用酯化反应依次与带有功能化基团的环烷酸、十八醇分别在140℃和180℃油浴中接枝,合成了新型的多元酯类爪形大分子柠檬酸-新戊二醇-柠檬酸-环烷酸-十八醇(CNC-NO)。用1HNMR及IR对合成的两种化合物进行了结构表征;结果表明,合成的CNC和CNC-NO与所设计的分子结构吻合。用元素分析确定了CNC的化学组成为C17H24O14。合成的CNC-NO不溶于水,溶于非极性的有机溶剂。将CNC-NO按600μg/g添加到轻柴油中,柴油的冷滤点可降低6℃。     

Production of biodiesel through optimized alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oil

Present work reports an optimized protocol for the production of biodiesel through alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oil. The reaction variables used were methanol/oil molar ratio (3:1-21:1), catalyst concentration (0.25-1.50%), temperature (35-65 °C), mixing intensity (180-600 rpm) and catalyst type. The evaluation of the transesterification process was followed by gas chromatographic analysis of the rapeseed oil fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) at different reaction times. The biodiesel with best yield and quality was produced at methanol/oil molar ratio, 6:1; potassium hydroxide catalyst concentration, 1.0%; mixing intensity, 600 rpm and reaction temperature 65 °C. The yield of the biodiesel produced under optimal condition was 95-96%. It was noted that greater or lower the concentration of KOH or methanol than the optimal values, the reaction either did not fully occur or lead to soap formation.The quality of the biodiesel produced was evaluated by the determinations of important properties such as density, specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, higher heating value, acid value, flash point, pour point, cloud point, combustion point, cold filter plugging point, cetane index, ash content, sulphur content, water content, copper strip corrosion value, distillation temperature and fatty acid composition. The produced biodiesel was found to exhibit fuel properties within the limits prescribed by the latest American Standards for Testing Material (ASTM) and European EN standards.     

生物柴油低温流动改进剂的制备及其降滤效果评价

为降低大豆油生物柴油的冷滤点,合成了马来酸酐-丙烯酰胺-苯乙烯醇解衍生物（AAS）以及助剂环己醇脂肪酸酯（CF）,并对其进行红外表征。通过正交实验,优化了三元共聚物（AAS）的工艺条件,同时考察了自制AAS分别与助剂CF以及德国蜡晶分散剂的复配效果。实验结果表明,合成AAS的最佳工艺条件为：单体配比2：1.5：0.75,引发剂（BPO）用量1.5%,催化剂加量1.0%,共聚温度75℃,共聚时间5 h,醇解时间3 h,酐醇比7：12。当AAS添加量为0.3%时,可使大豆油生物柴油冷滤点降低4℃。与助剂CF以1：1质量配比复配可使大豆油生物柴油冷滤点降低6℃,并可使菜籽油生物柴油降低5℃。