并流下行循环流化床反应器中的气固传质特性

采用稳态吸附方法，测定了示踪剂在下行式流化床反应器中的轴向浓度分布，并与理论分布进行拟合，利用Ｍａｒｑｕａｒｄｔ法，求取了不同操作条件下的轴向扩散系数与气固传质系数，藉以揭示并流下行循环流化床反应器中的气固传质特性．基于实验结果，通过因次分析与线性回归，得到了轴向扩散系数Ｅａ及传质系数ＫＦａ与操作条件的经验关联式：Ｐｅ１≡（Ｌｕｆ）／Ｅａ＝０．２２６Ｒｅ０．４９９ＰΘ－０．３０２Ｐｅ２≡ｕｆ／（ＫＦａ．Ｌ）＝０．０００１８５Ｒｅ０．６１８ｐΘ－０．９８３Θ≡Ｇｓ／（ｕｆρｐ）＝ｕｓ（１－ε）／（ｕｇε）关联式与实验数据拟合较好．     

下行床气固传质及反应特性的实验研究

以臭氧催化分解为模型反应,对气固并流下行循环流化床反应器中气固传质与反应特性进行了研究. 制备了臭氧分解催化剂,并以它为循环物料在内径0.09 m、高度8.2 m的下行床中测定了颗粒浓度分布和臭氧浓度分布. 实验结果表明,臭氧在加速段分解率在45%左右,约占总分解率的90%,其随颗粒循环量(Gs)的增加略有上升. 当Gs从2.77 kg/(m2×s)增加到6.58 kg/(m2×s)时,全床分解率从50%上升至55%. 建立了平推流的传质模型,给出了有效传质系数和操作参数的关联式.     

气液固三相提升管中液相扩散特性

对气液固三相提升管内液相扩散行为进行了实验研究,考察了气速、液速以及颗粒循环量等操作因素对液相扩散系数的影响规律.实验研究结果表明,轴向、径向扩散系数随气速的增大均增大;轴向扩散系数随液速的变化基本保持不变,径向扩散系数随液速的增大而减小;轴向、径向扩散系数随颗粒循环量的增大均增大.与传统的气液固三相流化床相比,气液固三相提升管反应器更接近理想的平推流反应器.     

三相循环流化床中的气液相界面积和传质系数

采用溶氧法测量了三相循环流化床中液相溶氧浓度的轴向分布,并按轴向扩散模型处理实验数据,优化得到气液体积传质系数kLa,同时用光纤探头测量了体系中的气含率和气泡大小分布,计算得到了气液相界面积a和气液传质系数kL,并研究了主要操作条件(表观气速、表观液速和固含率)对气液传质系数的影响规律.     

气固并流下行床气体扩散行为的研究

采用氢气稳态示踪方法在内径140mm的气固并流下行循环流化床中对气体扩散行为进行了实验研究.实验结果表明:下行床中气体扩散行为可用二维拟均相模型进行描述,其气体的径向扩散系数与气速、固体循环量及颗粒密度的关系可用下列准数关联式表示Pe_r=4.35×10_(-3)Re~(0.95)ε~(-73.4) 1>ε>0.99而下行床中气体轴向扩散系数要比提升管中小1个数量级以上.     

流化床-提升管耦合反应器内固含率的轴向分布及流动发展

在耦合流化床反应器大型冷模实验装置上,考察了不同表观气速下FCC颗粒在耦合流化床内截面平均密度的轴向分布. 结果表明,反应器轴向固含率可分为底部流化床区域和上部提升管区域. 前者的密相区平均固含率随表观气速增大而减小;后者的平均固含率随表观气速Ug增大而增大,Ug<0.58 m/s时固含率分布均匀,Ug=0.70~1.04 m/s时提升管出口出现约束返混区(>8.62 m),Ug>1.16 m/s时提升管底部出现密度重整区(3.82~4.57 m)、加速平稳区(4.57~8.62 m)和出口返混区(>8.62 m). 确定了耦合反应器内提升管区域截面平均固含率的影响参数,并利用实验数据回归了平均固含率的轴向分布经验模型,计算值与实验值吻合较好.     

非均匀气固两相系统中多尺度传质模型

建立了适用于气固循环流化床的多尺度传质模型 .从过程与尺度的角度出发 ,将非均匀气固两相流中的传质过程分解为静态与动态的过程 ,并将前者分解为稀相内、密相内以及稀密相间 3个尺度下的传质 ;在用多尺度能量最小 (EMMS)模型求解已知物系性质和操作条件的非均匀气固两相流体动力学参数的基础上 ,借助于前人的研究结果 ,利用相对滑移速度、空隙率等参数求解传质系数 ,求得轴向的浓度场分布 ,并讨论非均匀两相流动结构对传质效率的影响     

快速流化床中颗粒浓度及颗粒速度的径向分布

本文在φ140mm的气固并流下行快速流化床中,研究了颗粒浓度及颗粒速度的径向分布随操作气速、颗粒循环速率以及床层轴向位置的变化规律。并探讨了颗粒质量通量的径向分布及颗粒流动的均匀性,表明在相同操作条件下,下行快速流化床中气固流动远比上行快速流化床均匀。     

气固超短接触反应系统中颗粒轴向及径向混合行为研究

气固超短接触反应系统中颗粒轴向及径向混合行为研究魏飞，陈卫，金涌，俞芷青（清华大学化工系，北京１０００８４）关键词：气固超短接触反应器，磷光示踪，颗粒混合１前言气－固并流下行循环流化床反应器是一种新型气固超短接触反应器￣［１］，与传统的提升管反应器相...     

气固下行流化床反应器 Ⅲ气、固混合

与气固并流上行提升管反应器相比，气固并流下行管反应器的轴向气固返混明显降低，而径向气固混和仍然相当大，因而有利于提高气固快速反应的转化率及选择性。本文在分析下行流化床反应器内气、固混合机理的基础上，比较了有关气、固混合的研究方法及结果，并比较了提升管和下行管的不同混合现象，旨在促进对这一课题更加深入系统地研究，以适应循环床下行管反应器设计、放大和模型化的迫切要求。     

Gas mixing in the cocurrent downflow circulating fluidised bed

An experimental study on the gas dispersion behaviour of a cocurrent downflow gas-solids suspension in a 140 mm i.d. circulating fluidised bed (CDCFB) using the steady-state tracer method is presented. The influence of gas velocity, solids circulating rate and particle density on radial gas dispersion has been examined. Gas dispersion can well be described by an eddy diffusion mechanism and a proposed two dimensional dispersed plug-flow model can fit the experimental data very well. Correlations of the radial diffusion coefficient were obtained. It is found that the axial diffusion coefficient obtained in the CDCFB is much lower than that in conventional circulating fluidised beds.     

建材VOC散发过程模拟与传质参数测定新方法

建材中挥发性有机化合物(VOC)的散发是一个复杂传质过程。为准确把握传质特性,首先建立了一套描述干建材散发行为的显性完全解析模型,适用于模拟对人体最不利的无换气情况;代入有关文献中的传质参数预测了环境舱浓度,与文献中对应的实验数据及数值算法预测值吻合良好。然后基于对模型的分析提出一套简便快捷的实验方法,能够利用不同VOC背景值下干建材在密闭舱中散发的平衡浓度或逐时浓度,求取预测散发过程的4个重要的传质参数:可散发浓度C₀、扩散系数D、分配系数K和对流传质系数h_m;实验部分测算了两类密度板中甲醛散发的C₀、D、K、h_m,代入数值算法预测了密闭舱和直流舱的环境舱浓度,与实验数据吻合良好。该套模型和测定方法能够应用于建材散发的模拟研究。     

Axial Mixing and Mass Transfer Performance of an Annular Pulsed Disc-and-Doughnut Column

The annular pulsed disc-and-doughnut column (APDDC) is an important type of extraction equipment in the PUREX process, which has been used in several commercial reprocessing plants. As there are few mass transfer experimental results reported in the literature, the axial mixing and mass transfer performance of an APDDC was studied for both extraction and stripping processes in the present work. Two parameters in the axial dispersion model (ADM), namely, the axial dispersion coefficient of the continuous phase and the number of mass transfer units, were regressed by correlating ADM with experimental concentration profiles. The influence of flow rate and pulsation intensity on these parameters was also investigated. Models developed for the PDDC were tested for correlation with APDDC experimental data and suitable models and conditions were determined. The height of a mass transfer unit was also calculated, which highlights the impact of axial mixing on mass transfer performance. Moreover, the influence of internal wettability on mass transfer performance was discussed.     

Influence of Pressure on the Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer Parameters of an Agitated Bubble Reactor

The present study deals with the pressure effects on the hydrodynamic flow and mass transfer within an agitated bubble reactor operated at pressures between 10⁵ and 100 × 10⁵ Pa. In order to clarify the flow behavior within the reactor, liquid phase residence time distributions (RTD) for different operating pressures and gas velocities ranging between 0.005 m/s and 0.03 m/s are determined experimentally by the tracer method for which a KCl solution is used as a tracer. The result of the analysis of the liquid‐phase RTD curves justifies the tank‐in‐series model flow for the operating pressure range. Good agreement is obtained between theoretical and experimental results assuming the reactor is operating as perfectly mixed. Two parameters characterizing the mass transfer are identified and investigated in respect to pressure: the gas‐liquid interfacial area and volumetric liquid‐side mass transfer coefficient. The chemical absorption method is used. For a given gas mass flow rate, the interfacial area as well as the volumetric liquid mass transfer coefficient decrease with increasing operating pressure. However, for a given pressure, a and k_La increase with increasing gas mass flow rates. The mass transfer coefficient k_L is independent of pressure.     

Modelling churn-turbulent bubble columns—I. Liquid-phase mixing

A new two-region phenomenological model for liquid-phase mixing in churn-turbulent bubble columns has been proposed. A gas-rich region rises rapidly through the column transporting liquid to various points in the system while a relatively stagnant, gas-lean region is vigorously agitated by the passage of the gas-rich region. Estimation of most of the model parameters by physical reasoning reduces the proposed model to a one-parameter model. This unknown parameter, which describes liquid exchange between the gas-rich and gas-lean regions, can be obtained by matching the model predictions to the experimentally measured tracer response. The comparison of the proposed model's tracer response and that of the axial dispersion model also allows this exchange parameter to be calculated from the available axial dispersion coefficient correlations. The proposed model is computationally much superior to the axial dispersion model.     

活性炭纤维填充床内多组分竞争吸附

建立了活性炭纤维填充床内多组分竞争吸附传质动力学模型 ,采用正交配置方法求解数学模型以预测突破曲线 ,从理论上探讨了竞争吸附平衡及吸附质在填充床内的轴向弥散、纤维内扩散和纤维外对流传质等因素对强、弱吸附组分突破曲线的影响。在间歇和填充床吸附器内进行了脱除水溶液中酚类化合物的实验 ,测定了活性炭纤维吸附水溶液中苯酚和氯代苯酚的吸附等温线 (间歇吸附 )以及苯酚和氯代苯酚在活性炭纤维填充床内竞争吸附时的突破曲线 ,并与模型计算值进行了比较。结果表明 ,吸附质在活性炭纤维内扩散和纤维外对流传质阻力不是填充床内吸附过程的控制步骤 ,而轴向弥散影响显著 ,不可忽略     

Extraction of Uranium Nitrate with 30% (v/v) Tributyl Phosphate in Kerosene in a Pilot Annular Pulsed Disc-and-Doughnut Column—Part II: Axial Mixing and Mass Transfer Performance

Mass transfer experiments were carried out in an annular pulsed disc-and-doughnut column (APDDC) using 30% (v/v) TBP-kerosene + uranium nitrate + nitric acid + water system (uranium nitrate system) for both extraction and stripping processes. Parameters in the axial dispersion model (ADM) and plug-flow model (PFM), namely, the axial dispersion coefficient of the continuous phase and the number of mass transfer units, were regressed by correlating the respective model with the experimental concentration profile. The mass transfer coef?cient is calculated, and new correlations are developed to predict the axial mixing coefficient of the continuous phase and the volumetric mass transfer coefficient. The height of a transfer unit is also calculated. The influence of axial mixing on mass transfer performance for the uranium nitrate system is discussed.     

LIQUID PHASE TRANSPORT PROPERTIES IN A HIGH PRESSURE PACKED COLUMN

A mathematical model of fluid flow and mass transfer in a packed bed was derived and used to evaluate the liquid phase axial dispersion and mass transfer coefficients under high pressure conditions. The least-squares method was used to evaluate the rate parameters from experimental breakthrough curves, and the agreement between the concentration curves predicted from rate parameters and those measured experimentally was good. Experiments were performed at 20 and 200°C with water as a solvent and nonporous soda-lime glass beads as packing. Although the axial dispersion coefficient was independent of temperature and pressure, the mass transport parameters were found to be pressure dependent.     

Calculation of flow fields in two and three-phase bubble columns considering mass transfer

The dimension of bubble column reactors is often based on empirical correlations. Very popular is the axial dispersion model. However, the applicability of these models is limited to the experimental conditions for which the dispersion coefficients are measured, because backmixing depends strongly on the columns dimension and the flow regime. This paper presents a numerical method for the calculation of the three-dimensional flow fields in bubble columns based on a multi-fluid model. Therefore, the local bubble size distribution is considered by a transport equation for the mean bubble volume, which is obtained from the population balance equation. For comparison with experimental results, the axial dispersion coefficients in the liquid and gas phase are calculated from the instationary, three-dimensional concentration fields of a tracer. The model is then extended to include mass transfer between the gas and liquid phase. Increasing mass transfer rates significantly influence the flow pattern. For several applications, a dispersed solid phase is added. For the calculation of three-phase gas-liquid-solid flow, the solid phase is considered numerically by an additional Eulerian phase.