基于木薯微酸发酵酒精的复合酶制剂的研究

木薯是发酵乙醇的主要原料之一,传统木薯酒精发酵过程中需要添加硫酸来抑制杂菌生长,过多添加硫酸容易腐蚀设备和污染环境,本研究以木薯为主要原料,通过添加酶制剂和乳酸链球菌素等抑制杂菌,木薯经粉碎后首先添加α-淀粉酶、糖化酶进行液化和糖化,然后添加果胶酶、纤维素酶和乳酸链球菌素进行发酵。通过单因素试验和正交试验,优化发酵复合酶制剂添加量,当果胶酶添加量为140 U/g,纤维素酶添加量为8 U/g,乳酸链球菌素添加量为0.5%时,木薯发酵酒精的酒精度为16.2%,明显高于不添加或添加单种酶制剂的酒精度,复合酶制剂可以有效提高木薯发酵酒精浓度。     

不同酵母木薯乙醇发酵的生产研究

酿酒酵母是重要的工业微生物之一,具有发酵速度快、乙醇产量高特性,主要应用于乙醇和酿酒行业。以木薯为原料,在相同工艺条件下,采用摇瓶发酵法,对4种不同厂家的酵母进行乙醇发酵效果的初步研究,探讨了不同酵母的乙醇发酵效果,从而选出适合木薯乙醇大生产的酵母产品提供参考。     

酶制剂废液促进木薯酒精生产的发酵工艺

为实现木薯酒精发酵中原材料利用的降本增效,该研究将木薯作为原料进行酒精发酵条件实验,确定液化温度为95.0℃时,液化时间为70.0 min;糖化温度为60.0℃时,糖化时间为40.0 min;在上述条件下木薯淀粉最高产酒率为54.01%,淀粉的利用率达89.25%。在此基础上,研究了酶制剂废液(包括糖化酶废液、淀粉酶废液)应用于木薯酒精生产。结果表明,添加糖化酶废液后,每吨酒精可以节省淀粉酶1320 mL,糖化酶316.8 mL,同时可免去尿素、硫酸镁等营养盐的添加,出酒率提高至54.64%。因此,采用酶制剂废液可大大减少木薯酒精生产中新鲜糖化酶和淀粉酶的用量,降低了营养盐的添加,同时原料出酒率也得到了有效提高。本研究不仅为酶制剂工业生产中酶制剂废弃资源的有效利用提供了新途径,也为木薯酒精发酵工业发展提供了新的理论支持。     

玉米和木薯共发酵生产乙醇的效果研究

对以玉米和木薯为原料,在相同的工艺条件下,采用摇瓶发酵法,对玉米和木薯共发酵乙醇效果进行初步研究,探讨了添加不同比例木薯的乙醇发酵效果,从而选出适合添加木薯后玉米乙醇大生产的工艺条件提供参考。结果表明,添加10%～20%的木薯,在不改变玉米乙醇生产工艺的条件下,对生产影响不大。     

木薯渣分批补料酶水解及酒精发酵的研究

木薯渣是木薯淀粉加工后的废弃物,碳水化合物含量高。实验利用复合酶对木薯渣中淀粉和纤维素等碳水化合物非热水解进行了探索,结果表明:木薯渣具有较好的酶解性能;随着底物浓度的增大,酶解液糖浓度也不断提高,酶解得率逐渐降低;与间歇糖化工艺相比,16%底物在相同的水解条件和相同的酶添加量的条件下,采用4%的起始底物浓度,每隔12 h进行补料,葡萄糖得率从53.6%提高到72.4%;以不添加任何营养物质的水解液为原料进行酒精发酵,24h乙醇浓度达到24.9 g/L,乙醇得率达到42%,发酵效率为82%,乙醇产率达到1.04 g/(L.h),葡萄糖利用率达到97%。     

木薯发酵乙醇工艺的研究进展

木薯是一种重要的全球性作物,其块根富含大量的淀粉。在我国南部,木薯作为非粮作物有着重要的经济价值。简述了国内外木薯发酵乙醇工艺的研究进展,提出了木薯发酵工艺的发展对策。     

一种酒精复合酶在燃料乙醇发酵中的应用效果

考察了酒精复合酶KDN401在木薯粉、玉米粉和混合原料(70%小麦面浆加30%玉米)3种底物中的降残糖效果,并运用Mood中位数检验对发酵结果进行统计分析,结果表明,木薯原料乙醇发酵过程中添加酒精复合酶KDN401,对降低残糖、提高酒精度效果不显著(P0.05),而玉米粉和混合原料乙醇发酵过程中,添加酒精复合酶KDN401,其降糖和提高酒精度均显著(P0.05)。对于柔性燃料乙醇企业来说,灵活选择添加酒精复合酶,能够提高发酵质量,降低成本,从而提高企业效益。     

不同酿酒酵母在酒精浓醪发酵中的筛选应用

比较不同酿酒酵母利用以木薯为原料，在相同的工艺条件下，采用摇瓶发酵对比法，对6种酵母菌进行发酵效果的对比分析，从而筛选出适合木薯乙醇生产线的酵母菌株提供参考。     

沙枣生料发酵工艺生产乙醇的研究

以沙枣为原料,通过对比不同粉水比、抑菌方法、生料与熟料发酵、添加酶制剂与否等条件,探索沙枣生料发酵生产乙醇的影响因素。实验表明,在做好抑菌措施的情况下,沙枣适合采用生料发酵工艺发酵生产乙醇,是实现乙醇生产原料多元化的一种有效途径。     

新鲜木薯直接转化生产乙醇

介绍了利用新鲜木薯生产乙醇的新工艺:用真菌α淀粉酶和降粘酶预处理新鲜木薯醪液,后加入颗粒淀粉水解酶STARGENTM进行酵母酒精发酵.该工艺可直接利用新鲜木薯进行酒精发酵;相比传统高温工艺,该发酵新工艺过程中新鲜木薯醪液粘度显著降低,有更多可发酵性糖被利用,并且最终发酵效率显著提高.     

复合酶技术在白酒发酵中的应用与展望

白酒的发酵是多种微生物的多菌多酶体系作用过程，曲的低酶活、纯酶的单一催化个性影响着白酒发酵技术进展，适应酿造环境的菌株选育、酶的合成，酶的复配是继承传统制曲、提高发酵技术的核心和关键。复合酶制剂的应用是白酒发酵技术发展的主要方向。     

Changes in activities of cell wall degrading enzymes during fermentation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with citrobacter freundii

The cell wall degrading enzymes polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15),pectinase (EC 3.1.1.11), cellulose (EC 3.2.1.4) and xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), as well as α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1), were monitored during fermentation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with Citrobacter freundii. All the enzymes were detected in cassava at the start. During fermentation, initial decreases in polygalacturonase, cellulase and xylanase were followed by increases which peaked as the tissue softened. There were significant (P<0.05) increases in pectinase, xylanase, cellulase, polygalacturonase and phosphorylase in inoculated cassava and the fermentation medium relative to controls (uninoculated cassava and medium) during the softening period. The control cassava did not ferment, indicating that the textural changes in inoculated cassava were due to enzymes secreted by C freundii. Studies on the effect of enzyme inhibition on fermentation showed that the pectic enzymes and cellulase were of primary importance and that inhibition of α-amylase and phosphorylase had no effect on the process.     

微波预处理木薯发酵酒精的研究

利用微波预处理木薯代替传统酒精发酵生产中的蒸煮液化工艺,并对微波预处理后的木薯进行无蒸煮发酵工艺的研究。通过正交试验,得出微波处理后的木薯最佳发酵条件为：料水质量比1:2.8,糖化酶添加量180U/g,活性干酵母添加量为原料质量的0.3%,氮源用量为原料质量的0.3%,30℃发酵72h,发酵醪液的酒精体积分数达到12.7%。通过与传统蒸煮液化工艺进行能耗对比,至少节省30.8% 的能耗。     

木薯酒发酵过程中的有机酸变化及对其品质的影响分析

以新鲜甜木薯为原料,跟踪监测木薯酒发酵过程中的理化指标,并采用高效液相色谱法分析木薯酒发酵期间的有机酸组成及动态变化情况,进一步分析酒发酵过程中的酸味强度。结果表明,发酵过程中,木薯酒中的还原糖含量先快速上升至最高点最后趋于平稳（54.67 mg/mL）;酒精度先上升后平稳（7.11%vol）;总酸含量先缓慢减少至2.21 mg/mL,再缓慢增加,后快速增加,与pH值变化趋势相反。酒石酸、乳酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸是木薯酒发酵中重要有机酸,分别占木薯酒总有机酸含量的2.66%～12.31%,41.50%～63.53%,18.21%～23.82%,1.22%～27.77%,3.17%～15.89%,其他有机酸是酒中的辅助酸味特征成分。乳酸和乙酸是木薯酒的主体酸,其味道强度值（TAV）占总TAV值的65.82%～95.84%,发酵84 h的木薯酒有最高的味道强度值,其可达到223.87。     

Use of Lactobacillus strains to start cassava fermentations for Gari production

Two Lactobacillus strains, Lactobacillus plantarum BFE 6710 and Lactobacillus fermentum BFE 6620, were used to start cassava fermentations in a pilot study under field production conditions in Kenya, to determine their potential to establish themselves as predominant lactobacilli during the fermentation. Predominant strains from three fermentations were isolated throughout the 48 h fermentation period. The use of these strains in high numbers clearly resulted in 1 to 2 log higher lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts over the course of the fermentation when compared to the uninoculated control. 178 predominant LAB isolates were grouped based on their phenotypic characteristics, and were characterised to strain level by RAPD-PCR, followed by PFGE strain typing. Overall, L. plantarum strains represented the majority of the isolates, followed by Weissella confusa and Lactococcus garvieae strains. The results of RAPD-PCR and PFGE strain typing techniques indicated that L. plantarum BFE 6710 was successful in asserting itself as a predominant strain. In contrast, L. fermentum BFE 6620 failed to establish itself as a predominant organism in the fermentation. The success of the L. plantarum strains to predominate in the cassava fermentation demonstrates the potential for development of Lactobacillus starter cultures to industrialise the Gari production process.     

The use of a starter culture in the fermentation of cassava for the production of "kivunde", a traditional Tanzanian food product

Three cassava fermentation methods (spontaneous fermentation, back-slopping and the use of starter culture) for the production of kivunde, executed in three trials at 30 degrees C, were compared in terms of cyanide level reduction, microbiology and product quality improvement. Among the isolates from spontaneously fermented cassava batches, four strains were selected on the basis of their enzymatic activities and acid production. All were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum and were used as starters in this study. Lowest residual cyanide levels were detected after 120 h fermentation time in samples fermented with the starter culture and were below the maximum value of 10 mg/kg recommended by the Codex/FAO for cassava flour. This finding seems to be related to the alpha-glucosidase activity of the inoculated strains of which API-zyme (Bio-Merieux) tests showed activities of between 20 and > or = 40 nmol/4 h. The total residual cyanide levels of the spontaneous and back-slopping fermentations at 96 h were respectively 43.5 and 47.7 mg/kg dry weight of cassava. Extension of the fermentation period to 5 days, lead to further substantial reduction in the residual cyanide level in both these processes, but not below the recommended maximum value as in the case of starter culture fermented products. The spontaneous and back-slopping fermented cassava showed signs of deterioration after 3 days of fermentation. There was a sharp drop of pH and an increase of titratable acidity for all three batches during the first 48 h followed by a slow rise of pH and drop in titratable acidity towards the end of fermentation. The samples fermented with the starter culture had a smooth texture and pleasant fruity aroma, as opposed to the course and dull appearance and more complex flavour of the samples of spontaneous and back-slopping batches. During fermentation with starter culture, Enterobacteriaceae and yeasts and moulds could not be isolated throughout the period of fermentation (detection limit: 10 colony forming units/g). The present findings indicate the suitability of these Lb. plantarum strains as starter cultures for cassava fermentation in the kivunde process. The paper highlights the potential for the improvement of a traditional African fermented food (kivunde) through the use of a starter culture.     

木薯半连续同步糖化发酵乙醇

研究了用木薯为原料,半连续同步糖化发酵生产乙醇的工艺。工艺条件为:原料粉碎粒度:Φ1.5mm,料水比:1∶2.3,α-淀粉酶、糖化酶的添加量分别为9U/g木薯粉,120U/g木薯粉,95℃下蒸煮90min～110min,60℃下前糖化35min～40min。前期发酵温度28℃,中后期发酵温度32℃,总发酵时间69h。在此条件下酒精度达到13.5%vol,半连续发酵17d,为进一步研究以木薯为原料生产乙醇工业化提供了依据。     

木薯水解液为原料静置发酵制备细菌纤维素的研究

以木薯水解液作为发酵培养基基质,通过木葡萄糖酸醋杆菌(Komagataeibacter xylinus)发酵制备细菌纤维素(BC),利用单因素实验研究了温度、装液量、初始pH、木薯水解液添加量、接种量等对细菌纤维素产量的影响,并对发酵过程中的细菌纤维素产量、还原糖消耗量、pH、细菌纤维素含水率与复水率等指标进行了检测,采用元素分析、红外光谱分析、热重分析、扫描电镜、X射线晶体衍射(XRD)等对发酵得到的细菌纤维素进行表征。结果表明,木薯水解液发酵生产细菌纤维素的最优条件为:温度30℃、装液量75 mL、初始pH6.0、木薯水解液添加量3%、接种量6%;在细菌纤维素发酵过程中,pH从5.51下降到2.66,还原糖含量从32.1 g/L降到10.2 g/L,发酵9 d可得到5.75 g/L的细菌纤维素;所得细菌纤维素的含水率为96%~98%,复水率为50%~58%;元素分析结果表明细菌纤维素主要由C、H、O三种元素构成,符合纤维素中各元素含量;红外光谱揭示了细菌纤维素的特征吸收峰;热重分析表明细菌纤维素在290℃处具有最大失重,失重率达32.33%;扫描电镜观察到细菌纤维素的直径在100~500 nm之间;XRD分析得到细菌纤维素的结晶度为93.4%。因此木薯水解液是可以替代葡萄糖作为发酵生产细菌纤维素的碳源。     

Evaluation of the quality characteristics of flour and pasta from fermented cassava roots

The study investigated the effect of fermentation of cassava roots on the quality characteristics of flour and pasta. Cassava roots were fermented under natural condition for a period of 12, 36 and 60 h. Physicochemical properties, microbial analysis, pasting properties, in vitro digestibility, X-ray diffraction analysis of cassava flour, cooking properties, texture profile analysis (TPA) and sensory properties of the pasta were examined. The moisture content, carbohydrate, water absorption capacity, swelling and solubility index of fermented flour increased with an increase in fermentation period. Also, as fermentation progressed, increase in pasting viscosities of cassava flour was observed. The resistant starch (RS) content of cassava flour decreased with increasing period of fermentation. The duration of fermentation process significantly affected textural properties and cooking loss of cassava pasta. Sensory assessment showed that cassava roots fermented for 36 h gave pasta with the most acceptable qualities.