基于主成分分析和BP神经网络的微铣刀磨损在线监测

为提高微铣刀磨损在线监测系统的预测精度,尝试通过主成分分析法对微铣削振动信号的时域和频域特征进行降维,将降维后的特征输入改进型BP神经网络模型,实现微铣刀磨损特征分类.结果表明,提出的微铣刀在线监测方法能够准确识别微铣刀的各种磨损状态,此外,和其它分类算法相比,提出的基于遗传算法的BP神经网络模型在分类精度和计算效率方...     

Real time implementation of on-line tool condition monitoring in turning

This paper describes a real-time tool condition monitoring system for turning operations. The system uses a combination of static and dynamic neural networks with off-line and on-line training and cutting force components are used as diagnostic signals. The system is capable of monitoring several wear components simultaneously. The wear estimation system has been implemented experimentally to evaluate its suitability for use in shop floor conditions. The tests were performed in real time with different cutting conditions. The experimental results showed that the system was successful in predicting three wear components in real time. However, the accuracy of the wear prediction was not the same for all three wear components. The crater wear predictions were less accurate partly because of the opposing effects of crater and flank wear components on cutting force components.     

Development of an on-line tool-life monitoring system using acoustic emission signals in gear shaping

Sensing techniques for monitoring machining processes have been one of the focuses of research on process automation. This paper presents the development of on-line tool-life monitoring system for gear shaping that uses acoustic emission (AE). Characteristics of the AE signals are related to the cutting condition, tool material and tool geometry in the cutting of metals. The relationship between AE signal and tool wear was investigated experimentally. Experiments were carried out on the gear shaping of SCM 420 material with a pinion cutter having 44 teeth. Root-mean-square (RMS) AE voltages increase regularly according to tool wear. It is suggested that the maximum value of RMS AE voltage is an effective parameter to monitor tool life. In this study, not only the acquisition method of AE signals for rotating objects but also the signal-processing technique were developed in order to realize the in-process monitoring system for gear shaping. The on-line tool-life monitoring system developed has been successfully applied to gear machining processes.     

Drill wear monitoring using neural networks

The primary objective of this research is to monitor drill wear on-line. In this paper, drill wear monitoring is carried out by measuring the thrust force and torque signals. In order to identify the tool wear conditions based on the signal measured, a neural network, using a cumulative back-propagation algorithm, is adopted. This paper also describes the experimental procedure used and presents the results obtained for establishing the neural network. The inputs to the neural network are the mean values of thrust force and torque, spindle rotational speed, feedrate and drill diameter. The neural network is trained to estimate the average drill wear. It is confirmed experimentally that the tool wear can be accurately estimated by the trained neural network. The accuracy of tool wear estimation using the neural network is superior to that using other regression models.     

Application of statistical filtering for optical detection of tool wear

The application of automated tool condition monitoring systems is very important for unmanned machining systems. Tool wear monitoring is a key factor for optimization of the cutting processes. Basically, tool wear monitoring systems can be subdivided into two classes: direct and indirect. Currently direct tool wear monitoring systems are most frequently based on machine vision by camera. Several approaches have been studied for tool wear detection by means of tool images, and an innovative statistical filter proved to be very efficient for worn area detection. A new approach has been implemented and tested in order to develop an automatic system for tool wear measurement. This new approach is described in this paper and the main topics related to tool wear monitoring using wear images have been discussed.     

On-line tool wear estimation in CNC turning operations using fuzzy neural network model

In recent past, several neural network models which employ cutting forces and AErms or their derivatives for estimation as well as classification of flank wear have been developed. However, a significant variation in mean cutting forces and AErms at the start of cutting operation for similar new tools can result in estimation and classification error. In order to deal with this problem, a new on-line fuzzy neural network (FNN) model is presented in this paper. This model has four parts. The first part of the model is developed to classify tool wear by using fuzzy logic. The second part of this model is designed for normalizing the inputs for the next part. The third part consisting of modified least-square backpropagation neural network is built to estimate flank and crater wear. The development of forth part was done in order to adjust the results of the third part. Several basic and derived parameters including forces, AErms, skew and kurtosis of force bands, as well as the total energy of forces were employed as inputs in order to enhance the accuracy of tool wear prediction. The experimental results indicate that the proposed on-line FNN model has a high accuracy for estimating progressive flank and crater wear with small computational time.     

基于BP神经网络和D-S证据理论的刀具磨损监测方法

将BP神经网络和D-S证据理论相结合的方法运用于刀具磨损监测中,采用小波包分解法对刀具磨损过程中产生的声发射信号进行特征提取,构建特征向量,利用BP神经网络识别判断刀具磨损状态;通过BP神经网络的输出结果和训练误差计算D-S证据理论的基本概率赋值,并用D-S证据理论对BP神经网络的识别结果进行决策级融合。实验结果表明:该方法避免了神经网络识别时的误诊,提高了整个刀具磨损监测系统识别的准确性和可靠性。     

Data fusion neural network for tool condition monitoring in CNC milling machining

Several data fusion methods are addressed in this research to integrate the detected data for the neural network applications of on-line monitoring of the tool condition in CNC milling machining. One dynamometer and one accelerometer were used in the experiments. The collected signals were pre-processed to extract the feature elements for the purpose of effectively monitoring the tool wear condition. Different data fusion methods were adopted to integrate the obtained feature elements before they were applied into the learning procedure of the neural networks. The training-efficiency and test-performance of the data fusion methods were then analyzed. The convergence speed and the test error were recorded and used to represent the training efficiency and test performance of the different data fusion methods. From an analysis of the results of the calculations based on the experimental data, it was found that the performance of the monitoring system could be significantly improved with suitable selection of the data fusion method.     

Sensor signals for tool-wear monitoring in metal cutting operations—a review of methods

The state of a cutting tool is an important factor in any metal cutting process as additional costs in terms of scrapped components, machine tool breakage and unscheduled downtime result from worn tool usage. Several methods to develop monitoring devices for observing the wear levels on the cutting tool on-line while engaged in cutting have been attempted. This paper presents a review of some of the methods that have been employed in tool condition monitoring. Particular attention is paid to the manner in which sensor signals from the cutting process have been harnessed and used in the development of tool condition monitoring systems (TCMSs).     

Monitoring of flank wear of coated tools in high speed machining with a neural network ART2

A monitoring system for classifying the levels of the tool flank wear of coated tools into some categories has been developed using an unsupervised and self-organizing artificial neural network, ART2. The input pattern used for the ART2 was an array of normalized mean wavelet coefficients of the feed force, which was affected by not only the flank wear but also the severe crater wear observed in high speed machining. The outputs of ART2 were classified into four or five categories of wear levels: the incipient stage, one or two intermediate stages, final stage and hazardous stage. For two apparently different series of input data obtained under the same cutting conditions, which are often experienced in the experiment, the ART2 neural network showed very similar classification of tool wear levels from the beginning to the end of cutting. Further study proved that this monitoring system detected the excessive wear in the hazardous stage for different cutting speeds 5–7 m/s and different feed rates 0.10–0.20 mm/rev.     

Tool wear condition monitoring in drilling operations using hidden Markov models (HMMs)

Monitoring of tool wear condition for drilling is a very important economical consideration in automated manufacturing. Two techniques are proposed in this paper for the on-line identification of tool wear based on the measurement of cutting forces and power signals. These techniques use hidden Markov models (HMMs), commonly used in speech recognition. In the first method, bargraph monitoring of the HMM probabilities is used to track the progress of tool wear during the drilling operation. In the second method, sensor signals that correspond to various types of wear status, e.g., sharp, workable and dull, are classified using a multiple modeling method. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Although this work focuses on on-line tool wear condition monitoring for drilling operations, the HMM monitoring techniques introduced in this paper can be applied to other cutting processes.     

An approach based on current and sound signals for in-process tool wear monitoring

This paper presents a tool condition monitoring system (TCMS) for on-line tool wear monitoring in turning. The proposed TCMS was developed taking into account the necessary trade-off between cost and performance to be applicable in practice, in addition to a high success rate. The monitoring signals were the feed motor current and the sound signal. The former was used to estimate the feed cutting force using the least squares version of support vector machines (LS-SVM). Singular spectrum analysis (SSA) was used to extract information correlated with tool wear from the sound signal. The estimated feed cutting force and the SSA decomposition of the sound signal alone with the cutting conditions constitute the input data to the TCMS. Again LS-SVM was used to estimate tool condition and its reliability for on-line implementation was validated by experiments using AISI 1040 steel. The results showed that the proposed TCMS is fast and reliable for tool condition monitoring.     

On-line monitoring of flank wear in turning with multilayered feed-forward neural network

A multilayer feed-forward neural network (MLFF N-Network) algorithm is presented for on-line monitoring of tool wear in turning operations. The algorithm is based on the cutting conditions (cutting speed and feed rate) and measured cutting forces, which are used as inputs to a three-layer MLFF N-Network. The network is first trained using a set of workpiece material (P20 mold steel) and a tungsten carbide (H13A) cutting tool at various cutting conditions. The algorithm is later successfully verified on-line during turning of the same mold steel at conditions that differ from the data used in training. The algorithm is packaged in a software module, and integrated to an open Intelligent Machining Module used on industrial CNC systems.     

联想记忆网络及其在刀具磨损量监测中的应用

文章介绍了联想记忆网络的基本概念、组成特点及其在刀具磨损监测中的应用,详细分析了一种格构联想记忆网络-B样条模糊神经网络的结构和算法.研究表明,应用B样条模糊神经网络构造的刀具磨损量监测系统,与BP型前馈神经网络相比,具有训练时间短,拟合精度高,局部推广能力强等特点,有较高的工程应用推广价值.     

On-line metal cutting tool condition monitoring.: I: force and vibration analyses

Excessive wear on cutting tools give rise to distortions in dimension of manufactured components, sometimes increasing scrapped levels thereby incurring additional costs. Methods for detecting and monitoring the wear on a cutting tool is therefore crucial in most metal cutting processes and several research efforts have striven to develop on-line tool condition monitoring systems. This paper describes an experimental and analytical method for one such technique involving the use of three mutually perpendicular components of the cutting forces (static and dynamic) and vibration signature measurements. The ensuing analyses in time and frequency domains showed some components of the measured signals to correlate well to the accrued tool wear.     

Prediction of flank wear by using back propagation neural network modeling when cutting hardened H-13 steel with chamfered and honed CBN tools

Productivity and quality in the finish turning of hardened steels can be improved by utilizing predicted performance of the cutting tools. This paper combines predictive machining approach with neural network modeling of tool flank wear in order to estimate performance of chamfered and honed Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) tools for a variety of cutting conditions. Experimental work has been performed in orthogonal cutting of hardened H-13 type tool steel using CBN tools. At the selected cutting conditions the forces have been measured using a piezoelectric dynamometer and data acquisition system. Simultaneously flank wear at the cutting edge has been monitored by using a tool makers microscope. The experimental force and wear data were utilized to train the developed simulation environment based on back propagation neural network modeling. A trained neural network system was used in predicting flank wear for various different cutting conditions. The developed prediction system was found to be capable of accurate tool wear classification for the range it had been trained.     

On-line metal cutting tool condition monitoring.: II: tool-state classification using multi-layer perceptron neural networks

Excessive wear on cutting tools give rise to distortions in dimension of manufactured components, sometimes increasing scrapped levels thereby incurring additional costs. Methods for detecting and monitoring the wear on a cutting tool is therefore crucial in most metal cutting processes and several research efforts have striven to develop on-line tool condition monitoring systems. This paper describes an experimental and analytical method for one such technique involving the use of three mutually perpendicular components of the cutting forces (static and dynamic) and vibration signature measurements. The ensuing analyses in time and frequency domains showed some components of the measured signals to correlate well to the accrued tool wear.     

Tool wear measurement in turning using force ratio

The aim of this work was to develop a reliable method to predict flank wear during the turning process. The present work developed a mathematical model for on-line monitoring of tool wear in a turning process. Force signals are highly sensitive carriers of information about the machining process and, hence, they are the best alternatives for monitoring tool wear. In the present work, determination of tool wear has been achieved by using force signals. The relationship between flank wear and the ratio of force components was established on the basis of data obtained from a series of experiments. Measurement of the ratio between the feed force and the cutting force components (F_f/F_c) has been found to provide a practical method for an in-process approach to the quantification of tool wear. A series of experiments was conducted to study the effects of tool wear as well as other cutting parameters on the cutting force signals, and to establish a relationship between the force signals, tool wear and other cutting parameters. The flank wear and the ratio of forces at different working conditions were collected experimentally to develop a mathematical model for predicting flank wear. The model was verified by comparing the experimental values with the predicted values. The relationship was then used for determination of tool flank wear.     

Tool wear monitoring by using the imaginary part of the transfer function of the cutting dynamics

A new index for tool wear monitoring, the imaginary part of the inner modulation transfer function of the cutting process, is introduced. As a methodology to identify and isolate the factors related to wear from other effects, the time-series method is utilized to formulate a general model for the three-dimensional cutting dynamics. This model is first reduced to a multi-input single-output model and subsequently to a single-input single-output model, which is implemented fof on-line tool wear monitoring. A newly developed dual computer system in which one computer performs measurements while the other estimates the parameters by the batch least squares methods is developed and used for the verification of the feasibility of the proposed concept.     

基于EEMD与CPSO-ELM的车削机床刀具磨损故障检测与识别

鉴于数控车床刀具在机械加工系统中占有重要的地位,故数控车床刀具磨损故障的在线检测与识别具有重要意义。以华中数控车床为研究对象,提出了以平均经验模态分解(EEMD)、混沌粒子群(CPSO)以及核极限学习机(ELM)等方法对车床刀具磨损故障进行诊断。介绍了EEMD、CPSO以及ELM的基本原理和过程;对采集得到的刀具磨损信号进行前期预处理,经EEMD分解后得到IMF分量,以峭度、峰值、均方根值作为一种选取标准,选择包含较多故障信息的几个IMF进行信号重组并计算;将计算结果组成特征向量输入CPSO-ELM、SVM以及BP神经网络等分类器进行故障识别和对比。实验结果表明:对比传统的BP神经网络和SVM分类器,CPSO-ELM分类器具有快速、精确、有效的识别特性,能够有效检测和识别刀具磨损故障。