Prediction of protective banks in high temperature smelting furnaces by inverse heat transfer

An inverse phase change heat transfer method has been developed for predicting the time evolution of banks covering the surface of refractory brick walls inside high temperature smelting furnaces. The presence of these banks is indispensable as they serve as a protective barrier against the highly corrosive slag, thereby maintaining the structural integrity of the furnace and prolonging its active life. The numerical model rests on the conjugate gradient solution method with the adjoint equation. It predicts banks thickness and motion relying on the thermal conditions prevailing outside the furnace and temperature measurements taken at one location inside the brick wall. Simulations are carried out to examine the effect of different parameters on the predictive capabilities of the method. Results reveal that the method remains accurate in spite of the fact that the temperature measurements inside the wall are noisy and are taken at depth of few centimetres only. An example showing how the present inverse method can be used to warn on the imminent loss of the protective bank during the operation of a smelting furnace is then provided.     

Numerical prediction of turbulent flow and heat transfer with phase change in crystallizer of inverse casting

horoductionInverse casting is a technique for Producing nearnet-shape cast strips. T'he main idea of this technique isdeveloped from a successful inveshgation['], in which ithas been Proved that the inverse cashng teclmiquewould be applicable to produce the steel strip with aabackness of 0.5-3 nun, with a good material prOPertyand with a lower energy consumption in contrast withconventional conhnuous cashng process. The POssibilitytO p~ce composite strips is also one of the mostattrachve pro…     

Simulation modeling and analysis of a high temperature phase change heat storage and exchange device

相变储热因单位体积储热量大,储热和放热过程温度基本恒定等优点而成为目前研究的热点。相变过程中涉及固液两相间融化和凝固的传热问题,其储放热过程是一个复杂的非稳态相变过程。本文对高温相变储热换热装置进行换热特性研究,通过研究储热单元的换热特性,基于FLUENT软件,结合装置的设计参数和相变复合材料的物性参数,对相变储热系统储/放热过程中内部的温度分布、传热速率和储放热效率进行了数学建模及模拟分析,重点研究了不同传热流体速度对单元储/放热性能的影响规律。根据仿真结果,在相变储热装置的设计中,可选择合适的空气流速,以实现不同的散热功率及储放热时间,满足不同用户的用热需求。物理实验表明仿真结果偏差较小,可为高温相变储换热装置设计、优化等工作提供依据。     

Development and performance assessment of a novel solar-assisted multigenerational system using high temperature phase change material

Solar-assisted multi-generation systems are eco-friendly with exceptional thermal performance. In the present study, a novel solar-assisted multi-generational system is proposed and investigated for multiple outputs. The proposed system consists of solar tower with heliostat, combined cycle (topping is Brayton cycle, while bottoming is Rankine cycle with reheat and regeneration processes), single effect Lithium-Bromide/water absorption chiller, heat pump, water-based thermal energy storage system and an electrolyzer. The system is integrated with high temperature phase change material (PCM) based thermal storage system for the continuous system operation. The salt PCM KF-MgF₂ is selected from the literature having melting temperature of 1280 K with high density and latent heat of fusion. The storage system ensures the stable and continuous working of the system during off sun hours. The aim of the present study is to thermodynamically and exergo-environmentally investigate the performance of PCM based solar driven multi-generation system.The results of the study depict that energy efficiency of single and multi-generation system is approximately 20.93% and 51.62%, while exergy efficiency is almost 22.51% and 53.45%, respectively. Hydrogen production rate and exergetic sustainability index of the proposed system is approximately 0.00742 kg/s and 0.078, respectively. Energy efficiency of multigeneration system is approximately 15.9% and 61% higher than tri-generation and co-generation systems at concentration ratio of 1000. Exergo-environmental impact index decreases to almost 5% by increasing direct normal irradiation, while exergetic sustainability index and exergy stability factor are increased to 125% and 54.2%, accordingly. Finally, energy efficiency of the single generation and multi generation systems are optimized at 23.56% and 56.83%, respectively.     

组合式高温相变蓄热器蓄热过程的数值模拟

通过对相同管径蓄热管组成的高温相变蓄热器蓄热过程进行模拟,得到了蓄热过程中相变材料(PCM)温度和液相率随时间的变化曲线以及不同时刻液相率的分布云图。针对温度曲线和云图所显示的问题,在保证蓄热量的前提下,提出了蓄热管组合式排布的设计方案,并对其蓄热性能进行了模拟。研究结果表明,采用所提出的组合式方案有效地减少了蓄热时间,降低了"死区"对蓄热器蓄热性能的影响,使PCM的液相率分布更加均匀,可为用于太阳能热发电的高温相变蓄热器的优化设计提供理论依据。     

On the one-phase reduction of the Stefan problem with a variable phase change temperature

The one-phase reduction of the Stefan problem, where the phase change temperature is a variable, is analysed. It is shown that problems encountered in previous analyses may be traced back to an incorrectly formulated Stefan condition. Energy conserving reductions for Cartesian, cylindrically and spherically symmetric problems are presented and compared with solutions to the two-phase problem.     

Creep damage prediction of the steam pipelines with high temperature and high pressure

Creep is the significant factor that caused failure of steam pipelines with high temperature and high pressure in the period of long-term service. In this paper, the creep tests were performed at serviced temperature of 520 °C for 1.25Cr–0.5Mo pipe material, and the creep and fracture constants were obtained by fitting the creep test data. Based on the modified Karchanov–Rabotnov constitutive equation, compiled the user subroutine computing the damage of the pipe element or 3D solid element, the creep damage prediction was carried out by finite element methods using ABAQUS codes for the steam pipelines with high temperature and high pressure, which serviced in a petro-chemical plant, the damage distribution and maximum damage location of the pipelines were obtained, which is testified by metallographic examination result. Furthermore, the local creep damage analysis of a tapered pipe serviced for 100,000 h was also carried out because tapered pipes used in the main steam pipeline is one of weakness in the piping system. Damage distribution and evolution in the analyzed tapered pipe were obtained. The location with the maximum damage value was determined, which is coincident with cracking position of the actual tapered pipe.     

固-固相变蓄热材料在太阳能高温空气集热系统中的应用研究

为利用太阳能获得稳定持续的高温空气工质,除了有效集热外,还需要解决因太阳辐射强度变化导致输出工质温度波动的问题。在性能优良的太阳能集热系统中采用蓄热技术是解决此问题的有效途径。根据给定的设计目标,研究将固-固相变蓄热材料季戊四醇应用到太阳能集热蓄热一体化的实验装置中。实验结果表明:按集热蓄热一体化思路设计的实验装置,集热单元能够输出最高温度超过220℃的高温空气,蓄热单元能够将高温空气的温度稳定在蓄热材料的相变温度附近。并且随着蓄热管级数的增加,空气出口温度稳定的时间就越长,为利用太阳能获得稳定持续的高温热媒工质奠定了基础。     

A comparison of extended Kalman filter,particle filter,and least squares localization methods for a high heat flux concentrated source

State estimation procedures using the extended Kalman filter, particle filter, and least squares are investigated for a transient heat transfer problem in which a high heat flux concentrated source is applied on one side of a thin plate and ultrasonic pulse time of flight is measured between spatially separated transducers on the opposite side of the plate. This work is an integral part of an effort to develop a system capable of locating the boundary layer transition region on a hypersonic vehicle aeroshell. Results from thermal conduction experiments involving one-way ultrasonic pulse time of flight measurements are presented. Comparisons of heating source localization measurement models are conducted where ultrasonic pulse time of flight readings provide the measurement update to the extended Kalman filter, particle filter, and least squares. Two different measurement models are compared: (1) directly using the one-way ultrasonic pulse time of flight as the measurement vector and (2) indirectly obtaining distance from the one-way ultrasonic pulse time of flight and then using these obtained distances as the measurement vector. For the direct model, the Jacobian required by the extended Kalman filter and least squares is obtained numerically using finite differences and a finite element forward conduction solution. For the indirect model, the derivatives with respect to the state variables are obtained in closed form. Heating source localization results and convergence behavior are compared for the three inverse methods and the two measurement models. The extended Kalman filter, least squares, and particle filter methods using the one-way ultrasonic pulse time of flight measurement model (direct model) produced similar results when considering accuracy of converged solution, ability to converge to the correct solution, and smoothness of convergence behavior. The results provide quantified justification for moving forward with development of an extended Kalman filter-based localization solution.     

An analytical analysis for the prediction of nonlinear inverse temperature profiles in solid explosives

A novel analytical method developed by Mansour and Hussein (11) has been used for the evaluation of critical thermal conditions for a non-linear inverse temperature distribution model of an explosive. The analytical results presented in this work have been compared with previously published numerical results and shown to be accurate. The advantage of this new method is that it can be easily applied to other inverse non-linear models arising in boundary layer, kinetics, electronics, vibration, combustion … etc.     

Transient analysis of coupled high temperature nuclear reactor to a thermochemical hydrogen plant

A very high temperature reactor (VHTR) has been considered for generation of hydrogen by water-splitting through thermochemical processes using process heat. The development of this technology requires understanding of the coupled behavior of VHTR and the hydrogen generation plants and key safety issues during transients. A system level modeling of the coupled VHTR and sulfur-iodine hydrogen generation process is carried out where the thermal and neutronic models of the VHTR and the chemical models of the sulfur-iodine cycle were developed and benchmarked with available experimental data, models and simulation codes. Transient analysis of the possible accidents emanating either from VHTR or hydrogen plants was carried out. The results indicate that on VHTR side the response of the reactor is affected by the temperature feedback and xenon buildup feedback. On the hydrogen plant side the slowest reaction controlled the speed of the overall response of the chemical plant.     

侧壁面正弦加热条件下电场强化固液相变研究

本文采用格子Boltzmann方法对侧壁面正弦加热条件下的方腔潜热储热单元的蓄热过程进行模拟与分析,系统研究了电场对相变材料相变过程的强化效果以及加热壁面温度分布变化的振幅、角频率、初相对电场强化效果的影响.结果表明,与没有电场相比,施加电场以后,潜热储热单元的蓄热速率显著提升,且电场越强,蓄热速率提升越明显.此外,加...     

Thermal characteristics of shape-stabilized phase change material wallboard with periodical outside temperature waves

Thermal characteristics of shape-stabilized phase change material (SSPCM) wallboard with sinusoidal temperature wave on the outer surface were investigated numerically and compared with traditional building materials such as brick, foam concrete and expanded polystyrene (EPS). One-dimensional enthalpy equation under convective boundary conditions was solved using fully implicit finite-difference scheme. The simulation results showed that the SSPCM wallboard presents distinct characteristics from other ordinary building materials. Phase transition keeping time of inner surface and decrement factor were applied to analyze the effects of PCM thermophysical properties (melting temperature, heat of fusion, phase transition zone and thermal conductivity), inner surface convective heat transfer coefficient and thickness of SSPCM wallboard. It was found that melting temperature is one important factor which influences both the phase transition keeping time and the decrement factor; for a certain outside temperature wave, there exist critical values of latent heat of fusion and thickness of SSPCM above which the phase transition keeping time or the decrement factor are scarcely influenced; thermal conductivity of PCM and inner surface convective coefficient have little effect on the phase transition keeping time but significantly influence the decrement factor; and the phase transition zone leads to small fluctuations of the original flat segment of inner surface temperature line. The results aim to be useful for the selection of SSPCMs and their applications in passive solar buildings.     

A numerical investigation into the charge behaviour of a spherical phase change material particle for high temperature thermal energy storage in packed beds

基于高温相变材料,对填充床储热系统中储热单元球体的储热性能进行了模拟研究.研究了不同传热流体温度和球体直径对球体储热性能的影响规律,对导热为主的相变储热过程与导热和自然对流共同作用的相变储热过程进行了比较分析,同时还探讨了高温辐射换热的影响.结果表明,相变时间随球体直径的增大而增大,随传热流体温度的增大而减小.当考虑相变区域自然对流时,总的相变时间显著减少,和单纯导热相比,完全相变时间缩短了近16%.在导热和自然对流的基础上加上辐射传热后可以看出,辐射换热强化了球体内的传热过程,加快了相变材料的熔化速度,强化了自然对流的作用.     

Self regulation of photovoltaic module temperature in V-trough using a metal-wax composite phase change matrix

The present study was carried out to take advantage of the enhanced solar insolation in V-trough while limiting the temperature of the photovoltaic (PV) module at around the maximum (ca. 65 °C) observed for conventional usage without any concentration. Paraffin wax of 56-58 °C melting range was chosen as phase change material (PCM) and incorporated at the rear of the module to absorb the excess heat. The problem of low thermal conductivity of the wax was solved with the help of packed metal turnings wherein the wax resided. Two sets of experiments were performed indoor and outdoor. Employing a 0.06 m thick bed of the PCM matrix, the module temperature in the indoor experiment could be maintained at 65-68 °C for 3 h whereas in its absence the temperature rose beyond 90 °C within 15 min. In outdoor studies, the module temperature in V-trough could be reduced from 78 °C to 62 °C with the PCM assembly and operation could be sustained throughout the day. Using the V-trough PV-PCM system, the output power over the day could be enhanced 1.55 times with self regulation of temperature. The molten wax formed during operation re-solidified during the evening and night and could be re-used. A significant finding was the safe operation of the module even under low wind velocity conditions without sacrificing operational simplicity.     

Thermodynamic evaluation of hydrogen and electricity cogeneration coupled with very high temperature gas-cooled reactors

Hydrogen production using thermal energy, derived from nuclear reactor, can achieve large-scale hydrogen production and solve various energy problems. The concept of hydrogen and electricity cogeneration can realize the cascade and efficient utilization of high-temperature heat derive for very high temperature gas-cooled reactors (VHTRs). High-quality heat is used for the high-temperature processes of hydrogen production, and low-quality heat is used for the low-temperature processes of hydrogen production and power generation. In this study, two hydrogen and electricity cogeneration schemes (S1 and S2), based on the iodine-sulfur process, were proposed for a VHTR with the reactor outlet temperature of 950 °C. The thermodynamic analysis model was established for the hydrogen and electricity cogeneration. The energy and exergy analysis were conducted on two cogeneration systems. The energy analysis can reflect the overall performance of the systems, and the exergy analysis can reveal the weak parts of the systems. The analysis results show that the overall hydrogen and electricity efficiency of S1 is higher than that of S2, which are 43.6% and 39.2% at the hydrogen production rate of 100 mol/s, respectively. The steam generators is the components with the highest exergy loss coefficient, which are the key components for improving the system performance. This study presents a theoretical foundation for the subsequent optimization of hydrogen and electricity cogeneration coupled with VHTRs.     

Transient heat transfer in a silica window with phase change

A new numerical phase change model is developed here using a fixed space implicit finite difference scheme. The object of this study is to develop short time solutions for the conduction, convection, radiation and apparent phase change during high heat rate processes occurring in ceramics. It is desired to gain an understanding of the effects of each mode of heat transfer. Comparisons are made for the medium with and without latent heat. Numerous high heat rate problems utilize glasses and ceramics because of their low thermal conduction and high melting temperatures. Several papers [1–3] have included latent heat effects for glasses and ceramics; this paper shows that such effects may be negligible depending on problem parameters.     

高潜热相变砂浆与相变板墙体性能对比研究

相变储能墙体面临着相变温度不适宜、储能能力低、构建形式多但缺乏性能对比分析等问题。以相变砂浆、相变板墙体为对象,对其性能进行优化和对比研究。采用固、液石蜡、高密度聚乙稀(HDPE)按比例熔融混合制备出相变温度约为34.000℃的定形相变材料,该材料无泄漏、形状稳定,潜热为现有文献的2.00倍多。基于该材料制备出相变砂浆、相变板材,并构建两类相变-混凝土墙体结构,研究在相同边界条件和初始条件下两者的传热特性及节能效果。结果表明,以普通砂浆墙体为对照,相变砂浆、定形相变板可将内壁面最高温降低0.730、1.760℃,定形相变板保温隔热性能最优。定形相变板可将空调热负荷降低21.9%,高于相变砂浆;但其原料成本为普通砂浆的3.38倍;成本增幅较相变砂浆高出32.8%,而成本回收周期低33.3%。     

Numerical investigation of heat and mass transfer during hydrogen desorption in a large-scale metal hydride reactor coupled to a phase change material with nano-oxide additives

For the object of reducing heat consumption in hydrogen metal hydride (MH) storage units during the discharging cycle, the nano-PCM (i.e. phase change material containing nano-oxides) strategy is adopted herein for accelerating the release of the latent heat (LH) stocked in the PCM to the MH. The process was assessed in a large-scale horizontal cylindrical reactor equipped with 4 PCM tubes distributed homogenously in the MH-bed. Mass and heat transfer were computationally analyzed in the diverse regions of the MH-nano-PCM system using a 2D numerical model developed with Fluent 15.0 CFD-software. Temporal temperature profiles (average and contours), MH-dehydrogenation efficiency, velocity contours and PCMs solidification rate were established in the presence (5% v/v) and absence of four types of nano-oxides (Al₂O₃, MgO, SnO₂ and SiO₂). Remarkable results were obtained. The nano-PCM system participated in the MH-discharging by providing latent heat (LH) and changing its physical phase. The MH was completely discharged within 700 s. Nano-oxides additions improved the solidification rate of the PCM (i.e. accelerating the release of the LH) by more 50%, with a strong dependency on the PCM-tubes position. The PCM-tube above the H₂-charging pipe solidifies more quickly than the other tubes, probably to the gravitational effect. The outcomes of this research provide insight into the use of nano-PCMs as a thermal supplier in MH storage systems during the discharging cycle.