Phase front reproduction in Raman conversion

The Raman gain coefficient for nonplanar pump wave is calculated. The gain dependence for wavefront reproducing Stokes conversion and for an injected plane Stokes wave on the pump beam quality is derived. The amount of plane Stokes wave injection required to generate a plane Stokes wave output is discussed. A comparison is given for the homogeneity requirement of the pump laser medium as reflected in the pump beam quality for the cases with and without Raman conversion for near diffraction limited output. The results indicate that with the appropriate plane Stokes wave injection, the medium homogeneity requirement of the laser can be relaxed.     

损耗对级联光纤RFA增益平坦度影响分析

增益平坦度是衡量光纤通信中喇曼光纤放大器的关键参数之一。文章从级联光纤实现喇曼增益谱平坦技术的分析理论入手, 改进了实现喇曼增益谱平坦的约束条件, 利用Matlab分析了光纤损耗对RFA增益谱平坦度的影响。结果表明: 在喇曼光纤放大器系统中, C波段各个光之间不同的损耗系数是影响增益平坦度的关键因素, 即信号光之间损耗系数的不同会引起喇曼光纤放大器的增益平坦度劣化, 各个被放大信号光之间的损耗系数相差越大, 则增益平坦度越差。     

损耗对级联光纤RFA增益平坦度影响分析

增益平坦度是衡量光纤通信中喇曼光纤放大器的关键参数之一。文章从级联光纤实现喇曼增益谱平坦技术的分析理论入手,改进了实现喇曼增益谱平坦的约束条件,利用Matlab分析了光纤损耗对RFA增益谱平坦度的影响。结果表明:在喇曼光纤放大器系统中,C波段各个光之间不同的损耗系数是影响增益平坦度的关键因素,即信号光之间损耗系数的不同会引起喇曼光纤放大器的增益平坦度劣化,各个被放大信号光之间的损耗系数相差越大,则增益平坦度越差。     

Higher order mode Raman gain coefficients

The Raman gain coefficients for higher order Hermite-Gaussian modes are derived. The results indicate that the Raman intensity gain coefficient (collimated beam) is relatively insensitive to, while the Raman power gain coefficient (tight focus) is very sensitive to the mode structure of a beam. Thus, for high power lasers in which high gain is attainable with a collimated beam, the conversion efficiency would not be sensitive to the laser mode, while for low power lasers in which high gain is attainable only under focused configuration, the conversion efficiency would be quite sensitive to the laser mode. In addition, the coupling coefficients between modes and their contributions to the gain are discussed.     

微波晶体管电流增益和基极电流非理想因子的温度特性

本文研究了微波晶体管电流增益H_FE和基极电流非理想因子n随温度变化的机理,给出了电流增曾H_FE的温度模型,指出:(1)中电流时电流增益H_PE具有正温度系数,而在小电流时随温度上升迅速增大,在大电流时增大减缓,并会出现负增值,(2)基极电流非理想因子n具有负温度系数.实验结果和理论分析一致.     

Analyzing the fundamental properties of Raman amplification in optical fibers

The Raman response of germanosilicate fibers is presented. This includes not only the material dependence but also the relation between the spatial-mode profile of the light and the Raman response in the time and frequency domain. From the Raman-gain spectrum, information is derived related to the nonlinear refractive index due to nuclear motions and the Raman response function in the time domain. It is demonstrated that the Raman-gain coefficient may be reduced up to 60% if the signal propagates in the fundamental mode while the pump alternates between the fundamental mode and a higher order mode. A simple model shows that the time response related to the decay of phonons is significantly larger in germanate glass relative to silica glass. From the Raman gain, it is found that the contribution to the nonlinear refractive index from nuclear motions is reduced by a factor of 2 in germanate relative to silica glass.     

Gain saturation in fiber Raman amplifiers due to stimulatedBrillouin scattering

The effects of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) on Raman gain are explored. Measurements of gain in a fiber Raman amplifier show a saturation at low gain levels. Experimental data and a theoretical model are presented, demonstrating that this saturation is due to pump depletion by SBS. This effect also leads to Raman gain fluctuations arising from mode partitioning in a multimode pump laser. Two ways to avoid the deleterious effects of SBS on the performance of Raman amplifiers are suggested. One is to use a multimode semiconductor laser with a modal linewidth of the order of a few hundred megahertz, which leads to a strongly reduced Brillouin gain coefficient. The second approach is to use very short pump pulses in a backward configuration     

A quantitative comparison of the classical rate-equation model withthe carrier heating model on dynamics of the quantum-well laser: therole of carrier energy relaxation, electron-hole interaction, and Augereffect

In this paper, a quantitative theoretical comparison of the classical rate-equation model with the carrier heating model for large signal dynamic response of 1.5-μm InGaAs-InGaAsP single-mode quantum-well (QW) lasers Is performed. The contributions of carrier energy relaxation, electron-hole interaction, and Auger effect to the nonlinear gain are inspected in detail by a numerical comparison of the two models at room temperature (293 K) and low temperature (50 K). It can be shown that contribution of the carrier heating to the nonlinear gain coefficient is proportional to an effective carrier energy relaxation time, and the contribution of the electron-hole energy exchange time shows a nonlinear relation. Furthermore, the influence of Auger heating on the modulation dynamics is also considered and is found to be indescribable by a single phenomenological nonlinear gain coefficient. The dependence of the nonlinear gain coefficient on the laser emission wavelength of distributed feedback lasers is also demonstrated quantitatively for the first time     

Semi-empirical equations for electron velocity in silicon: Part I—Bulk

A simple semi-empirical equation for the electron drift velocity in silicon as a function of electric field and temperature is derived from elementary physical assumptions. The parameters in this equation, namely the low field mobility, effective mass, and optical phonon energy, are well defined physical quantities, Excellent agreement with the empirical Scharfetter-Gummel equation is obtained. The temperature dependence of the saturation velocity and the warm electron coefficient β are also well described. A field dependent mobility scaling factor is derived to account for the steeper rise of the velocity-field profile in doped silicon which results from decreased coulombic scattering of hot carriers. The longitudinal electron diffusion is also crudely predicted.     

A self-consistent DC-AC two dimensional electrothermal model forGaAlAs/GaAs microwave power HBTs

A 2D self-consistent model has been developed to investigate the coupled electrothermal problem in GaAlAs/GaAs HBTs under DC and AC conditions. Electrical and thermal aspects of device behavior are simultaneously investigated by means of a nodal analysis of the distributed and physics-based model using a circuit simulator. The effects of base widening and the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity are taken into account. Rigorous simulations are compared to the results given under different approximations. In particular, the sensitivity to the temperature dependence of the electron mobility is used to highlight the beneficial role of the negative temperature coefficient of the current gain in determining the thermal stability of the device. An HF performance criterion (maximum stable gain) is calculated and then compared to the results derived from the isothermal approximation     

Steady-state stimulated Raman scattering by a multimode laser

The development of the Stokes spectrum and the dependence of Raman gain upon pump laser bandwidth in a narrow linewidth Raman medium are analyzed in terms of a closed set of multimode equations. The analysis predicts that the Stokes gain coefficient takes on its maximum value, which is independent of bandwidth, when the Stokes spectrum replicates the pump spectrum. It is also shown that in the absence of dispersion the spectrum of a weak Stokes wave is driven to duplicate the pump spectrum, and that for noise input the average power generated in the Stokes wave is independent of the pump bandwidth.     

一种可调谐的宽带喇曼波长转换器

为了提高宽带波长转换技术的响应速度，采用高非线性光子晶体光纤，设计了一种受激喇曼散射的可调谐全光宽带波长转换器。基于光纤中喇曼效应，对光子晶体光纤喇曼增益谱采取高斯曲线进行拟合，建立了喇曼波长转换器的理论模型，并进行了仿真分析，讨论了光纤长度对转换效率的影响。结果表明，在符合通信系统的条件下，实现了100nm转换带宽，波段为1487nm~1587nm，Q因子随探测光波长变化与喇曼增益谱走势相同，其波长转换质量最优处在喇曼增益系数最大处。该研究对未来光网络的波长转换器波长分配以及光纤长度的配置研究具有参考意义。     

Nonlinear Optical Processes in 3D-Quantized Spectrum of a Semiconductor

Two-photon and three-photon Raman scattering processes are considered. Analytical expressions are derived for the non-linear susceptibility, gain coefficient and generation threshold. It is shown that the resonant fluorescence accompanies the Raman scattering and the hot luminescence processes when the finite population of states is taken into account. Numerical evaluations show that the specification of the medium leads to low generation thresholds and high magnitudes of gain coefficients.     

Electrical and gain characteristics of a multiatmosphere UV-preionized CO2laser

The scaling parameters of a UV-preionized TE CO2laser which permit the direct comparison of small-signal gains as a function of laser pressure have been investigated in the pressure range of 4-19 atm. Careful measurements of the gain as a function of laser pressure in both the 9.4 and 10.4 μm vibrational bands were made under the appropriate scaling conditions. A theoretical model for the gain incorporating regular, hot band, and sequence band rotational lines, with proper account taken of non-Lorentzian line overlap effects, predicts the observed pressure dependence of the small-signal gain.     

光纤拉曼放大器的最大拉曼增益特性

为了分析同向抽运与反向抽运光纤拉曼放大器的最大拉曼增益,基于耦合微分方程,采用理论推导的方法,根据不同抽运结构下信号光放大的不同实际情况定义并推导出同向抽运光纤拉曼放大器和反向抽运光纤拉曼放大器的最大拉曼增益公式。然后,详细分析了各个参数对两种抽运方式下光纤拉曼放大器的最大拉曼增益的影响。对两种抽运方式下相同参数引起的最大拉曼增益进行了比较。结果表明,同样的参数对同向抽运与反向抽运光纤拉曼放大器最大拉曼增益的影响有相同的地方,也有不同的地方。最后,将最大拉曼增益和常用的开关增益进行了比较。对光纤拉曼放大器的实验、成本估计和器件效率等研究有重要参考意义。     

Study of Raman amplification properties in triangular photonic crystal fibers

The Raman properties of triangular photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) are analyzed in order to design a fiber for Raman amplification with enhanced performances. By casting the Raman intensity propagation equations, the Raman effective area and the Raman gain coefficient are introduced - two meaningful parameters that take into account the overlap between the pump and signal profiles. The behavior of these two parameters is examined in silica PCFs as a function of the geometrical characteristics of the triangular lattice. The numerical results show that a proper design of the hole diameter and the spacing between air holes can minimize the Raman effective area and maximize the Raman gain coefficient. The paper then focuses on PCFs with a germania-doped core. It is found that, for a given PCF cross section and dimension of the doped region, the Raman gain coefficient increases linearly with germania concentration. Moreover, by enlarging the doped region, it is discovered that a PCF with a germania-doped area internally tangent to the first ring of air holes has a maximum Raman gain coefficient. Finally, the calculated values of the Raman gain coefficient are compared with those of other highly nonlinear fibers presented in the literature, showing that a well-designed triangular PCF can significantly improve Raman gain performance.     

Evaluation of Raman gain coefficient distribution independent of imperfection contributions

We have previously reported a technique for measuring the distribution of the Raman gain characteristics in optical fibers. It is well known that Raman gain characteristics are affected by dopants and the effective areas in optical fibers. The Raman gain coefficient independent of the influence of effective areas will be used to investigate the longitudinal uniformity in fibers. This letter describes a method for evaluating the Raman gain coefficient distribution in a way that distinguishes it from the effects of waveguide imperfections by employing our previously reported technique. Using this method, we performed experiments on various types of fiber, and confirmed that the Raman gain coefficient can be accurately measured.     

Theory of signal light amplification by stimulated Raman scattering in twisted single-mode optical fibers

Characteristics of signal light amplification by stimulated Raman scattering are studied theoretically for the twisted single-mode fibers. Coupling equations for orthogonal modes in the fiber are derived and solved analytically. The optical gain dependence on fiber twist rate, fiber length, and so on are numerically investigated. The Raman gain for the twisted fiber with a rate of 1 turn/m is found to be reduced by 10 dB comparing with the nontwisted fiber for the fiber length less than 2 km, while it is almost independent of twist rate for the fiber longer than 10 km.     

一种新的光纤拉曼增益系数的测量方法

拉曼增益系数是描述拉曼散射的一个基本参数,通常用小信号增益法来测量,这种方法需要信号光,缺点是整个测试过程较长,易受到抽运光和信号光不稳定性的影响.文章提出一种新的测量方法,即利用光纤的受激拉曼谱和自发辐射谱的解调来获得光纤拉曼增益系数.测量了G.652光纤的增益系数,并与小信号增益法的测量结果进行了比较.     

Stimulated rotational Raman scattering in the atmosphere

Theoretical and experimental information in the literature is used to calculate the gain coefficient for stimulated rotational Raman scattering by atmospheric N2and O2. The dependence on laser wavelength and polarization, as well as on the pressure and altitude is discussed. It is pointed out that because of pressure broadening, the gain coefficient is independent of altitude up to an altitude of 40-50 km, where the Raman transition becomes Doppler broadened. The 1 percent conversion threshold for vertical propagation from the ground up is calculated for various transitions and laser beam characteristics. The highest-gain transition, theS(8) transition of N2, is shown to have a 1 percent conversion intensity threshold of ∼ 1.2 MW/cm2for linearly polarized light at a wavelength of 400 nm.