我国部分城市的雨水利用规划现状及存在问题

在城市水资源紧缺以及城市雨水利用技术快速发展的背景下，提出编制雨水利用规划的必要性及其现实意义。在简要分析我国城市雨水利用规划现状的基础上，探讨了现阶段城市雨水利用规划中存在的一些问题，并针对这些亟待解决的问题提出了一些建议。     

城市雨水利用规划研究

利用雨水资源,可缓解城市供水紧张的状况,减少雨水工程投资及运行费用,控制水环境污染,防止地面沉降和海水倒灌.城市雨水利用规划的基本内容包括总体目标、规划原则、规划对策等,应建立城市雨水管网规划概念模型,并配套法律法规、技术规范等政策.     

城市排水规划中雨水资源化问题探讨

城市雨水资源化在解决雨水资源短缺、改善城市生态环境、解决城市缺水困难、防洪减灾和绿化美化城市等方面，具有重大的社会、经济和环境效益。笔者在学习借鉴国外先进雨水资源利用技术的基础上，对我国城市排水规划中的雨水资源化问题提出了一些建议。     

城市雨水量与水质分析及雨水资源化利用

针对城市的地理位置、气候、工业类型等对雨水利用产生的差异,选取太原市作为山西省代表城市,对太原市的雨水量、水质及雨水资源化利用途径进行了分析,为山西省城市雨水利用规划提供了理论依据。     

小区生态水环境系统之雨水利用设计

在介绍城市生态居住区水环境规划体系的基础上,系统介绍了天津港服务区的雨水利用规划及设计,包括雨水利用原则、设计参数的确定、雨水的收集,此外还探讨了中水系统、绿地喷灌系统以及水景水质处理等设计要点。     

基于资源视角的城市雨水利用研究

充分利用雨水资源可以缓解城市供水紧张、减少雨洪灾害、防止地下水位下降。通过编制雨水利用规划,研究储水系统、雨水渗透技术等,从宏观和微观的角度,探讨雨水资源充分利用的途径。     

城市建设中的雨水利用

针对我国水资源紧缺的现状，就城市建设雨水的利用问题，从屋顶雨水的汇集利用、路面雨水处理等方面，提出了城市雨水利用的措施，以改善防洪条件，缓解城市水资源紧缺的状况。     

城市雨水是资源不是祸水——郑州30亿元市政工程引出城市排水新思维

“城市雨水不是垃圾，而是宝贵的淡水资源，不能花巨资把它一排了之!”对郑州市规划局一项新的市政排水规划方案，华北水利水电学院的朱贵良等三位教师直言不讳地提出了不同意见。他们认为，这个计划投资30亿元的方案，忽略了雨水资源化的问题，指导思想不明，规划结构存在“重大缺陷”。而他们提出的城市雨水缺乏综合利用的问题，在我国北方的大部分城市都普遍存在。     

新西兰典型雨水管理政策剖析与启示

大力发展雨水利用事业，除技术支持以外，还需要完善的雨水利用制度和管理措施。介绍了新西兰雨水利用政策的整体框架及雨水管理政策，如雨水基础设施政策、私人地区雨水管理政策、雨水排放和处置政策、雨水灾害与地表径流政策、河流管理政策等。其次介绍了新西兰的雨水管理，主要包括洪水管理、河流管理、污染物管理等。在对新西兰雨水政策剖析的基础上，提出了对我国城市雨水管理的建议。     

潍坊市雨水资源化综合利用技术方案研究

潍坊市降雨较少、水资源匮乏,现状雨水资源化利用程度不高。针对潍坊市降雨径流特点与雨水水质情况,分析雨水入渗系统、雨水调蓄排放与利用系统等技术,分别针对新建、已建住宅小区与企事业单位及大屋面公共建筑等不同建设区域的条件与需求,确定了合理的雨水综合利用技术方案,以推动城市雨水资源化利用及海绵城市建设,缓解城市缺水现象。     

Rainwater tank capacity and potential for potable water savings by using rainwater in the residential sector of southeastern Brazil

Rainwater has been used in many countries as a way of minimising water availability problems. In Brazil, it has been reported that the potential for potable water savings by using rainwater may range from 48% to 100% depending on the geographic region. In southeastern Brazil, water availability is about 4500 m³ per capita per year, but it is predicted to be lower than 1000 m³ per capita per year from about 2100 onwards. The main objective of this article is to evaluate the potential for potable water savings by using rainwater in 195 cities located in southeastern Brazil. Rainwater tank sizes are also assessed for some cities in order to evaluate the ideal tank capacity as a function of potable water demand and rainwater demand. Results indicate that average potential for potable water savings range from 12% to 79% per year for the cities analysed. Ideal rainwater tank capacities for dwellings with low potable water demand range from about 2000 to 20,000 litres depending on rainwater demand. For dwellings with high potable water demand, ideal rainwater tank capacities range from about 3000 to 7000 litres. The main conclusion drawn from the research is that the average potential for potable water savings in southeastern Brazil is 41%. It was also concluded that rainwater tank capacity has to be determined for each location and dwelling as it depends strongly on potable water demand and rainwater demand.     

城市雨水景观设施的建设与改造

从水资源的匮乏和恶化出发,分析雨水回收利用的必要性和可行性;提出了以原有的自然水脉为网络进行城市规划以及建设和改造城市雨水景观的理念;利用城市原有的水系进行雨水和生活用水的收集,通过街道绿地中的水道,借助地势,将城市各区域的水汇集到城市低处的公园内进行统一的净化、协调,使城市雨水得以高效率的回收;并以山东即墨新城规划为例,从城市绿地系统规划的角度出发,以居住区、街道、公园等典型区域为例,为整个城市的水回收净化的景观设施设计提供了建议。     

Experimental evaluation of rainwater quality for non-potable applications in the city of São Paulo,Brazil

This study summarizes the evaluation of rainwater quality and its potential for non-potable applications in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. An experimental system was installed at the Centro de Técnicas de Construção Civil (Civil Construction Techniques Centre, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo) such that analysis of the physical, chemical and bacteriological composition of rainwater—total and faecal coliforms, Clostridium Sulphite-reducer, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa—could be conducted. The need for water treatment was also evaluated in order to match quality to specific uses. Rainwater samples were collected from the roof by an automatic sample collector. Samples were also collected from a rainwater storage tank. In the operation of the system, analysis of rainwater's potential use in non-potable applications, such as flushing toilet bowls, was also conducted. The results obtained did not meet recognised quality standards, leading to the conclusion that water disinfection prior to use is required.     

城市雨水集蓄利用工程规模的优化

通过分析雨水贮存池容积、多年平均日降雨量、满蓄次数等关系，依据贮存池的工作过程和费用效益分析原理提出了雨水贮存池经济规模优化求解方法，进而对优化设计中常见的关键问题进行了讨论，如贮存池满蓄次数、可收集水量、投资与成本、综合效益、资金时间价值等。该方法具有一定的通用性和实用性，可以作为城市雨水利用工程优化设计的理论依据和实用技术。最后对北京地区某工程实例进行了应用分析。     

西安市雨水资源开发和利用的探讨

中国城市化进程的加快,使得城市水资源的可靠供给问题日趋突出,西部城市面临的形势尤为严峻。合理而高效利用雨水,对西部城市水资源的供给具有重要意义。从城市建设引发的环境问题入手,从减洪消灾、雨水回灌、雨水多层次利用、雨水利用技术普及推广、政策导向等多角度,探讨了雨水资源开发和利用对缓解城市水资源紧张状况的意义和作用。     

Potential for potable water savings by combining the use of rainwater and greywater in houses in southern Brazil

Research on rainwater and greywater have been performed all over the world as a way of promoting potable water savings. The main objective of this article is to evaluate the potential for potable water savings by using rainwater and greywater in two houses in southern Brazil. An economic analysis is performed to evaluate the benefits of using rainwater and greywater either separately or together. Results indicate that the potential for potable water savings in both houses range from 33.8% (house B) to 36.6% (house A), considering that water for toilet flushing and washing machine does not need to be potable. By using rainwater, the potable water savings in house A would be 35.5% and in house B, 33.6%. When greywater is considered alone, potable water savings are lower, i.e., 30.4% in house A and 25.6% in house B. As for the use of rainwater and greywater combined, the potable water savings are 36.4% in house A and 33.8% in house B. The three systems that were investigated seem not to be cost effective as the payback periods were very high (above 17 years), but the greywater system was the most attractive one. The main conclusion that can be made from the research is that there needs to be government incentives in order to promote the use of rainwater or greywater in houses in southern Brazil.     

解析波特兰雨水花园

城市里大量的建筑,不透水铺地与沥青路面取代原有地表,致使城市地基中普遍含水量不足、土壤内部生态失去平衡.热岛效应等均为近来关注的焦点,该文详尽对美国波特兰雨水花园进行评介,提出雨水花园是创建城市生态的一种有效途径.     

昆明呈贡新城雨水规划新思路

在呈贡雨水专项规划中,呈贡的雨水排放采取源头控制和集中处理的方式,既对降低径流系数和对初期雨水的控制有着明显的效果,亦可降低呈贡新城雨水管网工程的造价,有利于更好地保护滇池。     

雨水利用与水量平衡分析在城市园区水景设计中的应用

城市园区水景的水量保障问题对于水景观的建设与运行至关重要,收集雨水资源作为景观用水技术可行、运行经济、符合当前的节水形势。在水景观的设计过程中应用水量平衡分析可以将雨水利用与水景建设统筹考虑,指导水景方案的规划设计,寻求合理的水景规模、高效的水资源利用率,降低水景项目的建设投资与运行费用。将雨水利用和水量平衡分析运用于水景设计中,有利于实现在水资源日益紧缺的形势下水景建设的正常发展。     

基于低影响开发的城市园林绿地雨水管理系统新常态

针对传统城市绿地规划中着眼于景观化和服务游人功能化,城市雨洪、水污染却被忽略的问题,将LID(低影响开发)应用于城市绿地规划中,改变现状,建设海绵城市。LID技术是能够快速实现城市雨水的收集、净化和再利用的生态技术体系,是一种通过对源头进行分散控制的雨水管理实践形式。基于LID技术,分别将雨水源头控制、雨水过滤处理以及雨水的储存再利用同植物群落截留、透水铺装与绿色停车场、雨水花园和调蓄池等绿地规划的方法和技术相结合,形成以LID 为技术支撑,以园林设计方法为依托,能够接近自然水文循环的城市绿地雨水管理系统新常态。