含氧化石墨烯混合基质反渗透复合膜的制备及性能研究

以间苯二胺(MPD)为水相单体、均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)为油相单体,氧化石墨烯(GO)作为水相添加物,采用界面聚合法,制备了GO-PA(聚酰胺)/PSF(聚砜)混合基质反渗透复合膜。采用扫描电子显微镜表征了膜形貌,考察了该膜对氯化钠的截留性能及耐氯性。结果表明,聚酰胺反渗透膜填充氧化石墨烯后,其分离性能优于聚酰胺膜,且具有较好的耐氯性。随着氧化石墨烯含量的增加,膜的通量增大,当添加量为0.005%时,膜具有最大通量,为63 L/(m2.h)。     

疏水陶瓷膜脱除油中水分的研究

对采用平均孔径50nm、表面疏水的陶瓷膜脱除油中水分的过程进行了研究,考察了跨膜压差、膜面流速、原料液水含量对膜渗透通量及水截留率的影响.结果表明,采用疏水陶瓷膜脱除异辛烷中水分可得到较好的分离效果;增大跨膜压差或减小原料液水含量可以增加膜稳定通量,而随着膜面流速的增加,膜稳定通量先升后降.实验得出适宜的操作参数为跨膜压差0.1MPa、膜面流速1.67m/s,获得的水截留率均在98%以上.基于所用陶瓷膜稳定的亲油疏水表面,渗透侧水含量在不同的操作条件下变化很小.     

应用ROS3．2螺压机对污泥的处理

炼油厂“三泥”的处理一直是困扰炼油厂环保工作的“老大难”问题,长岭分公司通过回炼焦化和螺压机脱水的方式,解决了“三泥”的二次污染问题。本文是对剩余污泥的处理进行简要地总结。     

基于BTP/PIP-TMC界面聚合体系制备高通量复合纳滤膜

选择具有良好亲水性和线性结构特征的1,3-二[三(羟甲基)甲氨基]丙烷(BTP)与哌嗪(PIP)共同组成水相单体,与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)通过界面聚合合成复合纳滤膜.利用ATR/FTIR、SEM和接触角测定仪等手段对合成的复合纳滤膜进行表征,并考察水相单体中BTP含量对纳滤膜渗透分离性能和亲水性的影响.结果表明,BTP被成功引入到聚酰胺分离层中,随着水相单体中BTP含量的提高,聚酰胺分离层厚度和水通量都有所增加,但对无机盐的截留性能下降.最佳的水相组成为：PIP质量分数为0.4%,BTP质量分数为0.6%,此时复合纳滤膜的纯水渗透系数为105 L/(m²·h·MPa),达到原膜的1.54倍,对Na₂SO₄、MgSO₄、MgCl₂和NaCl的截留率分别为97.3%、91.4%、40.7%和31.7%.     

胺基载体选择性渗透膜对西兰花品质的影响

目的研究自制胺基载体选择性渗透膜对西兰花品质的影响。方法以自制选择性渗透膜为包装材料,纯LDPE薄膜处理、硅藻土改性基膜处理、自然放置为对照,于室温密封储存,定期测定各种包装材料内西兰花的品质变化。根据贮存期间各包装材料内西兰花的质量损失率、色差、可溶性固形物含量、硬度、褐变度、维生素C含量等各项指标的变化来评价所制备选择性渗透膜的保鲜性能。结果贮存9 d后,自制选择性渗透膜包装内西兰花的质量损失率、色差、可溶性固形物含量、硬度、褐变度、维生素C含量等指标均高于纯LDPE薄膜、基膜和自然放置对照组,但褐变度低于对照组。结论自制选择性渗透膜能够通过调节包装中CO_2和O_2的选择性渗透,有效控制果蔬呼吸速率,以达到延长储存期的目的。     

糖基掺杂聚酰胺纳滤膜制备及其性能研究

以哌嗪和糖基物质(葡萄糖、蔗糖和棉子糖)的混合溶液为水相,均苯三甲酰氯的正己烷溶液为油相,采用界面聚合法制备了糖基掺杂的聚酰胺复合纳滤膜.其中,选择了蔗糖掺杂的纳滤膜,讨论了蔗糖和哌嗪的不同比例对纳滤膜的渗透性和分离性能的影响,并对其膜的微观结构、表面润湿性、表面电荷特征进行了详细的测试与表征.蔗糖的掺杂改变了膜的表观结构,降低了膜的粗糙度和聚酰胺皮层厚度,提高了膜的表面亲水性;随着蔗糖比例的增加,纳滤膜的渗透性能也随之增加;当蔗糖质量分数达到0.8%时,膜对Na_2SO_4的截留率仍保持在99.1%,而纯水通量则达到97.0 L/(m~2·h·MPa),较原始TFC膜上涨了86%.     

分子筛填充聚砜膜气体渗透特性研究

制备了分子筛填充聚砜膜,并考察了分子筛填充量对氢、氮、乙烯等气体的渗透特性的影响．实验结果表明,在一定的分子含量范围内成膜过程中会发生分子筛的自聚集现象,从而导致分子筛在膜内的非均匀分布．与此相对应,膜的气体渗透特性也发生突变．     

“千吨级渗透汽化脱碳六油中微量水中试研究成果”通过评定

由清华大学化学工程系与中国石化集团北京燕山石油化工有限公司橡胶事业部合作完成的“千吨级渗透汽化脱碳六油中微量水中试研究成果” ,于 2 0 0 0年 12月 2 3日在北京通过了北京燕山石油化工有限公司组织的专家评定 .本项目是北京燕化公司橡胶事业部与清华大学化工系签订的“渗透汽化脱环己烷、己烷 (碳六油 )中微量水”的技术开发合同项目 .合同执行一年来 ,在北京燕山石化公司的大力支持下 ,清华大学和橡胶事业部紧密合作 ,从实验室放大试验和中试试验两方面对膜材料的选择 ,膜寿命 ,中试用膜的脱水性能 ,膜组件结构设计的合理性 ,密封…     

时间延迟法确定渗透参数的数据处理

渗透测试中采用“时间延迟法”.是一种粗糙的处理方法.为了改进渗透参数.需利用最小二乘迭代法对数据进行处理.第二、三部分介绍了气体通过膜材的渗透情形以及时间延迟法确定渗透参数的基本思想.得出经过3倍时间延迟后渗透才稳定的结论.通过对时间延迟法确定的渗透参数的误差分析.认为扩散率的相对误差比渗透率的相对误差大数倍.需用最小二乘迭代法对扩散率数据进行改进.最后以玻璃钢氦渗透试验数据处理为例.证明预估的时间延迟值较合适.同时利用最小二乘迭代法处理环氧玻璃钢的氦渗透问题.在非稳态和稳态情况下分别进行渗透测试.数据处理结果表明.最小二乘迭代法能成功地处理尚未达到稳态的渗透数据而获得渗透参数值.这是时间延迟法做不到的。     

并流条件下聚丙烯中空纤维微孔膜的过滤特性

采用死端过滤（并流）对两种聚丙烯中空纤维微孔膜的低浊度水过滤性能进行了实验研究,并采用滤饼理论对聚丙烯微孔膜的过滤特性进行了描述．当被处理体系的阻力由膜阻力控制时,由于滤饼阻力的增加使得渗透通量快速衰减;当过程阻力由膜阻力和滤饼阻力共同主导时,渗透通量衰减变缓．在过程初期滤饼阻力与渗透总量成线性关系,但后期有偏离这种线性关系并有快速增大的趋势．分析结果表明,在相同渗透量下滤饼阻力的增加不仅与滤液本身性质有关,而且与微孔膜材料的本征性质有关,滤饼理论可以很好地解释聚丙烯微孔膜处理低浊度水溶液时的过滤性能．     

Release of Zn, Ni, Cu, SO4(2-) and CrO4(2-) as a function of pH from cement-based stabilized/solidified refinery oily sludge and ash from incineration of oily sludge

A framework for the evaluation of leaching behavior of inorganic constituents from stabilized/solidified refinery oily sludge and ash produced from incineration of oily sludge with cement was employed. Metal and anion release as a function of pH was investigated. The leaching test consisted of multiple parallel extractions at pH range from 2 to 12. Remarkably good immobilization >98% was observed for metals of solidified ash at pH>6 and >93% of solidified oily sludge at pH>7. Sulfate leaching was high at pH range 2-12. The leaching behavior of metals and anions was simulated by VMINTEQ. The calculations showed that leaching behavior of Zn, Ni and Cu was controlled by chemical equilibrium and surface complexation onto ferrihydrite, at the pH range 2-12. The dominant solid phases that controlled metal leachability were metal hydroxides. The dominant mechanism that described sulfate leaching was found to be chemical equilibrium. Sulfate and also chromate leachability was controlled by Ettringite and Cr(VI)Ettringite as the major minerals affecting their release.     

Biodegradation of total organic carbons (TOC) in Jordanian petroleum sludge

Biodegradation is cost-effective, environmentally friendly treatment for oily contaminated sites by the use of microorganisms. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to establish the performance of bacterial isolates in degradation of organic compounds contained in oily sludge from the Jordanian Oil Refinery plant. As a result of the laboratory screening, three natural bacterial consortia capable of degrading total organic carbons (TOC) were prepared from isolates enriched from the oil sludge. Experiments were conducted in Erlenmeyer flasks under aerobic conditions, with TOC removal percentage varied from 0.3 to 28% depending on consortia type and concentration. Consortia 7B and 13B exhibited the highest TOC removal percentage of 28 and 22%, respectively, before nutrient addition. TOC removal rate was enhanced after addition of nutrients to incubated flasks. The highest TOC reduction (43%) was estimated after addition of combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur to consortia 7B.

A significant variation (P < 0.005) was obser0ved between the effect of consortia type and concentration on TOC% reduction. No significant variation was observed between incubation at 10 and 18 days in TOC% reduction. This is the first report concerning biological treatment of TOC by bacteria isolated from the oil refinery plants, where it lays the ground for full integrated studies recommended for the degradation of organic compounds that assist in solving sludge problems.     

含油污泥颗粒的流态化行为研究

在一内径为0.056m、高为1.6m的冷模玻璃流化床中研究含油污泥与石英砂混合颗粒的冷模流化行为,含油污泥干基含油率为17.63%(质量分数),筛分成0.20~0.30、0.30~0.45、0.45~0.90mm3种粒径范围,与石英砂混合后进行流化实验。结果表明:各种颗粒混合物中油泥质量分数在0~30%范围内均可以实现正常流化,超出此范围,流化中出现明显的粘壁、沟流等不正常的流化现象;混合颗粒中含油率越高,初始流化速度越大;含油泥混合颗粒与典型的B类颗粒纯石英砂的塌落行为有显著差别,塌落时间较长,而床层膨胀率却较低。     

Evaporation and air-stripping to assess and reduce ethanolamines toxicity in oily wastewater

Toxicity from industrial oily wastewater remains a problem even after conventional activated sludge treatment process, because of the persistence of some toxicant compounds. This work verified the removal efficiency of organic and inorganic pollutants and the effects of evaporation and air-stripping techniques on oily wastewater toxicity reduction. In a lab-scale plant, a vacuum evaporation procedure at three different temperatures and an air-stripping stage were tested on oily wastewater. Toxicity reduction/removal was observed at each treatment step via Microtox bioassay. A case study monitoring real scale evaporation was also done in a full-size wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). To implement part of a general project of toxicity reduction evaluation, additional investigations took into account the monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA) and triethanolamine (TEA) role in toxicity definition after the evaporation phase, both as pure substances and mixtures. Only MEA and TEA appeared to contribute towards effluent toxicity.     

含油污水陶瓷膜处理工艺的数值模拟

陶瓷膜污水处理技术近年来在油田含油污水领域得到了迅速发展,跨膜压差、处理温度以及油滴和悬浮颗粒的浓度都直接关系到膜处理时对离散相粒子直径的选择性和处理效果.运用Fluent计算软件在微观上对含油污水的处理条件(包括跨膜压差、温度以及含油污水的浓度)进行了数值模拟研究,结果表明,在适当的跨膜压差下,提高污水处理温度,减小含油污水浓度(进行污水预处理)可以减小膜污染的程度,从而明显地提高污水处理的效果.     

Purification of oily wastewater by ultrafiltration

Investigations have been carried out for purification of oily wastewater by a combination of ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis processes. A tubular ultrafiltration system using cellulosic and non-cellulosic membranes was tested with typical oily wastewater collected from harbour and simulated emulsion without any pretreatment. Both membrane types produced a permeate with an oil content generally less than 10 mg/dm³. Rejection of chemical oxygen demand (COD) is 80% for ultrafiltration treatment. The permeate is generally of acceptable quality for direct sewer discharge. For further treatment of UF permeate, reverse osmosis was applied with tubular B1 PCI modules using cellulose acetate membranes. The rejection of COD after ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis treatment increased up to 98.5% and total dissolved solids (TDS) to 95.7%. Reverse osmosis treatment will permit reuse of the treated water as process water.     

膜技术处理含油废水的研究

介绍了膜技术在含油废水处理中的特点和应用前景,针对含油废水的性质,探讨了膜类型的选择、操作压差、膜面流速、操作温度、膜污染及清洗等因素对膜技术处理含油废水的影响.通常情况下,操作压力过大时,膜通量随压力变化较小,而低于该压力时,膜通量随操作压力的增大而提高;膜面流速和温度对膜通量的影响和操作压力的影响类似;膜经过合适的清洗可以基本恢复膜通量.还介绍了膜技术在油田含油废水处理中的实例和存在的问题,并进一步指出今后的发展方向是研究开发经济、高效的污水处理技术,尤其是膜技术和微生物法结合处理油田含油废水的技术.     

改性聚偏氟乙烯膜的油吸附性研究

排除因液体流动和压力梯度造成的浓差极化、油滴形变等影响因素,用静态吸附法考察膜对油分子的吸附规律.结果表明,膜对油分子的吸附属于一级动力学吸附,吸附过程的主要控制步骤是油分子在膜表面及膜孔内的扩散.Freundlich等温方程可以很好地描述膜对油分子的吸附,拟合后的常数K和1/n均较小,证明所用的改性聚偏氟乙烯膜对油分子的吸附能力较小,吸附强度较弱,也即改性聚偏氟乙烯膜耐污染,且易清洗.膜改性可以在处理低浓度含油废水时有效减少由于膜对油分子的吸附而造成的污染.     

Bio-treatment of oily sludge: the contribution of amendment material to the content of target contaminants, and the biodegradation dynamics

The objective was to investigate the aerobic biodegradation of oily sludge generated by a flotation-flocculation unit (FFU) of an oil refinery wastewater treatment plant. Four 1m(3) pilot bioreactors with controlled air-flow were filled with FFU sludge mixed with one of the following amendments: sand (M1); matured oil compost (M2); kitchen waste compost (M3) and shredded waste wood (M4). The variables monitored were: pH, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), total carbon (C(tot)), total nitrogen (N(tot)) and total phosphorus (P(tot)). The reduction of TPH based on mass balance in M1, M2, M3 and M4 after 373 days of treatment was 62, 51, 74 and 49%; the reduction of PAHs was 97%, +13% (increase), 92 and 88%, respectively. The following mechanisms alone or in combination might explain the results: (i) most organics added with amendments biodegrade faster than most petroleum hydrocarbons, resulting in a relative increase in concentration of these recalcitrant contaminants; (ii) some amendments result in increased amounts of TPH and PAHs to be degraded in the mixture; (iii) sorption-desorption mechanisms involving hydrophobic compounds in the organic matrix reduce bioavailability, biodegradability and eventually extractability; (iv) mixture heterogeneity affecting sampling. Total contaminant mass reduction seems to be a better parameter than concentration to assess degradation efficiency in mixtures with high content of biodegradable amendments.     

Photocatalytic pretreatment of oily wastewater from the restaurant by a vacuum ultraviolet/TiO2 system

The present study aims at investigating the performance of a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV, 185 nm) and TiO(2) oxidation system for the pretreatment of oily wastewater from restaurant. The influence of irradiation time, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), the dosage of TiO(2) and the initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration on COD removal efficiency was ascertained and optimum process conditions for stable and effective operation were determined. Under the optimum conditions of irradiation 10 min, initial COD 3981 mg/L, TiO(2) 150 mg/L, pH 7.0 and flow rate of air 40 L/h, the process of VUV and TiO(2)/VUV achieved removal efficiencies of COD, BOD(5) and oil as 50±3%, 37±2%, 86±3%, and 63±3%, 43±2%, 70±3%, respectively. The biodegradability factor f(B) of the wastewater was determined as 1.56 which indicated that the VUV/TiO(2) process improved the biodegradability of the oily wastewater significantly. Results clearly indicate that VUV/TiO(2) photolysis tends to destruct parts of COD, BOD(5), and ammonia, as well as enhances the biodegradability of the oily wastewater simultaneously. Thus, this technique could be used as a pretreatment step for conventional biological treatment of oily wastewater.