基于约束最小二乘的纯方位多站被动跟踪算法

纯方位单站目标被动跟踪需要观测站作机动才能满足可观测条件,导致跟踪算法收敛时间较长。基于纯方位多站被动跟踪算法可以解决算法收敛时间较长的问题,文中提出了一种约束最小二乘算法用于纯方位多站被动跟踪,它首先为最小二乘算法引入约束条件,利用矩阵最小特征值所对应的特征向量,解决了EKF 算法需要初值的问题,避免了滤波的发散,同时也极大地减小了最小二乘估计的偏置。仿真表明,这种算法能够渐进地逼近估计误差的下限,并且其精度有所增加,是一种渐进、稳定以及近似无偏的估计算法。     

基于测距最小二乘的方位融合多传感器定位算法

在多部2D传感器组网目标定位中,为减小地球曲率对观测的影响,充分利用各传感器量测并解决观测方程的非线性最小二乘问题,提出了融合方位量测的测距最小二乘算法。该算法的实质是基于多部2D传感器设备的测距以及方位角信息,考虑地球曲率的影响建立等效的观测模型和非线性方程,通过数学变换将非线性系统转化为线性系统;利用纯距离最小二乘定位原理初步估算出目标的位置,然后融合各传感器的方位量测得到关于目标的最终位置估计。仿真实验表明,本方法在3部以上2D传感器观测并且测距误差较大而方位误差较小的情况下,可以修正测距最小二乘法在某些位置的定位误差,从而整体提高目标的定位精度。     

基于协方差加权的卡尔曼滤波融合跟踪算法

针对卡尔曼滤波融合跟踪对系统模型准确度和先验信息精度要求较高的问题,提出一种基于协方差加权的卡尔曼滤波融合方法,利用最小二乘准则作为误差加权的标准,使误差小的传感器加权因子大。基于此,再利用卡尔曼滤波融合,充分保留有用信息,抑制噪声干扰。在目标跟踪应用中,即使噪声统计信息未知且噪声互相关,利用该方法仍能够获得最小均方误差准则下的最优目标状态跟踪估计。     

纯方位小幅机动目标定位跟踪技术研究

对纯方位小幅机动目标UKF(Unscented Kalman Filter)定位跟踪算法进行了研究。在目标机动可检测性分析的基础上,建立了纯方位小幅机动目标定位跟踪的UKF滤波算法模型,基于最小二乘和UKF算法联合调度思想,实现了对纯方位小幅机动目标的定位跟踪,通过仿真计算对其定位精度进行了分析,验证了算法模型的有效性。     

MIMO声纳最小二乘方位估计快速算法

 为了充分利用多入多出(Multiple Input Multiple Output,MIMO)声纳的虚拟阵列孔径性能,针对目标方位估计问题,提出了一种MIMO声纳系统目标方位估计方法,该方法由发射阵列发射正交信号,接收阵列首先对接受信号进行匹配滤波,然后构造最小二乘约束下的空间拟合关系,最后采用马尔可夫蒙特卡罗完美抽样方法解决最小二乘拟合求解运算量大的问题.仿真结果表明:两目标情况下,采用该方法的MIMO声纳系统方位估计精度在中低信噪比条件下与MIMO最大似然方位估计基本相同,优于MIMO最小方差方法,而运算量比最大似然方法显著降低.     

空基多平台对空中机动目标的被动跟踪定位算法

针对空中机动目标的被动定位跟踪问题,提出了一种先用静态估计理论对空中目标进行最小二乘估计,再采用基于“当前”统计模型的自适应滤波算法进行滤波处理的方法,取得了比最小二乘估计与卡尔曼滤波相结合的算法更好的效果。仿真结果表明,在跟踪非机动目标时,该算法和最小二乘估计与卡尔曼滤波结合的办法相当;在跟踪机动目标时,该算法的误差明显小于原算法。     

一种新的单站红外目标纯方位参数航迹滤波方法

红外单站只能测量目标的角度信息,难以获取目标的距离信息,无法在直角坐标系下有效对3维目标进行跟踪。该文提出一种新的纯方位参数航迹滤波方法,该算法避免传统方法中需采用多站交叉定位的思路,根据红外传感器测量速率较高的特点,直接利用单传感器测量的方位角序列,对目标航迹参数进行估计,较好地解决了单站的目标跟踪问题。仿真结果表明,该方法对直线运动或机动目标具有良好的跟踪性能。     

一种基于TLS-STK方法的单站无源定位算法

文中研究了在存在有色量测噪声情况下的纯方位角单站无源定位问题,给出了一种新的基于总体最小二乘和强跟踪滤波器（TLS-STK）方法的无源定位滤波算法。该算法首先利用总体最小二乘算法进行无源定位,得到初步的目标位置和速度信息,再用这些信息来初始化强跟踪滤波器,最后运用强跟踪滤波器对后续测得的带有色噪声的方位角度值进行滤波,得到高精度的目标定位结果。经过仿真对比实验验证,该算法可较为有效地抑制色噪声的干扰,并具有定位精度高、收敛速度快的特点,能够较好地满足工程实际的应用要求。     

被动定向声纳浮标的目标运动分析

依据被动定向声纳浮标多站纯方位定位的使用特点,采用分步进行的方法估计潜艇目标的运动状态.首先,使用最小二乘法融合多枚浮标的测量信息,给出某一时刻目标位置的综合定位结果和定位误差;然后,利用卡尔曼滤波器估计目标在该时刻的位置、航速和航向等运动参数,避免了直接从方位测量入手时,需要建立非线性量测方程,再进行线性化的问题;最...     

粒子滤波在机动目标纯方位跟踪中的应用

文章将多模粒子滤波算法用于机动目标纯方位跟踪，通过估计模型的概率而不是寻找最优算法去进行局部线性化和表征非高斯后验密度，从而减小了近似误差。在仿真研究中，与IMM—EKF的比较验证了多模粒子滤波处理机动目标纯方位跟踪问题的优越性。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.