水平异型管降膜蒸发器管外液膜流动数值模拟

通过Fluent 6. 3软件,模拟计算了5种换热管管型(圆管、扁管、椭圆管、滴形管和蛋形管)的降膜蒸发器的12排换热管管束管外成膜排数及液膜厚度。找到5种换热管管型中成膜效果最好的为蛋形管,针对蛋形管管束模拟了在蛋形管的管间距d=6. 4 mm条件下,制冷剂入口流速v在0. 10～0. 20 m/s范围内时,蛋形管管外成膜排数及液膜厚度,以及在制冷剂入口流速v=0. 15 m/s条件下,蛋形管的管间距d在6. 4～12. 4 mm范围内时,蛋形管管外成膜排数及液膜厚度,得到以下结论:在扁管、椭圆管、滴形管和蛋形管4种异型管中,蛋形管成膜的管排数最多。随着制冷剂入口流速的增大,蛋形管换热管外成膜的排数增大,液膜厚度也增加。蛋形管管束的管间距越大,蛋形管管外成膜的排数越少,液膜越薄。     

电刷镀技术在液压元件维修中的应用

1电刷镀技术简述电刷镀技术需采用专用的直流电源设备,电源正极接镀笔,作为阳极;电源负极接工件,作为阴极。镀笔通常采用高纯度细石墨块,刷镀时使浸满镀液的镀笔以一定的相对运动速度在工件表面上移动,并保持适当的压力。在镀笔与工件接触的部位,提供含有需镀金属离子的专用镀液,在电场力的作用下,镀液中的金属离子向工件表面作定向迁移,在工件表面沉积成为镀层。其原理简图见图1。图1电刷镀技术原理简图镀层厚度随刷镀时间的延长而增加,直至达到所需镀层厚度为止。电刷镀的镀层厚度一般为0·01~1·0mm,修复沟槽和擦伤时,镀层厚度可达3mm。…     

水平滴形管降膜蒸发器管外液体流动数值模拟

针对制冷系统中降膜蒸发器的两种不同管形的换热管(圆形管和滴形管)管外液膜流动情况进行研究。通过Fluent软件,建立二维模型,以制冷剂R134a为介质,进行数值模拟。通过不同的换热管管形、不同的布液高度、不同的布液器出口初始流速及不同的管间距组合下的多种工况,分析换热管管外成膜情况、液膜的流动情况和成膜厚度。结果显示:在各模拟条件相同的情况下,滴形管的成膜管排数比圆形管多,且滴形管管外制冷剂流动的扰动较少,成膜更加均匀。滴形管成膜管排数随着布液高度的增大而减少;液膜厚度随布液高度的增大而减小;但是布液高度不应过大。滴形管液膜厚度随初始流速增大呈现增大的趋势,柱状流成膜范围也加大。滴形管成膜管排数、液膜厚度均随着管间距增大而减少。     

超声ELID复合磨削砂轮表面氧化膜行为试验研究

根据电化学原理针对氧化膜的形成过程建立氧化膜形成的数学模型,为后续试验提供一定的理论依据。为探究超声ELID复合磨削对铸铁结合剂金刚石砂轮表面氧化膜的影响,以氧化膜表面的裂纹及坑洞的形态和氧化膜成膜厚度作为氧化膜表面形貌轮廓的特性指标,通过试验探究了在预修锐阶段砂轮转速、超声振动及ELID电参数对氧化膜成膜行为的影响,以及在动态磨削阶段砂轮转速、轴向进给量、磨削深度及磨粒粒度对砂轮表面氧化膜的形貌轮廓的影响。利用单因素研究方法分析各加工参数在动态磨削阶段对砂轮表面氧化膜成膜行为的影响,为以后定量控制氧化膜行为状态提供可靠依据。     

碱源对钢表面原位生长LDH抗腐蚀膜的影响

为提升建筑用钢抗腐蚀性能,采用水热法在钢表面原位生长Co-Al-CO₃^2-层状双金属氢氧化物(LDH)防锈膜,并研究了尿素,碳酸钠,碳酸氢钠作为碱源对反应体系的影响,揭示了钢表面生长LDH膜的关键因素.同时,对不同尿素浓度下生长的LDH膜微观结构进行了对比,结合电化学法表征了LDH膜的抗腐蚀性能,分析了尿素浓度的影响规律.结果表明：尿素作为碱源时才能在钢上原位生长LDH;尿素在常温下呈中性,Al³⁺水解形成无定形氢氧化铝沉积在钢表面作为LDH晶核;反应温度升高后尿素会水解使溶液呈碱性,利于LDH晶核生长成膜;当尿素浓度较低时,LDH片尺寸较大,膜有较多孔洞;当尿素浓度较高时,LDH片尺寸较小但会相互挤压产生裂纹;当尿素浓度为0.375 mol/L时,LDH膜生长致密,并具有良好抗腐蚀性能.     

泥浆粗粒材料对泥水盾构泥膜闭气时间的影响

通过自制仪器,对添加有不同含量粗粒材料的泥浆进行成膜闭气试验,分析泥浆中粗粒含量对泥膜闭气时间的影响,以揭示含粗粒材料泥膜的闭气机理并根据不同含量粗粒材料泥浆成膜效果和闭气性能的差异分析;研究粗粒材料、地层和泥浆颗粒形成的网架结构对泥膜闭气性的影响,以确定提高泥膜闭气性能的粗粒材料合理添加量。结果表明,添加的轻质砂能有效加快泥膜形成及增强泥膜的闭气性能,当泥浆中轻质砂添加量大于1.8g/L时,泥膜的闭气时间有较大的提升,但当添加量达到3g/L时,增加轻质砂添加量对泥膜闭气时间提升效果下降。     

电压对锈裂钢筋混凝土电泳沉积修复效果的影响EI北大核心CSCD

提出了以高性能环氧树脂溶液为修复溶液的电泳沉积修复法,研究了修复过程中各电压下锈胀开裂钢筋混凝土试件裂缝面形貌、电阻、沉积膜厚度的变化规律,以及电压对修复后试件防水和抗碳化性能的影响.结果表明:电泳沉积修复24 h后各试件的裂缝皆可完全愈合,电压越高,锈胀裂缝愈合越快,裂缝面环氧树脂沉积膜越厚,电阻越大;修复后试件的防水和抗碳化性能显著提升,相较于高电压,低电压修复后试件的防水性能更好;电压对修复后试件的抗碳化性能影响不大.     

聚合物乳液建筑防水涂料力学性能影响因素研究

采用VAE乳液、增塑剂、分散剂、消泡剂、成膜助剂、高岭土、石英粉等制备了聚合物乳液建筑防水涂料,探讨了乳液的玻璃化温度、乳液/填料比、增塑剂用量以及涂膜厚度和测试温度对防水涂膜力学性能的影响。结果表明,当乳液的玻璃化温度在-5~5℃、乳液/填料比为1.0、增塑剂用量为5%时制得的聚合物乳液建筑防水涂料综合性能较优,而且涂膜厚度和测试温度也是影响力学性能的关键因素,在施工时要特别注意。     

水成膜泡沫在航空煤油表面的封闭性效果

采用不同环境温度、不同混合比对水成膜泡沫在燃油液面的覆盖开展了封闭性验证实验,通过测定可燃蒸气的浓度及检测时间分析了水成膜泡沫的封闭性随环境温度、混合比的变化规律.实验结果表明:水成膜泡沫的封闭性随环境温度的升高而变差,对于3％的水成膜泡沫,环境温度为40℃时的初次检测可燃蒸气的时间比80℃时的检测时间延长149 s;...     

在线淡蓝色低反射阳光控制镀膜玻璃制备工艺

通过设计在线CVD化学沉积膜系结构,采用两台镀膜机反应器,以锡源、锑源、O₂、H₂O及载气作为反应气体,在玻璃基板表面镀上具有合适的锑掺杂量和厚度的第一掺锑二氧化锡层和第二掺锑二氧化锡层。工艺步骤简单,过程稳定可控,生产成本低,适合工业化应用,可轻松进行钢化、热弯、夹层等深加工,能同时满足人们在设计和使用时对美感的需求。     

Photocatalytic oxidation and ozonation of catechol over carbon-black-modified nano-TiO2 thin films supported on Al sheet

The photocatalytic activity of the carbon-black-modified nano-TiO2) (CB-TiO2) thin films was 1.5 times higher than that of TiO2 thin films in degrading Reactive Brilliant Red X-3B. Photocatalytic oxidation and ozonation of catechol over CB-TiO2 thin films supported on Al sheet was investigated. The experiments showed that ozone concentrations had an important effect on TOC removal. The combined photocatalysis with UV irradiation and ozonation (TiO2/UV/O3) process considerably increased TOC removal rate compared to combined photocatalysis with UV irradiation and oxygen oxidation (TiO2/UV/O2) process, ozonation alone (O3) process, combined ozonation and UV irradiation (UV/O3) process. The complete mineralization of catechol followed pseudo-zero-order kinetics dependent upon ozone (oxygen) concentration and indicated catechol concentration did not affect the kinetics during UV/O3 and TiO2/UV/O3 (O2) processes. The kinetic study showed that the rate constants in the complete mineralization of catechol with TiO2/UV/O3 are 1.32-1.80 times higher than that of UV/O3 with the same concentration of ozone. The rate constants are 2.56-5.36 times higher than the maximal rate constants of TiO2/UV/O2 and 4.68-9.8 times higher than the maximal rate constants of TiO2/UV.     

TiO2/AC光催化剂对卡马西平的降解特性

以椰壳粉末活性炭(PAC)为载体,钛酸丁酯和乙醇为原料,采用溶胶凝胶-浸渍法制备负载型光催化剂(TiO2/AC),并研究其降解模拟废水中微量污染物卡马西平的效果.结果表明:TiO2/AC对卡马西平的处理效果明显优于粉末二氧化钛(TiO2)和活性炭,TiO2/AC对卡马西平的去除率是TiO2的1.7倍.当卡马西平初始浓度为10 mg/L时,TiO2/AC的投加量为500 mg/L、TiO2的负载量为11.2％、反应pH值为7时,卡马西平去除率达到90.6％.TiO2/AC对不同初始浓度卡马西平溶液的降解过程符合准二级反应动力学,二级反应常数与浓度成反比.利用Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)模型可得出表观吸附平衡常数Ka=9.215×103 L/mol,表面反应速率常数Kr=3.678×10-6 mol/(L·min),微波辐照是实现催化剂再生的最佳方法.     

氧化剂协同即时成膜型光催化反应器降解有机物

研究了“表观”即时成膜型UV／TiO2光催化反应器降解水中有机污染物的过程中,外加氧化剂与UV／TiO2体系之间的协同效应。在UV／TiO2体系中单独投加H2O2或O3可以提高光催化氧化有机污染物的速率和效率,同时投加H2O2和O3时则光催化氧化的协同作用更加显著,可大大缩短反应时间。不同反应体系的表观速率常数排序为：UV／H2O2／O3／TiO2〉UV／O3／TiO2〉UV／H2O2／TiO2〉UV／O3〉UV／H2O2〉UV／TiO2。     

双层PECVD氮化硅膜晶体硅太阳电池

利用管式PECVD在太阳电池片上沉积双层折射率和厚度均不同的SiNx:H薄膜。这种双层SiNx:H薄膜是采用2个不同的硅烷氨气流量比在1次沉积过程中获得的,其第1子层(靠近硅片)具有较高的折射率和较薄的厚度,而第2子层具有较低的折射率和较厚的厚度。椭圆偏振测厚仪、微波光电导衰退(μ-PCD)以及I-V特性等的测试结果表明,这种折射率变化的双层SiNx:H薄膜,相比折射率单一的单层SiNx:H薄膜,具有更好的表面钝化效果,其所钝化的单晶硅太阳电池,光电转换效率可以绝对提高0.2%以上,而且在1个月内没有发生明显衰减。     

Photodecomposition of bisphenol A on nanometer-sized TiO2 thin film and the associated biological toxicity to zebrafish (Danio rerio) during and after photocatalysis

We investigated the relationship between the TiO2 photocatalytic decomposition of bisphenol A and biological toxicity to zebrafish (Danio rerio). TiO2 particles, which prepared using a solvothermal method, were applied to produce a nanometer-sized TiO2 thin film. An alcoholic solution containing the TiO2 particles and an inorganic binder was directly coated on the UV-lamp substrate. It was equipped in a photoreactor that was manufactured in our laboratory. The attachment of the thin TiO2 film to the UV-lamp substrate resulted in a stable and transparent coating. The TiO2 particles on the thin film were approximately 20-30 nm in size, and the resulting film thickness was approximately 200 nm after a single coat. The bisphenol A, which was eluted from epoxy resin in a drinking water tank, was completely degraded by the TiO2 photocatalysis. We initially detected approximately 7.8 ng/ml of bisphenol A in the epoxy-resin tank, but its concentration was undetectable after a 48-h photocatalytic reaction over TiO2. We observed a decreased survival rate in zebrafish that were reared in water exposed to the leaching process of the epoxy resin. After the photocatalysis, however, no toxic effects on the hatching rates or morphogenesis of the zebrafish were observed. In summary, toxicity during the TiO2 photocatalysis was observed; however, toxicity was no longer observed once the bisphenol A was completely decomposed by the TiO2 photocatalysis. On the basis of these experimental observations, we suggest that TiO2 photocatalysis can be adopted as a treatment method to purify an epoxy-resin tank.     

H3PW12O40-TiO2/膨润土光催化降解甲基橙的催化性能

通过溶胶凝胶制得H3PW12O40Ti(OH)4凝胶,并柱撑于膨润土层间制备了复合光催化剂H3PW12O40TiO2/膨润土。由XRD、SEM、EDS对制备的复合光催化剂进行表征测试表明,固载的H3PW12O40TiO2使膨润土层状结构发生明显变化,柱撑体H3PW12O40TiO2呈弥散状态,且TiO2为锐钛结构,催化剂为颗粒粒径大小不一、分布松散的复合材料。对甲基橙的H3PW12O40TiO2/膨润土光催化降解应用表明,掺杂的杂多酸使所制备的复合催化剂光催化活性得到了极大提高,在光催化体系下有较广的pH适应范围,且制备的催化剂具有良好的催化稳定性。在表征分析及应用实验的基础上,提出了H3PW12O40TiO2/膨润土的强化催化作用原理。     

Photodegradation of DDT with the photodeposited ferric ion on the TiO2 film

The photodegradation capability of DDT has been enhanced by Fe/TiO2 film in a photoreactor with UV radiation. The optimal thickness of TiO2 for the DDT photodegradation was 2.94 microm with a 3-time coating, where the first-order rate constant was 0.077 min(-1). The optimal Fe3+(ferric ion) photodeposition amount was estimated as 3.7 x 10(-4) mg mm(-2) corresponding with 0.73 mg Fe3+ (mg TiO2)(-1). Photoremoval rate of DDT increased with an increasing pH value, while the pH value of solution decreased to acidic region during the DDT photodegradation. The photodegradation efficiency was 85% in 20 min with only TiO2 film and increased from 85% up to 96% by the photodeposition of 0.73 mg Fe3+ (mg TiO2)(-1) on TiO2 film as a sensitizer since the band gap energy of Fe2O3 (2.2 eV) is lower than that of TiO2 (3.0 eV).     

Oxidation of chlorfenvinphos in ultrapure and natural waters by ozonation and photochemical processes

The chemical oxidation of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorfenvinphos, a priority pollutant in aquatic environments, has been conducted in ultrapure water, by means of single degradation agents (ozone and UV radiation), and by the Advanced Oxidation Processes constituted by combinations of these oxidants (O(3)/H(2)O(2) and UV/H(2)O(2)). The influence of the operating variables was discussed, and the degradation rates were evaluated by determining the rate constants for the reactions with ozone ( [Formula: see text] =3.7+/-0.2 L mol(-1)s(-1)) and OH radicals (k(OH)=(3.2+/-0.2)x10(9) L mol(-1)s(-1)), as well as the quantum yield for the photodegradation (around 0.1 mol E(-1), depending on the pH). Additionally, the ozonation of chlorfenvinphos in a natural water system (a surface water from a reservoir) was studied. The influence of the operating conditions on the insecticide removal efficiency was established, and the R(ct) parameter was evaluated. A kinetic model was proposed for the prediction of the elimination rate of chlorfenvinphos in the ozonation process and the results obtained reveal a good agreement between experimental results and predicted values.     

TiO_2光催化降解TCAA及其动力学研究

三氯乙酸(TCAA)是饮用水中普遍存在,且难以去除的高致癌风险物.考察了通气种类、TiO2用量、溶液初始pH及共存的Fe2+浓度等因素对TiO2光催化降解TCAA效率的影响,分析了pH对TiO2光催化降解TCAA效率的影响机理,探讨了TiO2光催化降解TCAA反应动力学及Fe2+促进TiO2光催化降解TCAA反应的机理.结果表明,当通入气体为O2、TCAA初始浓度为2.0mg/L、TiO2用量为1.0g/L、溶液初始pH为5.80,共存Fe2+浓度为0.10mmol/L时,反应120min,TiO2光催化降解TCAA效率为96.18%;用Langmuir-Hinshelwood模型模拟TiO2光催化降解TCAA反应动力学,UV/TiO2、Fe2+/UV/TiO2反应体系对TCAA的降解速率常数分别为0.0131、0.0237min-1,半衰期分别为52.92和29.25min.     

Effect of Pt/TiO2 characteristics on temporal behavior of o-cresol decomposition by visible light-induced photocatalysis

Platinum deposited TiO(2) films were prepared on quartz substrates by dip-coating process for the photodecomposition of o-cresol. The characteristics of Pt/TiO(2) and the temporal behavior of o-cresol decomposition by Pt/TiO(2) photocatalysis under visible light irradiation were investigated. Platinum deposited on TiO(2) photocatalysts was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectra (DRS) and photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra. The results indicated that the deposition of platinum on TiO(2) promoted the optical absorption in the visible region and made it possible to be excited by visible light. The decomposition rate of o-cresol under visible light irradiation from a fluorescent lamp was enhanced to noticeably extents for experiments conducted with Pt/TiO(2) containing platinum up to 0.50wt% platinum because of the presence of Ti(3+) resulted from the platinum deposited on the TiO(2) surface; and the formation of Schottky Barrier between platinum and TiO(2) preventing the recombination of electric holes and electrons. Specifically, the reaction rate of o-cresol photodegradation at pH 9 using the 0.50wt% Pt/TiO(2) was 4.8 times than that of using pure TiO(2). The intermediates identified by GC/MS spectroscopy during the photocatalytic oxidation of o-cresol. The proposed kinetic model could be adequately applied to describe the temporal behavior of the o-cresol decomposition with and without the dosage of Pt on TiO(2) in aqueous solution by UV/TiO(2) process.