肠道胶囊式微机器人轴向磁拉力特性

提出一种以径向磁化的瓦状多磁极组成的圆筒式永磁体为外驱动器，以嵌入机器人本体内与外驱动器同磁极结构的永磁体为内驱动器的非接触式驱动控制方案。通过外驱动器的旋转产生旋转磁场，借助于磁机耦合作用，驱动机器人旋转并在其外螺纹表面形成的流体动压力作用下产生轴向推力，进而实现胶囊式机器人在肠道内旋进。基于等效磁荷理论，采用磁荷积分法建立了驱动器的轴向磁拉力模型，对驱动器磁极结构参数与磁拉力的关系特性以及磁拉力与机器人游动关系特性进行了理论与试验研究。     

基于磁传感器阵列的消化道微型诊疗装置定位跟踪方法

实时定位与跟踪是消化道微型诊疗装置实际应用中必须解决的关键问题。提出了一种基于三轴磁感传感器阵列的实时定位跟踪方法,使用磁偶极子模型作为永磁体的磁场分布模型,用4×4的三轴磁感传感器阵列检测永磁体的空间磁场,通过控制电路和USB接口适配器将检测出的信号传入计算机,最后由定位程序使用非线性最优化方法由磁场信号解出永磁体的位置和姿态信息。设计了磁定位系统,建立了三维实验平台,并开展了定位,模拟肠道轨迹跟踪和介质材料影响等实验。实验结果表明该系统能够对内置小型永磁体的电子胶囊的位置和姿态进行非接触测量,对于距离传感器阵列平面150mm的电子胶囊,平均定位精度小于7mm,平均定向精度小于6度,该系统能够对在距离传感器阵列平面80mm至250mm的模拟肠道内运动的电子胶囊实现轨迹跟踪,并且定位精度对人体、织物、塑料等非磁性介质不敏感。该系统基本能够满足消化道微型诊疗装置在体内的实时定位与连续跟踪的要求。     

A paddling based locomotive mechanism for capsule endoscopes

Diagnosis and treatment using the conventional flexible endoscope in gastro-intestinal tract are very common since advanced and instrumented endoscopes allow diagnosis and treatment by introducing the human body through natural orifices. However, the operation of endoscope is very labor intensive work and gives patients some pains. As an alternative, therefore, the capsule endoscope is developed for the diagnosis of digestive organs. Although the capsule endoscope has conveniences for diagnosis, it is passively moved by the peristaltic waves of gastro-intestinal tract and thus has some limitations for doctor to get the image of the organ and to diagnose more thoroughly. As a solution of these problems, various locomotive mechanisms for capsule endoscopes are introduced. In our proposed mechanism, the capsule-type microrobot has synchronized multiple legs that are actuated by a linear actuator and two mobile cylinders inside of the capsule. For the feasibility test of the proposed microrobot, a series of in-vitro experiments using small intestine without incision were carried out. From the experimental results, our proposed microrobot can advance along the 3D curved and sloped path with the velocity of about 3.29–6.26 mm/sec and 35.1–66.7% of theoretical velocity. Finally, the proposed locomotive mechanism can be not only applicable to micro capsule endoscopes but also effective to advance inside of gastro-intestinal tract.     

新型肠道胶囊式微型机器人的运动特性

提出一种胶囊微机器人的外旋转磁场驱动方法,原理是以径向磁化瓦状多磁极构成的圆筒形NdFeB永磁体为外驱动器,以胶囊微机器人内嵌同磁极结构NdFeB永磁体为内驱动器,通过外驱动器旋转产生旋转磁场的磁机耦合作用,形成内嵌驱动器对胶囊微机器人的驱动力矩,在胶囊表面螺旋与流体形成的动压力作用下,实现胶囊微机器人在肠道内旋进。首先介绍胶囊微机器人系统的结构,然后根据雷诺和Navier-Stokes方程建立管道环境内胶囊微机器人的运动数学模型,对其螺旋参数与速度的关系进行理论与试验研究,并发现了临界间隙现象。试验表明,该胶囊微机器人具有驱动力矩大、适合大粘度液体封闭管道内行走等特点,在人体肠道和血管内具有很好的应用前景。     

A polyvalent harmonic coil testing method for small-aperture magnets

A method to characterize permanent and fast-pulsed iron-dominated magnets with small apertures is presented. The harmonic coil measurement technique is enhanced specifically for small-aperture magnets by (1) in situ calibration, for facing search-coil production inaccuracy, (2) rotating the magnet around its axis, for correcting systematic effects, and (3) measuring magnetic fluxes by stationary coils at different angular positions for measuring fast pulsed magnets. This method allows a quadrupole magnet for particle accelerators to be characterized completely, by assessing multipole field components, magnetic axis position, and field direction. In this paper, initially the metrological problems arising from testing small-aperture magnets are highlighted. Then, the basic ideas of the proposed method and the architecture of the corresponding measurement system are illustrated. Finally, experimental validation results are shown for small-aperture permanent and fast-ramped quadrupole magnets for the new linear accelerator Linac4 at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research).     

轻载荷高精密永磁同步直线电机控制性能研究

分析了轻载荷高精密永磁同步直线电机中的电磁场分布,利用Matlab建立了永磁同步直线电机的模型,采用高能永磁体的正弦电流控制方法实现交轴电流的矢量控制并且构建了永磁同步直线电机位置控制的仿真系统,与实验结果进行了比较。     

永磁同步发电机组输出电压控制研究

该文建立了永磁同步发电机数学模型,得到了永磁同步发电机在d-q轴旋转坐标系下的控制方程,由此得到了发电机输出电压控制方程,设计电压外环、电流内环的双闭环控制策略。利用Matlab/Simulink仿真软件对永磁同步发电机系统进行了仿真分析,设计了双闭环控制参数,验证了系统能够实现输出电压恒定控制,并且具有较好的动态响应特性。     

用于主动控制胶囊内窥镜的磁驱动导航仪的设计

为克服传统推拉式内窥镜和被动式无线胶囊内窥镜的缺点,提出了一种用于主动控制胶囊内窥镜的磁驱动导航仪,该系统包括可动病床和磁源支架两部分,采用稀土永磁体产生外磁场,通过机械结构控制外磁场与胶囊磁壳的相互作用实现对胶囊的主动控制。在模拟肠道环境下对磁驱动导航仪进行了体外试验。试验结果表明磁驱动导航系统不仅能实时控制胶囊在模拟肠道中的位置,并能实时调节胶囊的姿态,极大地提高了无线胶囊内窥镜的检测效率。     

未知相对位置条件下回转体厚度的双激光检测

为了实现对大型空心回转体厚度的测量,提出了一种基于双激光位移传感器的非接触扫描检测方法。在回转体与双激光位移传感器相对位置未知的条件下,分析了由回转体安装偏心以及传感器光轴与原点不共线时所引入的测量误差,建立了双传感器信号与被测位置厚度之间的数学模型。并借助于相关理论相位差计算法、牛顿迭代法以及循环平移方法,将实际厚度值从传感器信号中提取出来。对回转体厚度检测算法的仿真实验表明,当检测信号中干扰分量的幅值不大于0.3mm时,算法检测厚度的相对误差总体保持在0.5%以内,并将此作为调整旋转台转速的依据。分析实验测量数据发现,两路信号的最大相对平移量为4;通过对数据进行偏心补偿以及平移,本厚度检测算法的测量重复性误差不大于0.05mm,可以实现在随机位置状态下对回转体厚度的高精度检测。     

永磁悬浮非接触回转驱动系统

提出一种永磁悬浮非接触回转驱动系统,该系统由悬浮部分和非接触回转驱动两部分构成。悬浮部分采用运动控制方式,利用音圈电动机驱动永磁铁实现悬浮物竖直方向的稳定悬浮;回转驱动部分由直流伺服电动机驱动径向磁化永磁铁回转,形成变化磁场,非接触驱动悬浮物回转。本系统未在悬浮物中加入任何磁性材料,仅利用悬浮物表面剩余磁化点实现悬浮物的非接触回转驱动。介绍系统的悬浮与驱动原理,建立非接触驱动数学模型,并利用仿真与试验分析系统的回转驱动特性。分析结果表明：悬浮物的非接触回转驱动可以由伺服电动机驱动盘状永磁铁旋转来实现。铁球是否旋转与磁铁的数量无关;驱动磁铁的数量与系统的响应速度成正比,驱动磁铁的数量增多,输入速度和输出速度之间的线性度相对提高,旋转稳定。明晰本系统的非接触驱动特性,为隔离环境下铁磁性物品或零件的非接触操纵和姿态控制奠定了理论基础。     

散斑运动模糊复原的直线电机动子位置检测

图像测量技术具有非接触性、抗干扰性等优点被越来越多地应用到双次级永磁直线电机动子位置检测中。针对图像采集过程中所产生的图像模糊问题,提出了一种精确辨识运动模糊参数的方法,实现了直线电机动子位置的精确测量。采用数字散斑图像作为原始拍摄面,通过相机获得包含动子位置信息的序列运动模糊图像。利用奇异值分解对运动模糊图像进行去噪重构预处理,降低噪声对运动模糊参数辨识精度的影响。求取预处理后图像的倒谱图,通过主成分分析找到倒谱图二值化后亮线的主矢量方向即为模糊方向;同时作出倒谱三维图,利用其负峰值中两个最小值坐标求出模糊长度。根据计算的模糊参数值复原模糊散斑图像,再利用图像亚像素测量方法获得动子位置。实验结果表明:本文算法的计算耗时比Radon算法缩短了5倍多,不同位移下的平均绝对误差仅为0.084 7mm,满足直线电机动子位置检测的实时性和高精度要求。     

Design and construction of a two-degree-of-freedom linear encoder for nanometric measurement of stage position and straightness

This paper presents a two-degree-of-freedom (two-DOF) linear encoder which can measure the position along the moving axis (X-axis) and the straightness along the axis vertical to the moving axis (Z-axis) of a precision linear stage simultaneously. The two-DOF linear encoder is composed of a reflective-type scale grating and an optical sensor head. A reference grating, which is identical to the scale grating except the scale length, is employed in the optical sensor head. Positive and negative first-order diffracted beams from the two gratings are superposed with each other in the optical sensor head to generate interference signals. The optical configuration is arranged in such a way that the direction of displacement in each axis can also be detected. A prototype two-DOF linear encoder is designed and constructed. The size of the optical sensor head is about 50 mm (X) × 50 mm (Y) × 30 mm (Z) and the pitch of the grating is 1.6 μm. It has been confirmed that the prototype two-DOF linear encoder has sub-nanometer resolutions in both the X- and Z-axes.     

胶囊机器人磁驱动力建模与测量

可吞式无线磁驱胶囊机器人在胃肠道内的诊疗效果与机器人受到的外部磁驱动力密切相关。本文建立了外部磁驱动力的理论模型,基于等效磁荷模型推导了两径向充磁环形永磁体相互作用的数学表达式,采用自适应递归式计算方法开展了数值计算。此外,发展了环形永磁体间磁力实时测量方法,并开发了磁力-间距同步测量仪器开展实验研究,且建立了3D环形永磁体有限元仿真模型。实验测量磁力-间距关系曲线与理论计算和有限元仿真结果吻合较好,误差小于4%,验证了理论模型和有限元仿真模型的准确性和可靠性。通过参数分析,揭示了胶囊机器人内置永磁体长度、厚度和体积对磁力的影响规律。研究结果为精准驱动胶囊机器人在胃肠道内运动奠定了理论基础。     

靶准直传感器封装误差检测模型与修正方法

利用三个面阵电荷耦合元件(charge-coupled device,CCD)构成的靶准直传感器实现柱状腔靶高精度姿态检测时,靶准直传感器中CCD封装误差等因素的存在会给柱状靶姿态检测及定位带来不确定影响,针对此,提出了靶准直传感器的标定模型与实验方法。将直径为0.8mm的微型球靶作为检测参考目标,利用微型球靶在靶准直传感器中不同位置时CCD上成像的图像点来构建位置矩阵,利用位置矩阵,通过归一化线性优化方法求解表示CCD位姿关系的单应性矩阵,通过单应性矩阵修正因靶准直传感器封装误差给柱状靶姿态检测带来的影响。考虑到利用图像检测方法提取微型球靶中心点位置时误差的存在,在构建的位置矩阵中加入均值μ=0、方差σ=0.5的高斯噪声,模拟检测点位置误差对单应性矩阵求解的影响,分析结果显示位置误差对单应性矩阵中各个参数影响较小,从而证明了该优化方法求解单应性矩阵的鲁棒性。为验证靶准直传感器对腔靶姿态检测的准确性,实验以0.02°的步距角绕X轴旋转柱状靶,利用靶准直传感器检测柱状靶姿态变化并与实际的姿态变化进行对比分析,实验结果显示最大误差小于0.009°,证明了修正方法的可行性。     

Distinct element simulation of grain alignment in mushy-state forging of magnets

A method for simulating the motion of grains in mushy-state forming of magnets is proposed on the basis of the distinct element method. The grains of the magnet are modelled to be a lot of elliptical elements, and the effect of the liquid phase on the motion of the grains is treated as viscous resistance to the movement. The motion of individual grains is obtained by solving the equations of motion for a time increment under the action of the elastic repulsive, frictional and viscous forces. Macroscopic plastic deformation of a metallic capsule containing the magnet is calculated by the viscoplastic finite element method, and the obtained motion of the interface between the capsule and magnet is used as a boundary condition in the distinct element simulation. The motion of grains in mushy-state plane-strain upsetting of a rare earth magnet contained in a steel capsule is chosen as an example of the simulation. The degree of grain alignment due to the upsetting increases as the reduction in height increases. The calculated degree of grain alignment agrees well with that for a model experiment using acrylic resin grains and a plasticine capsule.     

Development of side wall type permanent magnet flowmeter for sodium flow measurement in large pipes of SFRs

Sodium cooled Fast Reactors (SFR) require measurement of liquid sodium flow in its primary and secondary circuits. For the primary system of the pool type concept of SFR design, flowmeters have to be immersed in sodium pool and require flow sensors which can withstand high temperatures up to 550 °C, nuclear radiation and chemically reactive sodium environment. Secondary circuits and safety grade decay heat removal (SGDHR) circuits of SFR need flow measurement in stainless steel (SS) pipes of diameter varying from 15 mm to 800 mm. For small pipes, flowmeters with permanent magnet flowmeter with ALNICO-V magnet assembly is the unanimous choice. Conventional permanent magnet flowmeters (PMFM) for large pipelines become bulky, heavy and have installation problems. For sodium flow measurement in large pipelines a few other alternate methods are considered. In the case of Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), which is at an advanced stage of construction at Kalpakkam, flow in the 800 mm diameter secondary main circuit is measured by means of a bypass flowmeter. Other sensors that could be deployed include eddy current flowmeters (ECFM), which are introduced into the pipe to measure flow velocity in the pipe, ultrasonic flowmeters and permanent magnet based side wall flowmeters. In permanent magnet based side wall flowmeter (SWFM), a permanent magnet block is mounted on one side of the large pipe and the magnetic field produced by the magnet penetrates through the pipe and interacts with the flowing sodium and induces an electro motive force (emf) proportional to the flow. This is a compact, cost effective and fairly accurate method for flow measurement in large pipelines of SFR circuits. SWFM is suitable for pipelines of 100 mm and above. In the present work a side wall flowmeter for 100 mm pipe is designed, manufactured, calibrated and tested in an existing sodium facility. Voltage signal developed in SWFM for different flowrates was simulated with three dimensional Finite Element Model (FEM) and validated with experimental results. Effect of asymmetric magnetic field on flowmeter voltage signal and dependence of flowmeter voltage signal on position of electrodes was also analyzed with model. The feasibility of use of this type of flowmeter for large pipelines of SFRs is demonstrated.     

嵌入式智能球铰链设计及研制

精密球铰链在并联机构中应用广泛,但其在被动运动中,其回转方位及回转角无法自知。基于磁效应,提出一种霍尔传感器与永磁体组合的回转方位辨识及角度测量新方法。在球头上嵌入永磁体,在球窝上植入霍尔传感器阵列,当球头回转时,霍尔传感器阵列测量磁感应强度的变化,反解出角度信息。在完成理论建模、仿真计算和可行性试验的基础上,完成了嵌入式样机的研制。在实现信号冗余计算的基础上,优化了反解算法,基本实现了球铰链多维回转角度的实时测量。球铰链也从单纯的精密传动部件转变为集传动和感测为一体的综合智能部件。随研究的继续,其精度将有大幅提高,有望应用到精密工程中。     

A magnetic MEMS actuator using a permanent magnet and magnetic fluid enclosed in a cavity sandwiched by polymer diaphragms

A magnetic microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) actuator using a small permanent neodymium-magnet surrounded by magnetic fluid (MF) was developed and characterized. The magnet is enclosed in a cavity sandwiched by two identical thin PET-sheet diaphragms and is able to move smoothly due to the MF. The diaphragms deflect when an external magnetic force is applied to the magnet. This structure was adopted to prevent the diaphragms from being stiffened by attaching or fabricating a magnetic layer on the diaphragm surface and to secure the necessary volume of magnetic material. The magnets are 2–4 mm in diameter and the cavity is 5 mm in diameter and 1 mm in depth. The diaphragms are 20 μm in thickness. Experiments showed the displacement amplitude generated at the diaphragm center was in the range of 10–50 μm for attractive and repulsive magnetic force when magnetic flux density of 4–30 mT was applied. The response was within about 1 s. The deflection profile of the diaphragms can also be varied by changing the magnet position.     

某种永磁同步发电机直接转矩控制系统设计

依据二维弹道修正原理,提出修正舵机中永磁同步发电机直接转矩控制方法,针对d-q坐标系下的永磁同步电机模型,研究了永磁同步电机直接转矩控制方案。结果表明,修正舵机中发电机直接转矩控制系统输出转矩能够达到高速旋转弹的修正效果。     

大间隙磁力传动系统驱动规律的仿真研究

针对已提出的大间隙行波磁场驱动的磁力传动系统,采用现代计算技术和数值计算中的有限元理论,运用ANSYS软件的磁场分析功能,建立了磁力传动系统的实体模型和有限元模型,通过模拟永磁体的角位移和电磁体线圈的通电状态,对系统工作过程进行了仿真;研究了系统永磁体在转动过程中的受力情况和各参数对系统驱动能力的影响规律,并进行了实验验证。研究结果表明:通过增加线圈匝数、线圈通电电流、永磁体外径和永磁体磁化强度,减小电磁体和永磁体间耦合距离,将电磁体和永磁体的相对位置沿x方向两侧(左侧或右侧)置于5 mm～10 mm范围内等方法,可提高系统的驱动力矩。