不同应力路径大理岩声发射破坏前兆的试验研究

应力路径不同,岩石变形和破坏过程中伴随的声发射特征也不同,通过不同路径大理岩加、卸荷试验,结合分形维数原理,探讨声发射破坏前兆随应力路径的变化规律。试验结果表明:1岩样破坏处的声发射计数率和破坏前的累计计数率增长率由大变小的应力路径为加轴压卸围压、恒轴压卸围压、单轴、常规三轴路径。2常规三轴路径下岩样临近破坏时,声发射事件计数率存在明显的"低声发射期",围压越大,声发射前兆"低声发射期"越明显;同时累计振铃计数率增长速率降低的拐点出现后很短时间,岩样也会发生破坏。3低围压下恒轴压、卸围压路径岩样破坏时累计振铃计数率的增长速率近似为切线。加轴压、卸围压岩样破坏前一段相近计数率后存在声发射计数率的"平静期",围压增加,"平静期"持续时间增加,岩样破坏产生的计数率越高。4在低围压应力环境下应力比0.8、高围压应力环境下时间比0.4时声发射分维数降低的特征可以作为岩样的破坏前兆分析。     

循环荷载作用下盐岩三轴变形和强度特性试验研究

 为研究三向应力状态下循环荷载作用对盐岩变形、强度及损伤特性的影响,利用TAW–2000 型微机伺服岩石三轴试验机进行不同荷载波形参数(上、下限应力、应力幅值和频率)和不同围压下的盐岩试样的循环加、卸载试验。试验得到盐岩轴向初始变形和稳态变形两阶段演化规律;通过提高循环荷载上限应力、降低下限应力、增大应力幅值或者降低载荷频率、减小围压等途径,均会加速盐岩试样不可逆变形的发展,提高盐岩循环稳态应变速率,减小稳态阶段在整个变形阶段的比例,从而加速试样变形破坏;荷载波形参数中上限应力和应力幅值对循环荷载作用下盐岩变形演化速率、试样损伤发展的影响最大。循环荷载作用下,盐岩弹性模量随循环次数或加载时间呈指数递减趋势,并在50～100个循环后其值接近常数;循环加载后二次压缩盐岩强化与否,取决于循环加载时所施加荷载水平是否造成盐岩内部损伤的累积,通过试验可间接推断盐岩三轴循环变形破坏的上限应力阈值为80%～89%。     

基于盐岩压缩–扩容边界理论的盐岩储气库密闭性分析研究

 根据我国深部盐岩层中天然气储备的可行性研究,针对盐岩储气库密闭性分析开展试验研究和理论分析。首先对盐岩的压缩–扩容边界理论进行分析,根据应城纯盐岩的三轴压缩试验结果,建议采用双曲线函数拟合盐岩的压缩–扩容边界(CDB),对比不同研究者的试验结果表明,所提议的双曲线型较通常采用的抛物线型具有更好的适用性。在分析盐岩的CDB在主应力空间表达式的基础上,给出盐岩扩容接近度(DAI)的定义和表达式,提出采用基于盐岩的压缩–扩容边界理论来分析盐岩储气库的密闭性,并给出相应的算例。     

Test on Soft Sedimentary Rock Under Different Loading Paths and its Interpretation

Tests on soft sedimentary rock under conventional triaxial and plane-strain compression and/or creep have been conducted. The purpose of the tests is to investigate the influence of intermediate principal stress that may affect the strength and dilatancy of the soft sedimentary rock under different loading paths. Meanwhile, theoretical simulations by an elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model were also conducted. Influence of membrane and filter paper was investigated using finite element analysis based on the elasto-viscoplastic model. Furthermore, particular attention was paid to the migration of excessive pore water pressure within a specimen, by continuous monitoring of the inner excessive pore water pressure of specimens and calculation with soil-water coupled finite element-finite difference (FE-FD) method. The shear strength, inherent dilatancy and creep behavior of soft rock were explained experimentally and numerically in detail.     

Mechanical and hydraulic behavior of rock salt in the excavation disturbed zone around underground facilities

The mechanical and hydraulic behavior of rock salt in the excavation disturbed zone (EDZ) around sealing systems in underground repositories is relevant for the assessment of the safety function of these geotechnical barriers. It has been determined through laboratory tests that the development of the EDZ, and thus, the hydraulic pathways, is closely related to the corresponding damage boundary and the associated damage. By integrating short- and long-term strength considerations, dilatancy, damage and healing into the newly extended Hou/Lux constitutive model for rock salt, it is possible to treat the tertiary creep in order to identify the EDZ around underground facilities. This leads to prediction of the time-dependent development of the EDZ and, together with a permeability model, calculation the permeability of rock salt in the EDZ.With the Hou/Lux model, several phenomena, such as EDZ, spalling, dilatancy and radial deformation into the axial bore observed in laboratory tests on axially perforated cylinder samples are simulated qualitatively and quantitatively.Under in situ conditions, the EDZ of a 37-year-old drift at the Sondershausen mine, the prototype cavity at the Asse mine, as well as a 1,000,000 m³ salt cavity, are examined. The results are then compared with the stress and permeability measurements at the Sondershausen mine. The calculations show the various capabilities of the Hou/Lux model, including tertiary creep and creep rupture, identification and development of the EDZ, development of dilatancy, of permeability, of damage and of healing, and finally, stress rearrangements from the contour into the center of the rock mass formation.     

砂岩卸围压变形过程中渗透特性与声发射试验研究

 利用岩石伺服试验系统,对江西红砂岩岩样进行气体渗透三轴试验及声发射监测,研究在常规加载、峰前卸围压和峰后卸围压3种应力路径下,岩样变形破坏过程中的渗透规律和声发射特征。试验结果表明：(1) 随着有效围压的增大,岩石岩样的应力峰值逐渐增大,岩样的应力峰值对有效围压很敏感。(2) 常规加载时,渗透率在岩石屈服前呈现略微下降的趋势,屈服后迅速增长,峰后应变软化阶段有小幅回落;峰前和峰后卸围压时,在卸载之前渗透规律与常规加载时相同,卸载后渗透率均呈急剧增长的趋势,增幅也较大,其中峰前卸围压后渗透率增幅最大。(3) 在相同加载方式下,围压的增大不影响渗透率曲线的发展趋势,只影响渗透率在各阶段量值的大小。(4) 常规加载时,岩石声发射活动在屈服前比较平静,屈服后声发射活动非常活跃,峰后应变软化阶段声发射活动再次趋于平静;峰前卸围压不久后,声发射活动异常活跃、密集,能量数相对值较大并有明显峰值;峰后卸围压过程与常规加载过程中声发射规律相似。(5) 岩样的破坏过程中,随围压增大,脆性减弱、延性增强,在同一围压水平下,峰前卸围压破碎程度最高,脆性最强。(6) 岩石扩容点与渗透率最小值所对应的轴向应变值十分接近,体应变和渗透率随轴向应变的变化趋势对应较好,声发射活动的密集阶段均发生在体积膨胀之后,渗透率、声发射、应力及(体)应变之间存在一定对应关系。     

渗流水压力分级加载岩石蠕变特性研究

采用RLW-2000M微机控制煤岩流变仪,以细粒砂岩为研究对象,对三轴压缩条件下岩石渗流水压力分级加载蠕变试验进行了蠕变特性研究。重点分析了渗流水压力分级加载时蠕变条件下岩石的应变、渗流体积(体积速率)演化曲线,同时对不同渗流水压力分级加载条件下的岩石蠕变与渗透系数演化曲线进行了分析和对比。试验结果表明:分级加载渗流水压力作用下细粒砂岩的蠕变曲线符合蠕变演化三阶段特征;随着渗流水压的逐级加载,瞬时轴向、横向应变和瞬时泊松比呈增大的趋势;随着应变的累积,横向应变量大于轴向应变量呈扩容效应,直至发生蠕变破坏;分级加载渗流水压力作用下渗流体积曲线呈线性演化。研究认为:渗透系数先瞬时减小后增大,初始渗透系数都具有记忆性,即岩石孔隙通道具有记忆特征,孔隙通道经过变形→闭合→冲蚀→形成新通道过程。     

三轴低频循环荷载下盐岩体积应变特性研究

地下储气库围岩长期处于复杂疲劳应力状态下,盐岩三轴循环荷载下的变形规律对储气库稳定性分析有参考价值。对8个盐岩试块进行了不同围压、不同应力水平和不同频率条件下的循环荷载试验。对每一试块施加恒定围压和轴向低频循环荷载。对试验参数进行了无量纲处理,分析了应力比强度(广义剪应力强度与球应力的比值)、应力比振幅、上限应力水平、荷载频率、循环次数(N)等对体积应变(?v)的影响。利用函数?v=?lg N+?v0,对每一试块的体积应变–循环次数曲线进行了拟合分析,获得了参数?和?v0随应力比振幅、上限应力水平和频率变化的数学表达式。标准化回归系数分析表明,上限应力水平是影响盐岩体积变形的主要因素,其次是应力比振幅。在高上限应力水平三轴状态下,盐岩主要表现出体积扩大现象。     

考虑胶结作用的木质素固化粉土边界面塑性模型

为研究木质素固化粉土的应力–应变特性,通过无侧限抗压强度试验和微观结构分析,探讨木质素固化土的胶结特性。基于边界面塑性理论,引入硬化参数、应力剪胀参数和胶结破坏速率等参数,提出考虑胶结作用的木质素固化土边界面塑性模型,采用非相关联流动法则和改进映射法则描述土体的不同破坏模式,并阐述模型中各参数的意义及计算方法。根据室内固结试验和三轴压缩试验,对木质素固化粉土的应力–应变、应力剪胀和超孔隙水压力变化特征进行分析,并验证了本文所提模型的有效性。研究表明:木质素产生的胶结作用是土体工程性质改善的主要原因之一;12%掺量木质素固化土屈服应力和不排水抗剪强度较素土分别提高约90%和40%,高、低围压下土体应力剪胀特性不同,围压对超孔隙水压力的变化影响较大;通过试验验证了模型计算的准确性,该模型可描述土体在不同受力状态下的应变特征,具有原理简单,参数明确的特点,可为固化土应力–应变的数值计算提供相应的理论基础。     

软岩的应变速率效应研究

对硅藻质软岩试样进行了不同围压和不同加载速率的应变和应力控制式固结不排水三轴试验,试验结果表明,硅藻质软岩具有明显的应变速率效应,加载速率对软岩的强度变形特性有较大的影响。在试验研究的基础上,应用三维弹粘塑性模型,考虑硅藻质软岩的应力–应变关系的时间依存性,模拟了软岩的应变速率效应。数值分析中所采用的参数均由试验确定,对不同应变速率下固结不排水试验的应力–应变关系和有效应力路径的数值计算结果,反映出不同应变速率下软岩的峰值强度和残留强度均随着应变速率的增大而不断提高,与试验结果相吻合;计算结果还反映出与试验结果一致的孔隙水压力变化和应变软化趋势。通过对比分析表明,三维弹粘塑性模型可以较好地描述软岩的应变速率效应。     

Phenomenological behavior of rock salt:On the influence of laboratory conditions on the dilatancy onset

Recently,stress-based dilatancy criteria have become essential tools to design underground facilities in salt formations such as gas storage caverns.However,these criteria can depend critically on the volumetric strain measurements used to deduce the dilatancy onset.Results from conventional triaxial compression tests can show different volumetric behavior depending on the loading conditions,as well as on the measurement techniques.In order to obtain a quantitative understanding of this problem,an experimental program was carried out and the testing procedure was investigated numerically under homogeneous and heterogeneous stress states.The experimental results showed that the deviatoric stress corresponding to the dilatancy onset was significantly dependent on the measurement techniques.With a heterogeneous stress state,the simulation results revealed that the strain measurements at different scales(referred to as local,hybrid or global)can provide different volumetric results with moderate to significant deviations from the idealized behavior,and hence different onsets of dilatancy.They also proved that,under low confinement,tensile stresses can take place within the compressed specimen,leading to a great deviation of the dilatancy onset from the idealized behavior.From both experimental and numerical investigations,the difference in sensitivity to the measurement techniques between the deviatoric and the volumetric behaviors is explained by the relatively small values of the volumetric strain.The non-ideal laboratory conditions have more impact on this strain than on the deviatoric one.These findings can have implications for the interpretation of the dilatancy behavior of rock salt,and hence on the geomechanical design aspects in salt formations.     

矿物颗粒形状的岩石力学特性效应分析

岩石作为矿物颗粒的集合体,其宏观力学特性主要影响因素为矿物的细观形态特征。基于颗粒流理论,建立了4种代表颗粒形状用于模拟石英砂岩的矿物颗粒,并采用球度指标对矿物颗粒形状进行参数量化。通过石英砂岩的室内三轴试验校准了颗粒流模型的细观参数,在此基础上进行四种矿物颗粒形状试样的岩石三轴力学模拟试验。研究结果表明：颗粒的球度越大,试样的启裂强度、损伤强度和峰值强度均越低。随着颗粒球度的增加,试样的弹模降低,泊松比增大。内摩擦角和黏聚力则随球度的增大而下降。根据岩样数值试验中的变形数据,研究了不同颗粒形状剪胀角随着塑性剪切应变的演化规律。     

三轴多级荷载下盐岩声波声发射特征与损伤演化规律研究

 采用岩石声波、声发射一体化监测装置,系统地研究三轴多级循环荷载作用下盐岩超声波波速与声发射变化特征。结果表明：(1) 岩石的超声波波速和声发射活动与应力状态呈现出良好的一致性。加载阶段,超声波波速上升,声发射活跃,卸载阶段,超声波波速下降,声发射平静,应力级数越高,这一特征越显著。(2) 盐岩的声波、声发射特征与试验围压应力密切相关。围压水平越低,应力循环试验中岩石波速变化率越大,声发射事件数量越多;围压水平越高,岩石超声波波速变化率越小,声发射事件数量越少。五级应力荷载试验中,围压条件为5,10,15,20 MPa时盐岩的声发射事件数量分别为1 026,703,361和206个,显示了“围压致密效应”。(3) 分别应用卸载模量、裂隙密度和Felicity比表征盐岩的损伤演化。结论认为：盐岩的裂隙密度和Felicity比变化与岩体承载破坏特征较为一致,可以较好地反映盐岩的损伤破裂过程,而利用卸载模量表征盐岩损伤误差较大,这是由于盐岩特殊的黏塑性变形特征造成的。     

龙门山北段千枚岩强度及变形特性对比试验研究

对成兰铁路龙门山北段隧道群4种典型千枚岩进行不同加载方位角的强度和变形特性对比试验研究,研究结果表明:加载方位角和岩石矿物成分严重影响千枚岩变形特性,并与围压水平有关。千枚岩单轴抗压强度随方位角变化呈"U"型的各向异性特征,所试验的4种千枚岩各向异性率由大至小对比关系为:HPMPQPCP。试样一般在峰值应力前产生扩容现象,扩容起始应力和形式与加载方位角或层理发育程度相关。三轴压缩试验中,千枚岩垂直层理加载时的峰值强度、长期强度和残余强度比平行层理加载明显偏高,并随围压水平增加而增大。千枚岩不同加载方位角下单轴压缩试验破坏模式归纳为4种:层理面滑移剪切破坏、压拉剪切破坏、张拉破坏、复合破坏。     

二长花岗岩三轴压缩下声发射特征围压效应的试验研究

 岩石材料在受载情况下,发生变形和内部破裂,储存的部分能量以应力波的形式释放出来,产生声发射现象。采用三轴压缩试验和声发射试验,研究玲珑金矿二长花岗岩声发射特征与力学参数之间的关系。结果表明：(1) 岩石试样在三轴试验条件下,其声发射特征基本符合岩石加载破坏过程中的4个阶段,其中压密阶段在围压对岩石材料的压实作用下没有明显体现出来。(2) 通过分析围压对岩石记忆效应的影响得出,在相对低围压水平时,Kaiser效应显著性会随轴向应力水平提高而降低,Felicity效应显著增大;随着围压水平的提高,Kaiser效应显著增大,Felicity效应显著降低。(3) 在声发射法测量地应力过程中采用三轴试验更为适合,三轴试验可消除应力环境不同和高应力水平Kaiser效应模糊所引起的误差,使测量值更接近实际岩体所处的应力状态。(4) 随着围压水平的提高,岩石的抗压强度随之提高,岩石破裂前夕声发射特征参数呈现突发性特征,表现为突然激发出高能量振铃计数率、能量累积迅猛增加,并且伴随没有峰后曲线的岩石突然破裂现象。     

Mechanical behavior of sandy facies of Opalinus Clay under different loadconditions

The mechanical behavior of sandy facies of Opalinus Clay at the Mont Terri underground rock laboratory(URL)in Switzerland was investigated with drained and undrained triaxial compression and extension,cyclic compression,and creep tests.Samples were taken from boreholes drilled parallel to bedding.Most of the samples were reconditioned to minimize sampling effects of desaturation and micro-cracking.The compression was accomplished by increasing axial stress at constant radial stress.The extension was carried out by increasing radial stress at constant axial stress.Moreover,extension was also achieved by simultaneously increasing radial stress and decreasing axial stress under constant mean stress.The test results showed elastoplastic stress-strain behavior with volumetric compaction until onset of dilatancy at high deviatoric stresses above 80%-90%of the peak failure strength.The strength is dependent upon load path and mean stress.The strength under triaxial compression is higher than that under extension.The respective strength increases with increasing mean stress.Desaturation enhances the stiffness and strength of the claystone.The deformation and strength of the elaystone are time-dependent.Under constant deviatoric stress,the claystone crept continuously with time,which can be characterized by a transient phase and a following stationary phase,and even a tertiary phase at high deviatoric stresses to rupture.     

Laboratory studies of electrical potential during rock failure

We have investigated electrical potential and acoustic emissions signals associated with rock deformation. Five rock types were studied; Clashach, Bentheim and Darley Dale sandstones (all quartz-rich) and a Seljadur basalt and Portland limestone (both quartz-free), both air dry and the rocks were tested in distilled water. Shallow crustal conditions were simulated in a triaxial rock deformation cell with a confining pressure simulating depth of 40 MPa, pore pressures ranging 5–35 MPa, and strain rates 10⁻⁷–10⁻⁴ s⁻¹. Precursory electric potential signals prior to failure were observed in both saturated and dry samples of the quartz-rich sandstones, but only observed in the water saturated quartz-free rocks. Co-seismic electrical signals were obtained in all tests, providing strong evidence that two of the main sources for precursory and co-seismic signals are the piezoelectric and electrokinetic phenomena. Lowering the strain rate resulted in an increase in the number of acoustic emissions. The pore volume changes during compaction and dilatancy remained approximately constant for all strain rates. Streaming potential generated by fluid flow across the sample was also measured at different stages of deformation. The potential signals increased with the pore pressure gradient.     

粗晶大理岩单轴压缩力学特性的静态加载速率效应及能量机制试验研究

 加载速率对岩石力学性质具有重要影响,影响的程度与岩石本身的微结构和加、卸载应力路径及状态等密切相关。基于静态加载速率范围内的9个不同等级应变率下粗晶大理岩单轴压缩试验,研究加载应变率对岩石的应力–应变曲线、破坏形态、强度、弹性模量及变形模量与应变能耗散及释放的影响规律,探讨岩石损伤演化的能量机制。根据总体积应变及裂纹体积应变与起裂及扩容应力的相关性,确定各应变率下岩石起裂及临界扩容应力。加载应变率大约以1×10－3 s－1为分界点,小于该值时应力–应变曲线峰值点附近仍存在一定的塑性屈服或流动段,超过该值后表现为“折线”型。随着加载应变率的增加,岩样破裂模式由张剪型逐渐过渡到张性劈裂甚至劈裂弹射。一般而言,起裂及临界扩容应力和峰值应力均随加载速率增大而增大,且起裂及临界扩容应力越接近峰值强度,但当应变率为1×10－4～1×10－3 s－1时,上述值均出现一个相对低值区间,这与粗晶大理岩的微结构特征相关。起裂应力、临界扩容应力、弹性模量及变形模量均与峰值强度线性相关。单轴压缩下峰前能量耗散量越多,强度越高,峰后可释放弹性应变能和释放速率越大,岩石的张性贯通破裂特性愈强,破裂块数越多。能量耗散使岩石损伤而强度丧失,而能量释放使岩石宏观破裂面贯通而整体破坏。     

饱和砂土的物态变化特性

通过饱和砂土的往返加卸载三轴试验 ,揭示了饱和砂土的初剪缩、剪胀、次剪缩、反向剪缩等物态变化特性 ,论证了它们与不排水条件下饱和砂土孔压的变化和排水条件下剪缩剪胀体应变的变化具有内在的联系 ,从而验证了往返加卸载复杂应力条件下饱和砂土不同物态的客观存在性 ,为进一步揭示动荷条件下饱和砂土的复杂变形特性提供了研究基础。     

The stress-strain-permeability behaviour of clay rock during damage and recompaction

Characterisation and understanding of the stressestrainepermeability behaviour of a clay host rock during damage and recompaction are essential for prediction of excavation damaged zone and for assessment of its impact on the repository safety. This important issue has been experimentally studied in triaxial compression tests on the Callovo-Oxfordian clay rock in this study. The samples were sequentially loaded by(1) hydrostatic precompaction to close up sampling-induced microcracks,(2)applying deviatoric stresses to determine damage and permeability changes, and(3) recompression along different loading paths to examine reversibility of the damage. The critical stress conditions at the onset of dilatancy, permeability percolation, failure strength, and residual strength are determined. An empirical model is established for fracturing-induced permeability by considering the effects of connectivity and conductivity of microcracks. The cubic law is validated for the variation of permeability of connected fractures with closure. The experiments and results are also presented and discussed.