Blood parameter and heart rate response to training in Andalusian horses

The psychopathology and associated disabilities experienced by persons with schizophrenia have only partially responded to conventional pharmacological and psychosocial treatment approaches. Biobehavioral treatment and rehabilitation employs behavioral assessment, social learning principles, skills training, and a focus on the recovery process to amplify the effects of pharmacotherapy. Utilizing the Medline database, we review a selection of English-language studies published from 1970 to 1994 that support the effectiveness of each of the components of biobehavioral therapy, such as case management, psychopharmacology with behavioral assessment, psychoeducation, family involvement, and social skills training. An integrated biobehavioral therapy directed toward early detection and treatment of schizophrenic symptoms, collaboration between consumers and caregivers in managing treatment, family and social skills training, and teaching coping skills and self-help techniques has been documented to improve the course and outcome of schizophrenia, as measured by symptom recurrence, social functioning, and quality of life. A case vignette is presented to illustrate the successful integration of biobehavioral therapies into a treatment system that focuses on consumers' attempts to become increasingly responsible for recovering from illness.     

Heart rate, blood pressure, and running speed responses to mesencephalic locomotor region stimulation in anesthetized rats

Responses of aging brain to physical training was evaluated by quantifying the substrates, glucose, lactic acid, and nucleic acids in cerebral cortex (CC) and medulla oblongata (MO) of the brain in rats. Rats of 1 month (young), 6 months (adult), 12 months (middle-aged) and 18 months (old) of age were swim-trained for 30 days. Glucose content of CC and MO increased with training whereas blood glucose decreased in trained young and adult animals with middle-aged and old animals maintaining constant blood glucose. Brain lactate in these two regions decreased with training in all age groups. However, the old animals showed an elevation in blood lactic acid in trained state, while the other age groups showed a decrease. Nucleic acid content, decreased with age, especially the RNA content in MO showing a larger depletion. However, there was no discernible influence of physical exercise on these parameters. Physical training has influenced the aging brain's adaptability, as seen by increase in its glucose content in young animals and also possible utilization of lactate as an additional substrate in old animals as evidenced by an increase in blood lactic acid.     

Blood pressure and heart rate variability in autonomic disorders: a critical review

Sulfhydryl compounds can protect DNA against free-radical-induced DNA damages not only by scavenging of radicals, but also by chemical non-enzymatic repair or modification of such damages by hydrogen-donation. To investigate the influence of chemical repair and modification on mutations, induced by gamma-radiation-generated free radicals (.OH, .H), phosphate-buffered aqueous solutions of double-stranded (ds) M13 DNA were exposed to gamma-rays under N2 in the presence of 5 mM cysteamine. The exposed DNA was subsequently transfected to wild-type E. coli and mutations in the mutational target were characterized. This target in fact contains three different target sequences, i.e., the lac promoter/operator, the lacZ alpha gene and a 144 bp inframe insert. The mutation spectrum obtained was compared with those in the absence of cysteamine under N2 and N2O. In the latter case, the ratio of .OH and .H available for reacting with DNA is about the same as under N2 + cysteamine. The results show that chemical repair and/or modification by cysteamine of potentially lethal lesions takes place, leading to a much higher survival of ds M13 DNA in the presence of cysteamine than could be expected on basis of scavenging of .OH and .H alone. This higher survival appeared to be accompanied with a higher mutation induction. However, the N2 + cysteamine mutation spectrum shows a remarkable resemblance with the N2O-spectrum. This holds for the total mutation target, as well as each of the three targets, although the mutations obtained in each of the three targets under the same irradiation conditions are quite different. Thus, it can be concluded that cysteamine is mainly effective on radiation-induced potentially lethal DNA lesions, and not so much on (pre)mutagenic damages. Moreover, the type of mutation appeared to be strongly dependent on the mutational target sequence.     

Blood pressure, renin activity and heart rate changes during propranolol therapy of hypertension

Seven boys with fracture(s) of the bony pelvis and associated partial or complete rupture of the posterior urethra were managed by the time-honored technique of early suprapubic cystostomy and concomitant primary realignment of the urethra over a catheter. Of the 4 children who had a functionally significant urethral stricture 3 were cured within a few months by 1 or 2 simple urethral dilatations and 1 by subsequent transperineal lysis of the angulated urethra from its surrounding fibrous tissue. Followup data for 8 to 22 years (mean 14 years) indicate that all 7 patients void with an excellent stream and are continent, free of infection and potent. In fact, 3 of the 4 married boys have fathered children.     

Lack of effects on heart rate and blood pressure in ketamine-anesthetized rats briefly exposed to ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses

OBJECTIVE: This report describes the radiologic findings and discusses the clinical consequences of acute traumatic aortic tear occurring with an aberrant right subclavian artery. CONCLUSION: Identification of an aberrant right subclavian artery with acute traumatic aortic tear must be emphasized to reduce iatrogenic morbidity and mortality.     

Effects of drug-induced changes in resting blood pressure on classically conditioned heart rate and blood pressure in restrained rats.

Subsequent to receiving aversive classical conditioning (which led to a decelerative heart rate [HR] CR and a pressor–depressor blood pressure [BP] CR), 3 groups of restrained male Sprague-Dawley rats received iv infusion of Na nitroprusside (n?=?9; 40 μg/mg/min) to lower baseline BP, phenylephrine (n?=?10; 17 μg/mg/min) to raise baseline BP, or an equivalent volume of saline (n?=?9). Conditioning test trials during infusion revealed that hypotension produced by Na nitroprusside eliminated the HR CR and transformed the BP CR into a pressor-only reaction. Hypertension produced by phenylephrine facilitated the HR CR and changed the BP CR to a pressor-only response on trials in which baseline BP increases and baseline HR decreases were within restricted limits. Following drug withdrawal, the HR CRs of both drug groups and the BP CR of the phenylephrine group were attenuated. The UCRs to the shock UCS under phenylephrine were exaggerated and consisted of tachycardias and depressor BP changes, whereas, under Na nitroprusside, reduced tachycardias and depressor activity occurred. Results suggest that the loss of the vagally medicated HR CR under Na nitroprusside was due to baroreceptor-controlled inhibition of vagal discharge. The enhancement of the HR CR under phenylephrine was due to baroreceptor-influenced facilitation of vagal discharge. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of argipressin injected into medial amygdaloid body on blood pressure and heart rate in rats

Thirteen patients with primary carcinoma of the hard palate were seen over an 18-year period at the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology. Nine patients had adenoid cystic carcinoma, three had squamous cell carcinoma, and one patient had mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The median tumor size was 3 cm3. The patients were clinically staged: T = 1, T2 = 5, T3 = 3, T4 = 4. All were N0M0. Ten patients underwent excision and postoperative irradiation. The remaining three patients were treated definitively with radiotherapy. The 10-year disease-free survival is 77% with an actuarial local control rate of 92%. Patients with negative surgical margins had an improved local control and disease-free survival. Duration of radiation therapy, total tumor dose or histology had no impact on outcome. We conclude that combined surgery and irradiation gives good 10-year local control and disease-free survival rates in patients with this disease.     

The acute effects of amitriptyline, iprindole and trazodone on blood pressure and heart rate in rats

The cardiovascular effects of the tricyclic anti-depressant amitriptyline, a monoamine uptake inhibitor, and iprindole and trazodone, two novel anti-depressants of unknown mechanism, were monitored in urethane anesthetized rats following intravenous (IV) or intracerebroventricular (IVT) injection. Amitriptyline (2 mg IV or 0.25 mg IVT) produced hypotension that might reflect an action of norepinephrine on the anterior hypothalamus. Iprindole (2 mg IV) produced hypertension and (0.25 mg IVT) tachycardia that is consistent with a partial beta-agonist mechanism. Trazodone (1 mg IV or 0.25 mg IVT) produced hypotension and bradycardia that is consistent with the activation of noradrenergic neurons in the anterior hypothalamus perhaps as a result of trazodone acting on presynaptic alpha 2 receptors or on presynaptic serotonin receptors to increase the release of norepinephrine. All three of these anti-depressants have the potential to precipitate cardiovascular complications, particularly in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular abnormalities.     

Intoxicated behavioral disinhibition and the heart rate response to alcohol.

This study examined the association between the heart rate (HR) response to alcohol intoxication, which is thought to reflect sensitivity to alcohol-induced reward and alcohol-induced behavioral disinhibition. High- and low-HR responders to alcohol participated in a go/no-go task, under sober and intoxicated conditions. Errors of commission on this task have previously been related to behavioral disinhibition. High-HR responders made more intoxicated commission errors as compared with low-HR responders. High-HR responders also reported increased alcohol consumption, and controlling for the latter did not alter the significant association between high-HR responders and increased intoxicated errors of commission. These results are consistent with previous findings of an increased risk for addictive and disinhibited behavioral propensities in individuals with a high-HR response to alcohol intoxication. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Beat-to-beat modulation of heart rate is coupled to coronary perfusion pressure in the isolated heart

A goal of clinicians caring for heart transplant recipients has been to use heart rate variability as a noninvasive means of diagnosing graft rejection. The determinants of beat-to-beat variability in the surgically denervated heart have yet to be elucidated. We used an isolated, blood buffer-perfused porcine heart preparation to quantitatively assess the relationship between coronary perfusion and sinus node automaticity. Hearts (n = 9) were suspended in a Langendorff preparation, and heart rate (HR) fluctuations were quantified while perfusion pressure was modulated between 70/50, 80/60, 90/70, and 100/80 mmHg at 0.067 Hz. In 32 of 32 recordings, the cross spectrum of perfusion pressure vs. HR showed the largest peak centered at 0.067 Hz. In eight of nine experiments during nonpulsatile perfusion, HR accelerated as perfusion pressure was increased from 40 to 110 mmHg (mean increase 24.2 +/- 3.0 beats/min). HR increased 0.34 beats/min per mmHg increase in perfusion pressure (least squares linear regression y = -25.8 mmHg + 0.34x; r = 0.88, P < 0.0001). Administration of low- and high-dose nitroglycerin (Ntg) resulted in a modest increase in flow but produced a significant decrease in HR and blunted the response of HR to changes in perfusion pressure (HR increase 0.26 beats. min-1. mmHg-1, r = 0.87, P < 0.0001 after low-dose Ntg; 0.25 beats. min-1. mmHg-1, r = 0.78, P < 0.0001 after high-dose Ntg). These experiments suggest that sinus node discharge in the isolated perfused heart is mechanically coupled to perfusion pressure on a beat-to-beat basis.     

Effects of moxonidine and clonidine on renal function and blood pressure in anesthetized rats

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted 1) to characterize through SEM analysis the resin-dentin interface produced by single-bottle primer/adhesives and a three-component system [Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (3M Dental)] and 2) to evaluate the shear bond strength to dentin of these adhesive systems. METHODS: Single-bottle primer/adhesives [Bond 1 (Jeneric/Pentron), Single Bond, (3M Dental Products); One Step (Bisco Inc.), OptiBond Solo (Kerr Corp.), Prime & Bond 2.1 (L.D. Caulk-Dentsply), Syntac Single-Component (Ivoclar-Vivadent), Tenure Quilk with Fluoride (Den-Mat)] were used according to manufacturers' instructions to bond resin composite to flat dentinal surfaces of extracted human third molars (n = 15). All samples were thermocycled 300x. Twelve specimens per group were used to measure shear bond strength and three specimens were used to evaluate the interfacial morphology under SEM. A one-way ANOVA and Turkey's test were used to assess the results. RESULTS: Mean shear bond strengths in MPa +/- SD for the groups ranged from 22.27 +/- 4.5 MPa for Single Bond to 7.6 +/- 3.9 MPa for Syntac Single-Component. The statistical analysis indicated that Single Bond produced significantly higher (p < 0.001) bond strengths than Syntac Single-Component, Prime & Bond 2.1, Bond 1 and Tenure Quik With Fluoride. Bond strengths for Syntac Single-Component were significantly lower than One-Step, OptiBond Solo, Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus and Single Bond. SEM examination clearly revealed the formation of a distinct hybrid layer for all adhesive systems; however, minor variations in ultrastructure existed among products. SIGNIFICANCE: Some single-bottle primer/adhesive present in vitro bond strengths and hybrid layer formation similar to those found for the conventional three-component adhesive system tested.     

Autonomic control of heart rate and blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats during aversive classical conditioning.

Examined heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) responses of 26 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and 21 genetically-controlled Wistar/Kyoto (WKY) rats during aversive classical conditioning. Assessments were made of the effects of selective autonomic blockade by methyl atropine (10 mg/kg), phentolamine (2 mg/kg), and propranolol (2 mg/kg). The decelerative SHR HR CR was not secondary to baroreceptor reflex activity, although such activity was involved in the pressor BP and decelerative HR orienting response (OR) and UCR complex of the SHRs on initial applications of the CS and UCS. Augmented pressor BP ORs, CRs, and UCRs in the SHRs and differential drug effects on BP and HR baselines of the 2 strains suggested the presence of enhanced sympathetic activity in the SHRs that was not reflected in the SHR decelerative HR CR. Phentolamine unmasked evidence of reflex beta?-vasodilation deficiency in the SHRs that could have contributed to the enhancement of their BP OR and CR. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Pyramidal control of heart rate and arterial pressure in cats

The pyramidal control of the heart rate (HR) and the arterial pressure (AP) was investigated in the cat. Experiments were conducted in order to determine relative contribution of vagal and sympathetic components to this control. In eighteen anesthetized and curarized cats, electrical stimulations were applied to the pyramidal tract (PT), followed by pharmacological blockade of the sympathetic cardiac control or by bivagotomy. HR and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded in response to pyramidal stimulations before and after bulbar transections sparing only the PT, beta 1-blockade by atenolol administration and/or bilateral vagotomy. Results showed that the stimulation of the PT elicits significant cardiac accelerations and MAP increases in all animals. Furthermore, bulbar transections allowed to conclude that pyramidal influences acted at bulbar level and not on spinal cardiovascular neurons. After beta 1-blockade by atenolol, HR increases were reduced by about 70% and those of MAP by about 30%; after bilateral vagotomy, cardioaccelerations were reduced by about 30% but no significant reductions of MAP were observed; finally, beta 1-blockade combined with vagal section suppressed cardioaccelerations and significantly reduced the MAP increases. These results suggest the existence of a direct cortical control, via the pyramidal tract, to cardiovascular centers of the medulla, probably mediated by pyramidal collaterals. This control appears to be organized following a reciprocal autonomic pattern where the suppression of the vagal inhibition is associated with a concomitant sympathetic excitation. The present work also provides data in favour of a central command coupling somatic programs and cardiac adjustments during motor acts.     

Ontogeny of heart rate response to milk infusion in infant rats as a function of level of deprivation.

Recorded the heart rate (HR) responses of infant Sprague-Dawley rats aged 8, 11, 14, and 17 days during the intraoral infusion of milk. Ss were deprived for various periods of time prior to the start of testing. Results revealed a transition from HR deceleration to HR acceleration between 8 and 14 days of age, with the magnitude of the response varying directly with the degree of deprivation. A follow-up experiment was run to demonstrate that the observed HR changes were not a result of the termination of infusion. Implications for a transition from infant to adult feeding systems as well as the development of a somatic cardiac linkage are discussed. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of betaxolol on blood pressure and heart rate in mild to moderate hypertension

The efficacy and safety of daily 20 mg betaxolol monotherapy was investigated in mild-moderate essential hypertension in a four week long, open label, single blind trial (with a placebo run-in). Twenty one patients of both sexes were enrolled. The systolic blood pressure in the supine position decreased from 158 to 142 mmHg, the diastolic blood pressure from 101 to 89 mmHg. The mean systolic values of the 24 hours ambulatory blood pressure monitoring decreased from 136 to 126 mmHg, the mean diastolic values from 87 to 80 mmHg. All decreases in blood pressure were significant. The reduction of the heart rate (80/min vs 63/min) was also significant. The decrease in blood pressure during daytime was significant, during night it was moderate. The blood pressure- and heart rate reducing effect of betaxolol was detectable however in the second half of the night, before wake-up. No side effect was recorded.     

Post-exercise changes in blood pressure, heart rate and rate pressure product at different exercise intensities in normotensive humans

To evaluate the effect of exercise intensity on post-exercise cardiovascular responses, 12 young normotensive subjects performed in a randomized order three cycle ergometer exercise bouts of 45 min at 30, 50 and 80% of VO2peak, and 12 subjects rested for 45 min in a non-exercise control trial. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured for 20 min prior to exercise (baseline) and at intervals of 5 to 30 (R5-30), 35 to 60 (R35-60) and 65 to 90 (R65-90) min after exercise. Systolic, mean, and diastolic BP after exercise were significantly lower than baseline, and there was no difference between the three exercise intensities. After exercise at 30% of VO2peak, HR was significantly decreased at R35-60 and R65-90. In contrast, after exercise at 50 and 80% of VO2peak, HR was significantly increased at R5-30 and R35-60, respectively. Exercise at 30% of VO2peak significantly decreased rate pressure (RP) product (RP = HR x systolic BP) during the entire recovery period (baseline = 7930 +/- 314 vs R5-30 = 7150 +/- 326, R35-60 = 6794 +/- 349, and R65-90 = 6628 +/- 311, P < 0.05), while exercise at 50% of VO2peak caused no change, and exercise at 80% of VO2peak produced a significant increase at R5-30 (7468 +/- 267 vs 9818 +/- 366, P < 0.05) and no change at R35-60 or R65-90. Cardiovascular responses were not altered during the control trial. In conclusion, varying exercise intensity from 30 to 80% of VO2peak in young normotensive humans did not influence the magnitude of post-exercise hypotension. However, in contrast to exercise at 50 and 80% of VO2peak, exercise at 30% of VO2peak decreased post-exercise HR and RP.     

Resting systolic blood pressure and heart rate at work

A random sample (n = 1050) of the population of a region in central Sweden performed a submaximal exercise test on bicycle ergometers. The participants were men and women aged 18 to 65 taking part in the REBUS study 1969-71 (3). This paper deals with the partial relationship between heart rate at different rates of work and systolic blood pressure measured at rest (SBP) controlling the influence of other predictors of heart rate. It was found that the relationship was non-linear and that individuals with a relatively high SBP had a lower heart rate than individuals with lower SBP. The curvilinear relationship was more pronounced in women and grew stronger with increasing rate of work.