低聚乳果糖的性质及应用

本文介绍低聚乳果糖的制备、检测方法及其特性，特别是阐述了低聚乳果糖对双歧杆菌增值的效果。     

低聚乳果糖的初步提纯

采用粉末状活性炭对低聚乳果糖酶反应液进行脱色，研究了活性炭用量、脱色温度和脱色时间对低聚乳果糖反应液脱色的情况，实验结果表明：当活性炭用量为3％，温度60℃，吸附时间45min，低聚乳果糖反应液的脱色效果明显，低聚乳果糖的损失率仅为3．33％。     

β-呋喃果糖苷酶法合成低聚乳果糖工艺优化

目的：确定β-呋喃果糖苷酶合成低聚乳果糖的最佳工艺条件。方法：以蔗糖和乳糖为底物,利用β-呋喃果糖苷酶粗酶液合成低聚乳果糖,通过单因素和Box-Behnken试验,对酶法合成工艺进行响应面分析,得到酶法合成低聚乳果糖的最佳工艺参数。结果：最佳工艺条件为反应时间22.77h、pH7.0、反应温度35.0℃、底物质量浓度20.0g/100mL、底物与酶的体积比1:1,低聚乳果糖含量为22.70%。结论：Box-Behnken结合响应面优化果糖苷酶法合成低聚乳果糖工艺,模型可靠,方法可行。     

乳糖制备的功能性低聚糖

功能性低聚糖具有良好的生理功能,在食品、饲料、医药等行业有着广泛的应用。对由乳糖为原料制备的低聚糖如低聚半乳糖、低聚乳果糖、乳酮糖的性质、制备及应用进行了介绍。     

发展前景广阔的乳糖深加工产品——低聚半乳糖

<正> 功能性低聚糖在我国已得到了长足的发展,我国对各种低聚糖的特性与功能,也有了比较深入的了解。这些低聚糖包括异麦芽酮糖、乳酮糖、低聚异麦芽糖、大豆低聚糖、低聚果糖、低聚乳果糖和低聚木糖等。来源自乳糖的功能性低聚糖有乳酮糖、低聚乳果糖和低聚半乳糖3种,其中低聚半乳糖在我国还比较陌生,故特撰本文,供有关读者参考。     

功能性低聚糖酶法制备研究进展

功能性低聚糖由于能够调节肠道微生态系统,促进健康,因而成为近年来的研究热点。文中综述了酶法制备低聚异麦芽糖、海藻糖、低聚果糖、低聚半乳糖、低聚乳果糖及低聚木糖的研究进展,介绍了酶法制备中影响目标产物的主要因素,不同来源酶的应用方式及效果,同时展望了未来酶制剂和酶技术在该领域的发展方向。     

功能性低聚糖析论

讨论了肠内有毒发酵产物及有害菌群对人体的毒害作用，功能性低聚精对抗这些毒害作用的积极效果以及由此引发的各种生理功能，功能性低聚糖的食用安全性、日摄入量标准及可能带来的到影响，并详细介绍低聚果糖、乳酮糖、异麦芽酮糖、大豆低聚糖、低聚半乳精、低聚木糖、低聚乳果糖和低聚异麦芽糖的性质、制备、应用与发展动态等。     

乳糖的深加工与功能性低聚糖的制造

简述了以乳糖为原料制造功能性低聚糖—异构乳糖、低聚半乳糖和低聚乳果糖的合成原理及生产工艺。     

功能性甜味剂─新型低聚糖

本文概述了大豆低聚糖、帕拉金糖、异麦芽低聚糖、低聚半乳糖、低聚乳果糖、低聚果糖、低聚木糖、异构化乳糖八种新型低聚糖的结构、理化性质、生理功能及其在食品工业中的应用。     

低聚乳果糖的生产与应用

本文就低聚乳果糖的生产和应用作了详细的介绍，并对其理化和生理功能进行阐述，展望其发展前景。     

Encapsulation of food ingredients

Microencapsulation is a relatively new technology that is used for protection, stabilization, and slow release of food ingredients. The encapsulating or wall materials used generally consist of starch, starch derivatives, proteins, gums, lipids, or any combination of them. Methods of encapsulation of food ingredients include spraydrying, freeze‐drying, fluidized bed‐coating, extrusion, cocrystallization, molecular inclusion, and coacervation. This paper reviews techniques for preparation of microencapsulated food ingredients and choices of coating material. Characterization of microcapsules, mechanisms of controlled release, and efficiency of protection/ stabilization of encapsulated food ingredients are also presented.     

STANDARD SIZING AND FIT TESTING APPLIED TO WOMEN'S HOSIERY

The monograph deals with a critical review of the recent research work and development on ramie, a long vegetable bast fibre. The review is divided into two parts. Part I discusses the progress of recent work on ramie, chemical components like fibre degumming, its effects on fibre composition, chemical constituents, i.e. hemicellulose, cellulose, non-cellulosic and mineral matters. Besides various chemical properties of native and modified fibres such as accessibility, infrared, cellulose I–V, DP, grafting, cross linking and resin finishing and dyeing etc. are dealt with.     

5—THE CONSTITUTION OF THE EPICUTICLE OF WOOL

Epicuticle, isolated from wool via the Allwörden reaction, was examined by electron microscopy and analysed chemically. It is proteinaceous; lipids and carbohydrates could not be detected. The component amino acids are: cystine, glycine, glutamic acid, serine, valine, alanine, lysine, α-amino-adipic acid, and threonine. A tentative model for the epicuticle is proposed.     

Mycotoxins in botanicals and dried fruits: A review

Botanicals are used in many countries for medicinal and general health-promoting purposes. Numerous natural occurrences of mycotoxins in botanicals and dried fruits have been reported. Aflatoxins or ochratoxin A (OTA) have been found in botanicals such as ginseng, ginger, liquorice, turmeric, and kava-kava in the USA, Spain, Argentina, India, and some other countries, while fumonisins have been found in medicinal wild plants in South Africa and in herbal tea and medicinal plants in Turkey. Zearalenone was identified in ginseng root. Dried fruits can be contaminated with aflatoxins, OTA, kojic acid, and, occasionally, with patulin or zearalenone. One main area of concern is aflatoxins in dried figs; bright greenish yellow fluorescence under ultraviolet light is associated with aflatoxin contamination. OTA in dried vine fruits (raisins, sultanas, and currants) is another concern. There are also reports of aflatoxins in raisins and OTA in dried figs, apricots, dried plums (prunes), dates, and quince. Maximum permitted levels in the European Union include 4 µg kg^-1 for total aflatoxins in dried fruit intended for direct consumption and 10 µg kg^-1 for OTA in dried vine fruit. This review discusses the occurrence of mycotoxins in botanicals and dried fruits and analytical issues such as sampling, sample preparation, and methods for analysis. Fungal contamination of these products, the influence of sorting, storage, and processing, and prevention are also considered.     

Avena sativa (Oat), A Potential Neutraceutical and Therapeutic Agent: An Overview

The aim of the present review article is to summarize the available information related to the availability, production, chemical composition, pharmacological activity, and traditional uses of Avena sativa to highlight its potential to contribute to human health. Oats are now cultivated worldwide and form an important dietary staple for the people in number of countries. Several varieties of oats are available. It is a rich source of protein, contains a number of important minerals, lipids, β-glucan, a mixed-linkage polysaccharide, which forms an important part of oat dietary fiber, and also contains various other phytoconstituents like avenanthramides, an indole alkaloid-gramine, flavonoids, flavonolignans, triterpenoid saponins, sterols, and tocols. Traditionally oats have been in use since long and are considered as stimulant, antispasmodic, antitumor, diuretic, and neurotonic. Oat possesses different pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, anticholesterolaemic, etc. A wide spectrum of biological activities indicates that oat is a potential therapeutic agent.     

Bioactivation of Phytoestrogens: Intestinal Bacteria and Health

Phytoestrogens are polyphenols similar to human estrogens found in plants or derived from plant precursors. Phytoestrogens are found in high concentration in soya, flaxseed and other seeds, fruits, vegetables, cereals, tea, chocolate, etc. They comprise several classes of chemical compounds (stilbenes, coumestans, isoflavones, ellagitannins, and lignans) which are structurally similar to endogenous estrogens but which can have both estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects. Although epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that intake of phytoestrogens in foods may be protective against certain chronic diseases, discrepancies have been observed between in vivo and in vitro experiments. The microbial transformations have not been reported so far in stilbenes and coumestans. However, isoflavones, ellagitanins, and lignans are metabolized by intestinal bacteria to produce equol, urolithins, and enterolignans, respectively. Equol, urolithin, and enterolignans are more bioavailable, and have more estrogenic/antiestrogenic and antioxidant activity than their precursors. Moreover, equol, urolithins and enterolignans have anti-inflammatory effects and induce antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities. The transformation of isoflavones, ellagitanins, and lignans by intestinal microbiota is essential to be protective against certain chronic diseases, as cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and menopausal symptoms. Bioavailability, bioactivity, and health effects of dietary phytoestrogens are strongly determined by the intestinal bacteria of each individual.     

蒽醌助剂对乙二醇溶剂脱胶苎麻纤维性能的影响

为解决苎麻在乙二醇有机溶剂脱胶中纤维易被氧化而导致性能下降的问题,在乙二醇溶剂中添加助剂蒽醌对苎麻进行脱胶,并对蒽醌不同添加量下制得的纤维进行结构和性能表征。结果表明:纤维中半纤维素含量随蒽醌添加量的增加而升高,纤维的聚合度、结晶度、物理力学性能先升高后降低,纤维的残胶率和线密度先降低后升高;当蒽醌质量分数为0.3% 时,这些性能均达到最佳值,此时纤维的聚合度、结晶度、制成率、断裂强度、断裂伸长率、断裂功比不加蒽醌时分别提高了7.32%、20.53%、1.46%、9.55%、6.89%、33.33%,纤维的残胶率、线密度比不加蒽醌时分别降低了17.91%、7.24%。     

Influence of different non-grain commodities on the population growth of Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

We investigated the population growth of the khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) on seven groups of commercially available non-grain commodities. Six powdered spices were used in the first group of experiments: black pepper, clove, nutmeg, allspice, cinnamon and turmeric. The second group of the tested commodities included seven animal products: powdered cow milk, powdered pork zelatin, sheeps’ wool, goat’s skin, ducks’ feathers, dry dog food and dry cat food. The third group of commodities was consisted of six herbs: oregano, spearmint, basil, coriander, laurel and marjoram. The fourth group of commodities contained ten pulses: chickpeas, lentil, split peas, black-eyed peas, beans, soybean flour and whole kernels, lima beans, mung bean, and broad beans. The fifth group comprised six dried fruits: Corinthian currants, sultanas, banana chips, melons, apricots and figs. The sixth group was consisted of five non-grain commodities: cottonseed cake, tobacco, black tea, Turk kahvesi and potato flour. The seventh group included seven nuts: sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, pistachios, roasted chickpeas (yellow), almonds, hazelnuts and walnuts. Finally, six cracked containment categories (0% cracked kernels, 5% cracked kernels and 95% intact kernels, 10% cracked kernels and 90% intact kernels, 25% cracked kernels and 75% intact kernels, 50% cracked kernels and 50% intact kernels and 100% cracked kernels) from five pulses were tested: chickpeas, black-eyed peas, mung bean, soybean and split peas. The highest progeny production (3.01 individuals per vial) was recorded on powdered cow milk. On pistachios, split peas, sunflower seeds, soybean flour, pumpkin seeds, walnuts, almonds and coriander, T. granarium built high population densities rapidly, while on roasted chickpeas, cottonseed cake, hazelnuts, chickpeas, dog food and lentils, its population growth was much less. Broad beans, melons, figs, lima beans, beans, Corinthian currants, pork zelatin and potato flour were less suitable diets for the development of this species. On black pepper, clove, nutmeg, allspice, cinnamon, turmeric, sheeps’ wool, goat’s skin, ducks’ feathers, cat food, sultanas, banana chips, apricots, tobacco, black tea, Turk kahvesi, oregano, spearmint, basil, laurel and marjoram, no progeny production was recorded. The proportion of 100% cracked black-eyed peas or mung beans was more suitable for the population growth of T. granarium. Also, the percentages of 50% cracked chickpeas or 10% cracked soybeans enhanced the development of the species, in comparison with the whole kernels of each pulse. Our study indicated that several non-grain commodities are beneficial for the population growth of T. granarium, a fact that should be seriously taken into account in international trade, as this pest may utilize them as “vehicles” of expansion.     

中美主要烟草品种亲源分析与烟草育种

本文分析了中美300多个烤烟,80多个晒晾烟主要育成品种的亲源关系,从中可以看出,品质与抗病育种是烟草育种的主体,由Orinoco衍生的Hicks、Virginiabrightleaf和400及后来育成的NC95、Coker139和Coker319等是烤烟品质育种和抗病育种的主体亲本;由WhiteBurley衍生的Kentucky16、Burley21和由MDRobinson育成的Maryland64、Maryland609分别是白肋烟与马里兰烟品质、抗病育种的主体亲本;烟草抗黑胫病、青枯病、根结线虫病、根黑腐病、烟草普通花叶病和野火病的抗源分别来自Florida301、TI448A、TI706、N. debnexyi、N. glutinosa和N. longiflora等原始栽培品种或野生种。美国烟草育种经历了从品质到多抗,再到综合优良性状改良的阶梯式发展过程。而我国优质、多抗育种起步较晚,仍存在品质与抗性、品质与易烤性关系研究较少,外源优良基因利用较少,遗传基础狭窄等问题,本文就近期烟草育种的目标和途径进行了初步探讨。      

Detection and characterization of engineered nanoparticles in food and the environment

Nanotechnology is developing rapidly and, in the future, it is expected that increasingly more products will contain some sort of nanomaterial. However, to date, little is known about the occurrence, fate and toxicity of nanoparticles. The limitations in our knowledge are partly due to the lack of methodology for the detection and characterisation of engineered nanoparticles in complex matrices, i.e. water, soil or food. This review provides an overview of the characteristics of nanoparticles that could affect their behaviour and toxicity, as well as techniques available for their determination. Important properties include size, shape, surface properties, aggregation state, solubility, structure and chemical composition. Methods have been developed for natural or engineered nanomaterials in simple matrices, which could be optimized to provide the necessary information, including microscopy, chromatography, spectroscopy, centrifugation, as well as filtration and related techniques. A combination of these is often required. A number of challenges will arise when analysing environmental and food materials, including extraction challenges, the presence of analytical artifacts caused by sample preparation, problems of distinction between natural and engineered nanoparticles and lack of reference materials. Future work should focus on addressing these challenges.