Selectivity of damped AC (DAC) and VLF voltages in after-laying tests of extruded MV cable systems

The purpose of HV after-laying tests on cable systems on-site is to check the quality of installation. The test on extruded MV cable systems is usually a voltage test. However, in order to enhance the quality of after installation many researchers have proposed performance of diagnosis tests such as detection, location and identification of partial discharges (PD) and tan /spl delta/ measurements. Damped AC voltage (DAC) also called oscillating voltage waves (OVW) is used for PD measurement in after-laying tests of new cables and in diagnostic test of old cables. Continuous AC voltage of very low frequency (VLF) is used for withstand voltage tests as well as for diagnostic tests with PD and tan /spl delta/ measurements. Review on the DAC and VLF tests to detect defects during on-site after-laying tests of extruded MV cable systems is presented. Selectivity of DAC and VLF voltages in after-laying testing depends on different test parameters. PD process depends on type and frequency of the test voltage and hence, the breakdown voltage is different. The withstand voltage of XLPE cable insulation decreases linearly with increasing frequency in log scale. Experimental studies with artificial XLPE cable model indicate that detection of defects with DAC or VLF voltage can be done at a lower voltage than with DC. DAC voltage is sensitive in detecting defects that cause a breakdown due to void discharge, while VLF is sensitive in detecting defects that cause breakdown directly led by inception of electrical trees.     

BPD型变频电源用于局放和耐压试验的研究与实践

介绍了某供电公司对主变局放和谐振耐压试验电源的研究和选用思路,简要介绍了局放和耐压试验现场实施情况,证实了BPD型变频电源不仅可以用于GIS及电缆等大容量设备的谐振耐压试验,而且可以用于变压器的局部放电试验。     

挤包绝缘电缆电压击穿试验的数理统计

本文叙述了威布尔数理统计的基本方法,用以对挤包绝缘电缆的电压击穿试验进行数据处理;评定各项威布尔参数和电缆寿命指数N值;从一系列比较分散的击穿电压数值中,可以找到一个正确可靠的试验结果。     

0.1Hz超低频耐压试验装置在发电机耐压试验中的应用

介绍了0.1Hz超低频耐压试验装置的构成、原理,并在某发电厂机组大修时采用该装置进行发电机超低频耐压试验,在1min内向4号发电机的定子绕组施加50.9 kV测试电压,以此来判断发电机定子绕组局部和槽部的绝缘情况。通过试验证明,采用0.1Hz超低频耐压试验装置与传统工频耐压试验装置的试验结果一致,而超低频耐压试验装置的体积和质量明显减小,可有效降低装置的运输成本。     

XLPE电缆工频耐压试验探讨

试验研究了工频耐压诊断机械损伤类绝缘缺陷效果,评估损伤程度和受潮时间的影响。试验结果表明绝缘未受潮时,工频耐压试验不能检测出机械类甚至是很深的机械类绝缘缺陷。     

工频–雷电冲击叠加电压检测GIS金属尖刺缺陷有效性研究

气体绝缘封闭式组合开关设备(gas insulated switchgear,GIS)在电力系统具有广泛应用,GIS运行过程中金属尖刺缺陷严重威胁其绝缘可靠性。然而,高电压等级下金属尖刺缺陷难以被传统现场试验检出。该文提出工频-雷电冲击叠加电压检测法。首先构建工频-雷电冲击叠加电压实验研究平台,针对工频-雷电冲击叠加电压下金属尖刺缺陷放电特性进行研究,继而研究工频-雷电冲击叠加电压检测金属尖刺缺陷方法有效性。结果表明:当交流电压(UAC)大于起晕电压时,同极性叠加导致击穿电压(Us)增大,反极性叠加导致Us减小。叠加相位对Us的影响稍滞后于工频波形。随不均匀度增加,曲线平台期缩短直至消失。在交流电压135°叠加负极性雷电冲击电压,GIS金属尖刺缺陷放电电压最低,外施电压较雷电冲击试验下降24.9%,可以有效检出缺陷。     

XLPE电力电缆耐压试验的探讨

概述了XLPE电缆的直流耐压试验、超低频耐压试验、振荡波电压试验和变频谐振试验,提出了直流耐压试验存在的问题,对运行过的电缆不再推荐做直流耐压试验,指出了超低频0.1Hz耐压试验对XLPE电缆才是可行有效的耐压方法.     

750 kV变压器现场工频感应耐压和局部放电试验

介绍了我国750 kV输变电示范工程中变压器现场局放交接试验的标准、程序和过程,分析了局放起始电压和熄灭电压定义中的含混之处,比较了750 kV变压器的工频耐压值和局放试验电压值、分析了局放试验中经常出现的问题。提出如下建议：①提高750 kV变压器的工频绝缘水平;②放宽变压器局放现场交接试验标准至1 000 pC;③重新定义局部放电起始电压和熄灭电压;④加强现场实用技术的研究;⑤试验人员持证上岗;⑥试验仪器定期校验;⑦必要时采用在线监测。这些建议不限于750 kV变压器,也可为 1 000 kV变压器的现场局放交接试验参考。     

Investigation of Water Tree Degradation in Dry‐Cured and Extruded Three‐Layer (E‐E Type) 6.6‐kV Removed XLPE Cables

Dry‐cured and extruded three‐layer (E‐E type) 6.6‐kV cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables were introduced into electric power systems more than 30 years ago, but they do not experience failures because of water tree degradation. Also, the degradation index of water treeing for these cables has not been established. Therefore, investigating results of residual breakdown voltage and water tree degradation of these cables will help us plan for cable replacement and determine water tree degradation diagnosis scheduling, and will be fundamental data for cable lifetime evaluation. In this study, the authors measured the ac breakdown voltages of dry‐cured and E‐E type 6.6‐kV XLPE cables removed after 18 to 25 years of operation and observed the water trees in their XLPE insulation. As a result, it was observed that breakdown voltages were larger than the maximum operating voltage (6.9 kV) and the ac voltage for the dielectric withstanding test (10.3 kV). Water trees were mainly bow‐tie water trees and their maximum length was approximately 1 mm. Although the number of measured cables was limited, the lifetime of this type of cable was estimated to be approximately 40 years, even experiencing water immersion.     

特高压GIS设备现场标准雷电冲击耐压试验技术的应用

气体绝缘金属封闭组合电器(GIS)在电力系统中应用广泛,其运行安全可靠对电力系统至关重要。现场雷电冲击耐压试验受制于设备体积和回路电感,难以在GIS变电站,尤其是特高压GIS变电站应用。本文分析了目前GIS设备冲击耐压试验现状,并从波形参数、电压极性和加压间隔时间等方面阐述了GIS设备冲击电压绝缘缺陷检出影响因素。基于研发的特高压GIS变电站现场冲击耐压试验用的可移动式气体绝缘标准雷电冲击试验成套设备,成功在1000 kV南京站和苏州站开展了现场标准雷电冲击耐压试验。     

电力电缆的现场试验与诊断

本文介绍电力电缆现场试验和诊断的现状和发展。直流电压试验作为一种对油浸纸绝缘电缆非常有效的方法应用至今 ,但它对塑料绝缘电缆是无效而且有害的。文中讨论了近几年以来开发的 0 .1Hz VL F法、CDA法、OWTS法以及变频谐振试验系统。用变频谐振试验系统进行的 2 0～ 30 0 Hz交流电压试验已被 IEC确认为高压和超高电力电缆的主要试验方法。     

Development of extruded ethylene propylene rubber insulated superconducting cable

A superconducting power cable is one of the promising ways of underground transmission of huge electric power in the future. The authors have long proposed the idea of the extruded polymer insulation for superconducting cables. The prominent features of the design are to exploit the excellent electrical properties of polymer in the cryogenic temperatures and to separate the helium coolant from the electrical insulation. Although the extruded cross-linked polyethylene cable has proved ability at the liquid nitrogen temperature, the cable insulation cracked due to mechanical stress during cooling to the liquid helium temperature. To overcome this problem, ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) was selected as a new insulating material considering the good results of mechanical and electrical tests of EPR samples at cryogenic temperatures. An extruded EPR insulated superconducting cable 15 m in length was fabricated and a cooling test down to the liquid helium temperature and a voltage test at the liquid helium temperature were carried out with fair success. This is a breakthrough in terms of the electrical insulation design of cryogenic cables.     

振荡波电压在XLPE电力电缆检测中的应用

介绍了一种基于振荡波理论的振荡波电压测试系统及其国内外研究现状;讨论了该测试系统在电力电缆的耐压试验、局部放电检测中的应用。研究表明,振荡波电压与交流电压具有良好的等效性,且与交流电压、超低频电压(0.1 Hz)相比,作用时间短、操作方便,可发现XLPE电力电缆中的各种缺陷,不会对电缆造成损伤,因此振荡波电压测试系统具有良好的应用前景。     

Choosing Expert Evaluations of Diagnostic Tests of Electric Insulation for High-Voltage Electric Machines

This article provides the results of studying the influence of test voltage frequency on the dynamic parameters (dielectric losses and characteristics of partial discharges) of micaceous insulation of stator winding for high-voltage (HV) electric machines. The tests have been conducted using mockup samples of stator insulation with an artificial defect in the front area. It has been established that the low-frequency (0.1 Hz) test voltage increases the dielectric loss tangent and, at the same time, reduces the peak apparent charge of external partial discharges compared to the tests at power frequencies. The established ratios must be taken into account when choosing expert diagnostic evaluations during high-voltage electric-machine tests.     

Recommendations in HV DC testing of MV cable insulation

Research and field reported data supports the theory that high voltage DC testing can reduce the life of both unaged and aged medium-voltage cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable insulation. This research led an industry movement to eliminate factory DC testing, and reduce the field level and frequency of DC testing. DC factory testing identifies an imperfection in the insulation wall as well as mechanical damage. The test sequence in the factory is to perform the AC voltage withstand and corona tests first, followed by the DC withstand test. The AC withstand and corona test levels today are very demanding and locate the same insulation imperfections. Therefore, it can be inferred that today's level of AC withstand and corona testing positively locates insulation imperfections and the following DC testing is redundant and not required. Statistical analysis of factory testing shows that DC testing after AC withstand and corona tests has no additional benefit. The changes and recommendations made by the Association of Edison Illuminating Companies to DC testing are outlined     

交联聚乙烯电缆水树缺陷的修复方法研究

采用硅氧烷修复液修复交联聚乙烯电缆老化试样中的水树,进而分析修复效果及机理。将介质损耗因数为4%～6%,绝缘电阻7 500～10 000 MΩ的短电缆在7.5 kV 450 Hz交流电压下老化至介质损耗因数达到20%左右,绝缘电阻3 500～5 000 MΩ。然后用压力注入式修复装置把修复液注入缆芯对水树缺陷进行修复。以介质损耗因数、绝缘电阻和击穿电压为指标对修复效果进行评判;通过显微镜切片观察修复前后水树微观形态;通过仿真修复前后水树附近电场分布来分析和验证水树的修复机理。实验结果证明,修复液可以充分与电缆水树中的水发生反应生成胶状聚合物填充水树通道;修复后电缆介质损耗因数、绝缘电阻和击穿电压恢复到新电缆水平;改善了绝缘层电场分布;有效地抑制了水树生长。实验表明,该修复液可有效修复电缆中的水树缺陷,提高电缆绝缘水平。     

Metallic particle motion and breakdown characteristics in GIS with 0.1‐Hz VLF (very low frequency) high voltage applied

VLF (Very Low Frequency) high voltage with frequency of 0.1 Hz will be utilized for an on‐site test of XLPE underground cables, instead of conventional dc high voltage test. Since XLPE cables are connected to GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgears) in substations, the influence of VLF voltage application to GIS insulation should be investigated. One of the most important characteristics for GIS insulation lies in the metallic particle contamination and its behavior, which may induce breakdown in GIS. From the above viewpoint, this paper discusses the metallic particle behavior and breakdown characteristics under VLF voltage application in GIS. Experimental results revealed that (1) Particle motion under VLF condition was similar to that under dc condition, while specific in the transient behavior at the polarity reversal. (2) Breakdown was induced by particles located in the vicinity of high voltage conductor at the instance of crossing the gap or in the firefly conditions. (3) Breakdown voltage in positive half cycle was higher than that in negative half cycle at the lower gas pressure, while lower at the higher gas pressure, which was attributed to the particle behavior and the breakdown mechanism of SF₆ gas. Consequently, metallic particles in GIS under VLF voltage application exhibited the specific behavior associated with the slow change of instantaneous voltage and polarity, and resulted in the complex pressure dependence of breakdown characteristics. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(4): 33–40, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.1166     

Advanced partial discharge diagnostic of MV power cable systemusing oscillating wave test system

To obtain a sensitive picture of discharging faults in power cables the PD should be ignited, detected, and located at power frequencies that are comparable to operating conditions at 50 or 60 Hz. In this way, realistic magnitudes in [pC] and reproducible patterns of discharges in a power cable can be obtained. PD measurements during service as well as on-site continuous energizing at 50 (60) Hz of MV cables are not always economically realistic for on-site inspections. Different energizing methods have been introduced and employed during recent years. Therefore, based on the assumption that sensitive detection of critical PD sites occurs by a method mostly similar to 50 Hz energizing conditions, a method as introduced for on-site PD diagnosis of MV cables is discussed: oscillating wave test system (OWTS)     

High voltage VLF testing of power cables

This publication describes a laboratory test program conducted with the objective to develop a test that would replace the existing DC withstand test. The article describes the methodology used to establish the voltage duration and magnitude of VLF (0.1 Hz) high voltage field tests suitable for crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) insulated power cable. The results show that the voltage breakdown of laboratory aged XLPE cable at 0.1 Hz is approximately equal to that at 60 Hz, that proof tests at 0.1 Hz cause very little damage to the cable, and that 0.1 Hz testing appears to be a satisfactory alternate to DC testing. Preliminary values are suggested for voltage magnitude and time duration of cable acceptance, maintenance and proof tests at 0.1 Hz for XLPE cable rated up to 35 kV. A program is underway to similarly evaluate samples of service-aged XLPE cable; as well as to demonstrate the use of the preliminary test values at typical utility installations     

110 kV三相共筒式GIS同频同相交流耐压试验中隔离开关断口击穿特性仿真分析

同频同相交流耐压试验技术因无需母线全停,现已在220 kV GIS设备检修或扩建后的绝缘性能试验中得到了广泛应用。然而,110 kV变电站普遍采用三相共筒式GIS设备,由于相间紧凑布置,在对三工位隔离开关进行耐压试验时,隔离开关断口击穿风险较大,这将给系统供电可靠性带来极大影响。使用EMTP-ATP仿真软件搭建了同频同相交流耐压试验中110 kV GIS设备隔离断口击穿仿真模型,获得了同相击穿和异相击穿的故障电压及电流特性,分析了加装保护电阻对击穿特性的影响规律,给出了击穿特性抑制措施建议,为同频同相技术在110 kV GIS设备交流耐压试验中的应用提供了指导。