挤压工艺参数对膨化杂粮粉感官品质的影响

利用DS32-I双螺杆挤压机,以小米粉、糯玉米粉、黄豆粉、小麦粉、燕麦粉、糙米粉、麦麸为膨化杂粮粉原料,研究物料水分、机筒温度、螺杆转速和喂料转速对挤压膨化杂粮粉感官品质的影响。结果表明:影响膨化杂粮粉产品感官品质的因素为物料水分>机筒温度>喂料转速>螺杆转速,膨化杂粮粉在物料水分16%、螺杆转速150r/min、机筒三段温度80℃-145℃-165℃、喂料转速20r/min时,膨化杂粮粉的感官品质较好,有淡淡的谷香味,色泽为浅黄色,口感较细腻,入水易成糊状,无结团和沉淀,水溶分散性好,感官综合评分达到7.86。     

Physical Properties of Extruded Products as Affected by Cheese Whey

Corn, rice and potato flour were extruded with sweet whey solids (SWS) or whey protein concentrate (WPC) using low and high shear extrusion processing conditions. WPC added at product content of 25% had minimal effect on the texture of extruded products. Expansion and breaking strength were improved in some processes through changes in extrusion shear and moisture. Whey product incorporation resulted in reduced specific mechanical energy input to the process. Increasing whey product concentration beyond 25% reduced expansion and water absorption indices significantly, affecting textural hardness. Product quality characteristics were directly related to the whey product content.     

High-Protein Texturized Products of Defatted Soy Flour, Corn Starch and Beef: Shelf-Life, Physical and Sensory Properties

Selected mixes consisting of Bf [high-beef (29%) low-fat (2.96%)], bf [low-beef (20%) low-fat] and BF [high-beef high-fat (5%)] which incorporated raw beef, defatted soy flour, and corn starch were extruded in a single-screw extruder. The products had no flavor additives and trained sensory panelists detected hay-like, beany or grainy flavors. Bf extrudate was more expanded than BF extrudate and rated least hard by the sensory panel, whereas bf extrudate was least susceptible to lipid oxidation. Bf and bf extrudates showed microstruc-tures with large air cells. All three showed advantages of beef and soy flour in amino acid and fatty acid compositions, respectively, and were microbiologically safe during prolonged storage at 37°C.     

玉米挤压工艺条件的优化及其理化特性的研究

以玉米籽粒为原料,以膨化度为指标,在单因素试验基础上,采用响应面分析法研究挤压工艺条件对玉米籽粒膨化特性的影响,并分析其主要理化特性.结果表明,回归方程能较好地预测玉米膨化度随挤压工艺参数变化的规律,玉米挤压膨化的最佳工艺条件为物料粒度60目,物料含水量24.5％,挤压温度164℃,转速400r/min,膨化度3.42％.玉米经挤压后还原糖、可溶性膳食纤维、吸水性指数、水溶性指数、糊化度分别提高361.54％、134.38％、80.20％、186.4％和794.12％,淀粉、不溶性膳食纤维分别降低26.03％和36.67％,蛋白质含量基本不变,玉米的理化特性得到有效改善.     

Influence of Added Soy Presscake and Soy Flour on Some Physical and Sensory Properties of Corn Tortillas

Corn tortillas fortified with soybean presscake (SP) and defatted soy flour (SF) were studied and compared. Texture, including firmness and cohesiveness, and color, using a CIE L^*a^*b^*, were determined instrumentally. Physical properties such as size, thickness, and rollability, were also investigated. A consumer acceptance test was conducted to evaluate the acceptance of tortillas at high levels of soy fortification (35% SF and 40% SP). Tortillas fortified with soy were found to be smaller and thicker with increased firmness and cohesiveness. Tortillas made with SF showed the poorest rollability, and were almost unrollable at high SF fortification levels (30% and 35%). Soy fortified tortillas were more red and yellow than control corn tortillas. In the consumer acceptance test, 40% SP and 35% SF had high overall acceptability scores (6 to 6.6 on a 9‐point scale) based on all participants (n = 76). In addition, overall flavor and texture of both soy fortified corn tortillas scored above 6. Thus, while fortification with SP and SF had significant effects on tortilla size, thickness, firmness, cohesiveness, rollability, and color, these changes were acceptable to consumers.     

套筒温度对谷朊粉高水分挤压组织化产品特性的影响

研究套筒温度对谷朊粉高水分挤压组织化产品特性的影响。以不同套筒温度条件下生产的高水分谷朊粉挤压组织化产品为实验材料,观察产品的感官形态、测定产品的色泽、硬度、咀嚼度、弹性、组织化度、氮溶解指数及持水性。结果表明：随着套筒温度升高,挤压产品逐渐出现组织化现象,但高温会造成产品的焦化,使组织化程度变差;随套筒温度的升高,挤压产品的亮度指数(L*)和黄蓝值(b*)逐渐降低,氮溶解指数(NSI)和红绿值(a*)逐渐升高,感官评分、硬度、咀嚼度、弹性和持水性先升高后降低。套筒温度对谷朊粉高水分挤压组织化产品特性有极显著影响。     

挤压剪切活化对添加耐高温α-淀粉酶脱胚玉米淀粉结构和理化特性的影响

本研究通过偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、热台显微镜、X射线衍射、差示扫描量热分析、傅里叶变换红 外光谱分析等手段,研究原脱胚玉米、挤压脱胚玉米和添加耐高温α-淀粉酶挤压脱胚玉米的淀粉结构及性质变化, 并探究其相互关系,揭示挤压剪切活化对脱胚玉米的淀粉颗粒机械力化学效应。研究表明：与原脱胚玉米和挤压脱 胚玉米相比较,挤压处理对添加耐高温α-淀粉酶脱胚玉米的淀粉结构及性质产生显著影响,酶解力和糊化度增大,碘 蓝值、直链淀粉含量减小。添加耐高温α-淀粉酶挤压脱胚玉米淀粉颗粒形貌破坏,偏光十字破坏,结晶度变小;升温糊 化过程中,焓变降低;挤压使淀粉颗粒的结晶结构破坏,淀粉颗粒发生聚集,破损淀粉颗粒易糊化和裂解。     

Thermophysical Properties of Extruded Beef/Corn Flour Blends

Thermal properties, specific heat, and thermal conductivity of three beef/corn meal blends extruded to reach end product temperatures of = 91°C and 109°C were analyzed. Density was also measured and used to calculate thermal diffusivity. The extruded products had densities of 1,054 to 1,091 kg/m³; specific heat was 2.944 to 3.055 kJ/ kgK; and thermal conductivity, 0.26 to 0.39 W/mK. Calculated values of thermal diffusivity were 0.831 to 1.200 (xl0^-7m7sec). With the exception of specific heat, extrusion conditions and formulation affected some of the products physical characteristics and thermal properties.     

Extrusion Process Parameters, Sensory Characteristics, and Structural Properties of a High Moisture Soy Protein Meat Analog

ABSTRACT: Soy protein isolate and wheat starch at 9:1 ratio were extruded at 60%, 65%, and 70% moisture contents and 138, 149 and 160 °C cooking temperatures. The results indicated that moisture content was a more important factor than cooking temperature for both extrusion process parameters and product sensory characteristics. Extrusion at a lower moisture content resulted in a higher product temperature and higher die pressure. The resultant products were tougher, chewier, and more cohesive and had a more layered and fibrous structure. Water absorption capacity increased with both higher extrusion moisture and higher cooking temperature.     

Extruded Potato Peel Functional Properties Affected by Extrusion Conditions

Extrusion cooking of potato peel waste from processing plants to im-prove food safety affects functional properties of these peels as a high-fiber ingredient in foods. The effects of barrel temperature (104°C and 143°C) and feed moisture (31, 33.5, and 36% d.b.) on extruder performance and physical and functional properties of peels were studied. Torque and die pressure decreased with barrel temperature; all variables affected melt temperature. Samples were darker at the higher temperature. Expansion, Hunter a, and powder bulk density decreased with both variables. Hydration capacity increased with feed moisture. Extruded peels differed from commercial fiber products in color, but hydration capacity was similar among extruded peels and cereal brans.     

Instrumental and Sensory Texture Attributes of High‐Protein Nutrition Bars Formulated with Extruded Milk Protein Concentrate

Previous instrumental study of high‐protein nutrition (HPN) bars formulated with extruded milk protein concentrate (MPC) indicated slower hardening compared to bars formulated with unmodified MPC. However, hardness, and its change during storage, insufficiently characterizes HPN bar texture. In this study, MPC80 was extruded at 2 different conditions and model HPN bars were prepared. A trained sensory panel and instrumental techniques were used to measure HPN bar firmness, crumbliness, fracturability, hardness, cohesiveness, and other attributes to characterize texture change during storage. Extrusion modification, storage temperature, and storage time significantly affected the instrumental and sensory panel measured texture attributes. The HPN bars became firmer and less cohesive during storage. When evaluated at the same storage conditions, the texture attributes of the HPN bars formulated with the different extrudates did not differ significantly from each other. However, textural differences were noted most of the time between the control and the HPN bars formulated with extruded MPC80. An adapted HPN bar crumbliness measurement technique produced results that were correlated with sensory panel measured crumbliness (r = 0.85) and cohesiveness (r = –0.84). Overall, the HPN bars formulated with extruded MPC80 were significantly softer, less crumbly, and more cohesive than the control during storage.     

Fabricated Beef Product: Effect of Handling Conditions on Microbiological, Chemical, and Sensory Properties

Total microbial count was not adversely affected by lowering the holding temperature of fabricated beef roast from 60°C to 54°C or by 12 hr holding time. If a reduction in holding temperature is anticipated, then initial roast contamination and sanitation of the food facility are of critical importance. A stabilizing period of 20 min at room temperature (～23°C) did not decrease yield, but caused a slight lowering of sensory scores. Tenderness was more acceptable in product held at 54°C compared to 60°C. In general, all sensory evaluation ratings were slightly lower with increased holding time.     

Effect of Thermal Treatment and Storage Conditions on the Physical and Sensory Properties of Grapefruit Juice

Physical parameters, such as particle size distribution, flow behavior, density, turbidity, and color, were measured and sensory evaluation was carried out to compare the properties of freshly squeezed grapefruit juice with those of juice that has been pasteurized by microwave or by following a conventional heating method. Samples were either frozen-stored or refrigerated. In general, the physical parameters of grapefruit juice were significantly affected by heat treatment, especially in the case of the conventional process. However, from a sensory point of view, pasteurized samples were similar to fresh ones. When frozen, turbidity, particle size distribution, density, flow behavior, and color were stable throughout the studied period, regardless of the pasteurization treatment. During refrigerated storage, the turbidity, particle size distribution, and consistency index decrease. This occurs in a more pronounced way in the case of juice which has not been submitted to a heating treatment, probably due to residual pectin methyl esterase activity. Furthermore, the association between the carboxyl groups of pectin chains and Ca²⁺ could be responsible for both the subsequent increase in the turbidity of the juice and also the decrease in its density. Throughout the period under study, the smallest color change was experienced by microwave-pasteurized juice. For these reasons, and also due to the reduction in the process time, microwave treatment can be recommended as a method for the pasteurization of grapefruit juice.     

大豆蛋白挤压组织化力学特征和感官评价

以大豆蛋白为原料,开发一种即食性的大豆蛋白组织化挤压产品。采用正交试验设计,通过感官评价得到最适的挤压参数为水分含量15%,转速120r/min,挤压温度160℃,在此条件下得到的挤压产品硬度4.0N,脆度22.1mm,膨胀率329%。扫描电镜观察结果显示产品具有均匀结构,此外,利用扫描量热仪示差测量该产品,产品具有良好的热稳定性。     

挤压与低温贮藏对玉米淀粉-月桂酸复合物理化及消化性质的影响（网络首发、推荐阅读）

采用挤压处理结合低温贮藏制备普通玉米淀粉-月桂酸复合物（common corn starch-lauric acid complex,CSLA）,通过差示扫描量热仪（differential scanning calorimetry,DSC）、X射线衍射仪等方法系统探究了挤压处理结合低温贮藏对CSLA糊化度、复合指数、热性质、结晶结构及消化性质的影响规律。结果表明,与挤压处理相比,挤压处理结合低温贮藏有利于形成普通玉米淀粉-月桂酸复合物,复合指数由29%增加至35%,相对结晶度由25.20%增加至31.82%;挤压处理结合低温贮藏能降低复合物的消化能力,使复合物抗性淀粉（resistant starch,RS）含量由38.07%升高至49.82%。热性质的结果表明：挤压处理结合低温贮藏使普通玉米淀粉与月桂酸形成了热稳定性稍差的VI-型复合物,熔融温度为89.95~101.33 ℃,而普通玉米淀粉与内源性脂质形成了热稳定性较高的VII-型复合物,熔融温度为106.73~117.48 ℃。研究结果可为具有较低消化能力的淀粉-脂肪酸复合物和抗消化淀粉食品的制备提供参考。     

Milling and Processing Parameters for Corn Tortillas from Extruded Instant Dry Masa Flour

A continuous extrusion process to provide instant corn flour for tortillas was evaluated. Variables investigated included two types of mill (knives and hammer) with screens with two diameters (0.5 and 0.8 mm), two types of corn (hard endosperm or normal and soft endosperm or cacahuazintle), lime concentration (0.15 and 0.25% w/w), processing moisture (45 and 48% w/w) and temperature (70,80 and 90°C). The water absorption capacity, water solubility index, color of instant corn flour, adhesiveness of masa, tensile strength, cutting force, rollability and puffing of tortillas, were compared. Based on textural data the hammer mill with 0.8 mm sieve, normal corn type, 0.15% lime, 48% moisture and 90°C processing temperature, produced the highest quality tortillas.     

Formulation of Corn Zein Chewing Gum and Evaluation of Sensory Properties by the Time-Intensity Method

This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using corn zein as a natural gum base to be an alternative to the currently used synthetic gum base. The objectives were to (1) develop a corn zein chewing gum and (2) evaluate the taste, texture, and aroma qualities compared with synthetic gum base using a time‐intensity (T‐I) method. Four corn zein gum samples, each made with a different plasticizer (oleic acid, glycerin, propylene glycol, and 1 without any plasticizer), were included in the study along with 2 synthetic gum‐base samples. Nine panelists participated in the T‐I study. Thirteen attributes were evaluated. Maximum intensity, time to maximum intensity, and duration were parameters extracted from the T‐I curve. The synthetic gum‐base samples were rated higher for the maximum intensity of sweet taste and cinnamon aroma‐by‐mouth and lower for the maximum intensity of bitter taste. The propylene glycol corn zein sample was rated the highest for cinnamon aroma and the lowest for stale, rancid, and cheesy aromas. Out of the corn zein gums, the oleic acid sample was rated the lowest for the maximum intensity of hardness. It was also rated highest for the maximum intensity of bitter taste and the lowest for sweet taste. This study showed that it is feasible to use corn zein as a gum base, but future work is needed to develop an acceptable product for consumers.     

Volume and Sensory Properties of Yellow Cakes as Affected by High Fructose Corn Syrup and Corn Oil

The effects of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and corn oil (CO) on volume and deformation and effects of mono- and diglyceride (MDG) and sucrose ester (SE) emulsifiers on volume and sensory properties of yellow cakes were studied. 50% HFCS gave the greatest volume; 100% HFCS decreased volume; CO increased volume. Deformation was greatest in 50% HFCS cakes with 50% or 100% CO. Simultaneous optimization of volume and deformation was predicted at 35% HFCS and 67% CO levels. HFCS affected tenderness and aftertaste but not sweetness in cakes formulated with 100% CO. SE emulsified cakes were sweeter than unemulsified or MDG emulsified 100% CO cakes when formulated with 50% and 100% HFCS.     

鲜食玉米物性测定及食用温度研究

目的：确定鲜食玉米的最佳食用温度及该温度下的质构特性。方法：采用TPA法和感官评定法研究鲜食玉米的使用温度范围内的物性特征和食用品质,综合分析TPA各项指标和感官评定结果,得出鲜食玉米的最佳食用温度。结果：鲜食玉米的最佳食用温度为60℃。结论：鲜食玉米在60℃时口感最佳,物性指标较好。     

Sensory, Physical, and Microbiological Properties of Liquid Whitener from Peanuts

Liquid whitener was prepared using peanut extract, cottonseed oil, and water. Quadratic canonical polynomials predicted the response of the sensory variables peanutty, milky, oily flavor, astringent, and surface layer thickness to the component proportions. Reduced cubic canonical polynomials were necessary to predict responses of the sensory variables color lightness, roasted nutty, oily suspension; and the variables viscosity and stability in coffee to the component proportions. Increasing or decreasing extract from 50% of the blend decreased whitening capacity. Increasing extract increased peanutty and roasted nutty ratings. Increasing oil increased ratings for oily flavor and surface layer thickness but decreased astringent ratings and stability of whiteners in coffee. Storage of the whitener at 5° was necessary to prevent mi-crobial spoilage.