可重构混联机械手--TriVariant的误差建模与灵敏度分析

针对少自由度并联构型装备,必须通过误差建模将影响末端可控和不可控误差的几何误差源进行分离,从而指导机构的精度设计和运动学标定的问题,以5自由度混联机械手TriVariant为对象,研究一种少自由度并联构型装备的误差建模方法。该方法可有效分离出影响末端不可控误差的几何误差源,得到由UP支链连架胡克铰的加工和装配误差,以及套筒导轨扭角误差引起的末端姿态误差为不可控误差,从而得到仅需控制恰约束支链的制造和装配误差,便可有效抑制末端的不可控姿态误差的重要结论。在此基础上,借助灵敏度分析方法,在统计意义下定量揭示出上述几何误差源对末端不可控姿态误差的影响。分析结果表明,胡克铰两轴线不相交误差对末端不可控误差的影响最大。     

一种新型3-PRS并联机构的位姿误差分析

针对一种新型3-PRS并联机构的3个基座位置可调、工作空间可变的特点,分析该机构的末端位姿误差,提出了采用几何解析法求该机构的运动学正解,进而推导出动平台末端位姿误差的分析方法,并运用软件仿真3个基座在不同位置时的动平台末端位置和方向。结果表明,3个基座在取不同参数时,末端的位姿误差有明显变化。此研究对该新型3-PRS并联机构的误差补偿提供了有益指导。     

基于误差区域映射的并联机构精度设计研究

提出了一种并联机构误差传递建模的区域映射方法,采用确切的误差输出区域来描述机构末端的定位精度特性。基于Delaunay三角剖分,采用独立误差因素依次作用、逐层求解的方式建立了输出误差区域的边界推进求解算法,可快速确定末端位置和姿态误差的确切区域。采用上述方法,以末端输出位置误差区域的体积和最大值作为优化目标,对6-PSS型并联实验平台进行了精度设计,最终获得了确保定位精度性能的杆长公差参数。     

带有约束的3-TPS并联机床位姿误差分析

针对并联机床运动副数量多,结构复杂,误差分析难度大等问题,以一种带有约束机构的3-TPS并联机床为研究参考,将并联机构部分和约束机构部分分别进行建模,研究单一几何误差对末端位置的影响,并用蒙特卡洛法对多个误差源进行统计分析,结果表明来自约束机构部分的误差源对末端位置误差的影响更为明显。     

新型一平移一转动并联机构的精度分析

根据并联机器人机构结构综合理论,以单开链支路为单元,改进了一种能实现空间一维移动和一维转动的二自由度并联机构。采用传递矩阵法研究了推拿机器人末端位姿误差。基于机器人末端执行器位置反解结果,通过全微分误差分析理论,建立误差模型,进行求解计算,构造了机器人末端执行器并联机构输出位姿误差与各误差源之间的对应关系。为将该并联机构用作中医推拿机器人的末端执行器,有效完成多种推拿动作提供重要保障。     

6-THRT并联机器人的误差模型研究

针对Stewart平台式的6-THRT型并联机构的研究,提出了一种中心轴测量模型。采用一般工业机器人位姿误差分析法,建立并联机构的误差模型,并结合单杆固定法来获取末端位姿信息,该模型包含了杆的制造、安装及铰链的位置安装等几何参数误差。通过Matlab软件进行仿真运算,分析了影响末端位姿的主要误差源。该研究为并联机器人的误差补偿提供了一定的理论依据。     

3RPS并联机构的运动学误差建模及其分析

为了提高XYZ-3RPS六轴卧式混联机床的运动学精度,建立了3RPS并联机构的运动学参数误差模型。首先对3RPS并联机构的几何误差源进行了分析。然后基于闭环矢量微分法建立了3RPS并联机构包含铰点位置误差、转动副轴线方向误差、驱动支链零位杆长误差等27项结构参数误差对末端位姿误差的映射模型。最后设计了仿真实验,利用ADAMS的虚拟样机技术,获取机构实际末端位姿误差。通过与误差模型的结果对比,验证了所分析的27项结构参数误差设定值在（0.1～0.2）mm的范围内,误差模型的位置误差求解精度大于0.01mm,姿态误差求解精度大于0.01°。进一步的数值验证表明,误差模型的精度会随着结构参数误差值的减小而显著提高,为3RPS等少自由度并联机构的误差建模和运动学标定提供理论依据。     

基于辅助导轨和关节的空间立方机构位姿误差对比分析

基于S(P) [T]输出基和P输入基的空间立方机构是一具有6-DOF的解耦机构,通过增加辅助导轨和关节可以获得4种新构型,选取一种作为研究对象,立方机构可分解成两个并联机器人的串联组合,并联机器人的各支链均为一串联支链,利用并联机构和串联机构的运动学等效,考虑各分支末端误差对最终运动平台位姿误差的影响,提出了基于动态和静态因素的综合分析方法,并给出了主要的影响因素,并以实例的形式对研究结论进行了有效性验证,通过分析可以知道,辅助导轨和关节的增加使得机构在输出主轴末端的空间位置和姿态误差有减小的明显效果。     

4-RRRPP并联机构工作空间解析分析

通过对串联机构、并联机构工作空间分析方法的梳理,提出一种基于支链关节运动能力逆向综合的解析作图分析新方法。提出将并联机构分解成串联支链,然后把串联支链从输出末端到固定端以关节插件形式逆向组装,将每一次组装后得到的关节或串联机构的末端工作空间运动能力的空间几何形体作为母线/母体/母面,以组装关节轴线为基线,借助三维CAD软件工具,得到整个支链末端工作空间运动能力域,并给出其一般方法和步骤。将各支链末端工作空间运动能力域在固定坐标系下的空间位置进行重置,求取其交集,从而得到并联机构输出末端参考点的可到工作空间。并以机构为实例证明该方法的有效性,当改变并联机构静平台尺寸保持不变,动平台各关节距离其形心的尺寸参数发生改变时,并联机构输出末端工作空间形状相似,但体积大小随着距离的增大而减小。当改变并联机构动平台尺寸保持不变,静平台各关节距离其形心的尺寸参数发生改变时,并联机构输出末端工作空间形状也发生改变,体积随着距离的增大而减小。     

3-RRR球面并联机器人运动干涉检查及工作空间研究

为了将3-RRR球面并联机器人用于空间定位跟踪的执行机构,以欧拉角描述机器人末端动平台的姿态,建立机器人位置方程,得到了关节转角的表达式.用几何分析的方法给出了机器人具有姿态空间的必要条件以及各关节必须满足的结构约束.将球面机构的连杆表示为球面上的大圆弧,连杆发生的运动干涉表现为两连杆圆弧的相交,采用球极映射的方法将代表连杆的空间圆弧映射为平面曲线,从而使得空间圆弧求交点问题简化为平面曲线求交.同时,考虑并联机器人在动平台的每个姿态下具有多种位置和每个连杆具有两侧边界的实际情形,提出了判别并联机器人发生运动学干涉的准则和流程.在实例中,以机器人各分支同时具有满足关节结构约束条件的运动学解为目标,探索出机器人姿态空间,进一步对姿态空间每一点进行运动干涉判别,得到了连杆运动干涉在姿态空间的分布.     

A systematic approach to identify the error motion of anN-degree of freedom manipulator

A generalised calibration technique for identifying the joint geometric parameters of an N-degrees-of-freedom (d.o.f.) robot manipulator model is presented. The technique is analogous to the synthesising calibration method applied in the calibration of coordinate measuring, machines. It describes the state of each joint by six d.o.f. and assumes rigid-body motion. The initial step in the calibration involves locating the axis of motion of each joint; the axes are then used to extract the kinematic parameters, introduced by Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H). In order to derive the generalised manipulator kinematic equation, the robot model is modified to include the six error motion components associated with each axis. The paper also addresses the problem of identifying the error motion components of each joint, on the basis of a set of measurement of three noncollinear points at the robot end-effector at various joint configurations. Because the technique is based on axis-by-axis calibration, other non-geometric errors such as joint backlash and gear transmission error may also be revealed.     

一种含平行四边形支链的3自由度并联机构姿态精度综合与装配工艺设计

以含平行四边形支链的3平动自由度并联机构主模块为对象,通过误差建模揭示出影响这种机构末端姿态精度因素。利用灵敏度分析结果,将精度综合归结为一类有约束线性规划问题,并据此提出两种可以有效抑制末端姿态误差的装配工艺方案。     

Plane kinematic calibration method for industrial robot based on dynamic measurement of double ball bar

A new calibration method is proposed to improve the circular plane kinematic accuracy of industrial robot by using dynamic measurement of double ball bar (DBB). The kinematic model of robot is established by the MDH (Modified Denavit-Hartenberg) method. The error mapping relationship between the motion error of end-effector and the kinematic parameter error of each axis is calculated through the Jacobian iterative method. In order to identify the validity of the MDH parameter errors, distance errors and angle errors of each joint axis were simulated by three orders of magnitude respectively. After multiple iterations, the average value of kinematic error modulus of end-effector was reduced to nanometer range. Experiments were conducted on an industrial robot (EPSON C4 A901) in the working space of 180 mm × 490 mm. Due to the measuring radius of DBB, the working space was divided into 30 sub-planes to measure the roundness error before and after compensation. The average roundness error calibrated by the proposed method at multi-planes decreased about 21.4%, from 0.4637 mm to 0.3644 mm, while the standard deviation of roundness error was reduced from 0.0720 mm to 0.0656 mm. In addition, by comparing the results of positioning error measured by the laser interferometer before and after calibration, the range values of motion errors of end-effector were decreasing by 0.1033 mm and 0.0730 mm on the X and Y axes, respectively.     

Kinematic Calibration and Forecast Error Compensation of a 2-DOF Planar Parallel Manipulator

Due to large workspace,heavy-duty and over-constrained mechanism,a small deformation is caused and the precision of the 2-DOF planar parallel manipulator is affected.The kinematic calibration cannot compensate the end-effector errors caused by the small deformation.This paper presents a method combined step kinematic calibration and linear forecast real-time error compensation in order to enhance the precision of a two degree-of-freedom(DOF) planar parallel manipulator of a hybrid machine tool.In the step k...     

Analysis and evaluation of objective functions in kinematic calibration of parallel mechanisms

This paper analyses different objective functions for the parameter identification of parallel mechanisms and studies the influence in the position and orientation errors to improve their accuracy. A new objective function considering deviation terms is presented. This function is compared with other widely used functions and the advantages and disadvantages of each function are presented. The geometric parameter identification is performed by external calibration by means of the direct kinematic model. First, the objective functions are defined considering error position, error orientation and deviations in measurement. These functions compare the measured and calculated moving platform coordinates in order to obtain the identified model parameters that minimize this difference. The measured coordinates are obtained by measuring three sphere centres, fixed to the moving platform of a parallel mechanism, and the computed coordinates are given by the kinematic model. Second, the model is solved by the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm for a number of identification positions. Finally, the calibration is verified in test positions. The results obtained show that the consideration of the deviations in measurement in the objective function with respect to classical approaches allows us to better identify those kinematic parameters corresponding with passive joints that cannot be measured. These findings confirm that a suitable objective function can improve the mechanism accuracy by more than one order of magnitude in both position and orientation errors.     

一类带冗余支链并联机器的运动学自标定

利用冗余支链测量信息,对一类带冗余支链并联机器的运动学参数进行自标定。通过矢量闭环微分法,建立冗余支链运动学误差模型,并通过多个位姿处误差传递矩阵的组合,得到自标定的辨识雅可比矩阵。针对部分运动学参数误差辨识性差的问题,提出一种基于辨识雅可比矩阵各列线性相关性分析的辨识性分析方法,得到可辨识的运动学参数误差线性耦合式,并简化误差辨识方程使辨识性提高。最后利用冗余支链角度编码器测量信息,完成一个4RRR冗余并联机器的运动学自标定,仿真结果显示,基于冗余支链的运动学自标定能有效提高冗余支链和机构终端运动精度。     

平面并联机器中变值几何参数的误差补偿方法

针对平面并联机器运动学标定无法补偿的变值几何参数误差,提出一种标定后误差的线性预估实时补偿方法。该方法提前由测量仪器测量出部分机器终端误差修正值,在机器运行时,数控程序将实时调用这些误差修正值,并预先由直线插值线性计算出机器终端所到位置的误差修正值,并将这些计算出的误差修正值提前补偿到位置目标指令中,从而达到提高精度的目的。该方法简洁高效、工程实用性强,可广泛适用于少自由度并联机器。     

Dimensional Synthesis of a 3-DOF Parallel Manipulator with Full Circle Rotation

Parallel robots are widely used in the academic and industrial fields. In spite of the numerous achievements in the design and dimensional synthesis of the low-mobility parallel robots, few research ef...     

Accuracy analysis and design of A3 parallel spindle head

As functional components of machine tools, parallel mechanisms are widely used in high efficiency machining of aviation components, and accuracy is one of the critical technical indexes. Lots of researchers have focused on the accuracy problem of parallel mechanisms, but in terms of controlling the errors and improving the accuracy in the stage of design and manufacturing, further efforts are required. Aiming at the accuracy design of a 3-DOF parallel spindle head(A3 head), its error model, sensitivity analysis and tolerance allocation are investigated. Based on the inverse kinematic analysis, the error model of A3 head is established by using the first-order perturbation theory and vector chain method. According to the mapping property of motion and constraint Jacobian matrix, the compensatable and uncompensatable error sources which affect the accuracy in the end-effector are separated. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis is performed on the uncompensatable error sources. The sensitivity probabilistic model is established and the global sensitivity index is proposed to analyze the influence of the uncompensatable error sources on the accuracy in the end-effector of the mechanism. The results show that orientation error sources have bigger effect on the accuracy in the end-effector. Based upon the sensitivity analysis results, the tolerance design is converted into the issue of nonlinearly constrained optimization with the manufacturing cost minimum being the optimization objective. By utilizing the genetic algorithm, the allocation of the tolerances on each component is finally determined. According to the tolerance allocation results, the tolerance ranges of ten kinds of geometric error sources are obtained. These research achievements can provide fundamental guidelines for component manufacturing and assembly of this kind of parallel mechanisms.