固膜手性拆分机理及其应用

近年来,单一对映体手性药物的制备成为药物开发的热点之一,手性拆分作为获得单一对映体的有效途径之一已被广泛应用于外消旋药物的拆分和“消旋药物的转变”过程中．此外,固膜分离已成为手性拆分方法中重要的方法之一．文章从固膜拆分手性药物的机理出发。对其相关的数学模型进行了综述,同时也对固膜在手性药物拆分中的应用及其制备方法进行了回顾．     

膜法分离手性异构体研究的进展

对外消旋体实施拆分是获得手性物质的重要途径．在众多拆分方法中,膜法以其操作简单、可连续生产、放大过程易行等优点逐渐成为手性拆分技术今后的发展方向．本文综述了采用各种膜拆分外消旋体的研究进展．     

膜拆分法分离制备手性药物

手性是自然界的一种普遍现象,天然存在的手性化合物很多,构成生物体的基本物质如氨基酸、糖类和蛋白质等也都是手性分子.外消旋体药物的手性拆分目前在单一手性药物的制备上仍占有极其重要的地位.手性拆分膜包括基于对映体间亲和性差异的固体膜和基于选择性萃取的液膜两大类.膜分离技术具有能耗低、易于连续操作等优点,被普遍认为是进行大规模手性拆分非常有潜力的方法之一,具有良好的应用前景.手性拆分膜技术引起了国内外研究者们的广泛关注,并成为膜学界研究的新热点.     

色氨酸在自制牛血清白蛋白手性柱上的拆分

利用三氯聚氰活化的氨丙基硅胶与牛血清白蛋白反应,快速而经济地制得牛血清白蛋白手性固定相。在反相模式下,将该手性固定相用于色氨酸的拆分,系统探讨了流动相pH值、柱温、有机修饰剂的种类及含量等对手性拆分的影响。色氨酸在自制牛血清白蛋白手性柱上得到了理想的拆分,分离因子可达4.33。     

6—O-单苯甲酰-β-环糊精固定相的制备及其静态吸附性能研究

合成了6—O-单苯甲酰-β-环糊精,并将其制备成手性固定性,用紫外分光光度法测定罗哌卡因对映体溶液被此固定相吸附后的UV吸收值（A）,比较两种溶液被吸附前后A的变化情况,推断自制的环糊精固定相对两种对映体吸附性能的差异,预测此固定相能否拆分罗哌卡因对映体。     

基于手性功能单体的L-色氨酸分子印迹复合膜的研制及性能研究

以L-色氨酸为印迹分子,S-2-巯基丙酸为手性功能单体,分别制备了25个L-色氨酸分子印迹复合膜(MICM_1~25)及相应的非印迹复合膜(NICM_1~25)。采用扫描电镜(SEM)表征最优印迹复合膜(MICM₅)及相应的非印迹复合膜(NICM₅)的外观形态,通过等温吸附模型对印迹复合膜的吸附性能进行评价,并结合高效液相色谱法(HPLC法)分析MICM₅对外消旋体DL-色氨酸的手性拆分能力。结果表明:以聚四氟乙烯膜为支撑膜,印迹分子、功能单体和交联剂的摩尔比为1∶8∶90,甲醇∶水(1∶1,体积比)为致孔剂可制备出较优的分子印迹复合膜,其对外消旋体DL-色氨酸有较好的手性拆分能力,拆分因子达到2.41。相对于常用功能单体制备的L-色氨酸分子印迹复合膜,采用S-2-巯基丙酸为手性功能单体制备的L-色氨酸分子印迹复合膜具有更高的亲和性和更好的手性拆分能力。     

色氨酸在自制人血清白蛋白手性柱上的拆分及手性识别机理研究

人血清白蛋白与三氯聚氰活化的氨丙基硅胶反应,制得人血清白蛋白键合手性固定相。反相模式下,色氨酸在该手性固定相上获得理想的拆分,分离因子可达3.51,分离度达5.49。探讨了流动相p H值、有机修饰剂、柱温等对手性拆分的影响。通过前沿分析法对色谱保留机理进行了探讨。     

酰胺类手性固定相的研究进展

近年来手性拆分成为新的研究热点,手性固定相的研究发展异常迅速.立足于国内外手性固定相的研究成果,介绍了手性固定相的分类及其应用,并重点综述了基于酰胺的手性固定相的发展及其制备方法.同时简要介绍了作为手性固定相对不同异构体的识别机理,并对该领域未来的发展方向进行了展望.     

聚L-谷氨酸酯手性膜制备及其拆分对羟基苯甘氨酸

采用N-羧基内酸酐合成法,分别合成了不同分子量的聚L-谷氨酸甲酯、聚L-谷氨酸乙酯以及聚L-谷氨酸苄酯.将聚L-谷氨酸甲酯、聚L-谷氨酸乙酯以及聚L-谷氨酸苄酯制备成手性固膜,利用扫描电镜表征其结构.研究了不同分子量的聚L-谷氨酸酯、渗析溶剂中不同乙腈含量、原料液浓度、渗析时间、温度等对拆分对羟基苯甘氨酸外消旋体的影响.在优选的实验条件下,这些膜对对羟基苯甘氨酸的手性拆分的e.e.值可达45%以上,且聚L-谷氨酸甲酯聚L-谷氨酸乙酯聚L-谷氨酸苄酯.该研究为对羟基苯甘氨酸外消旋体的分离制备,提供了新的研究途径.     

淀粉苯基氨基甲酸酯类手性固定相的制备及用于HPLC手性体分离性能的研究

合成了含有3,5-二甲基和3,5-二氯取代基团的混合型淀粉(苯基氨基甲酸酯)衍生物(CSP-2),并作为手性体分离材料涂敷在氨丙基化多孔硅胶表面,制得新型高效液相色谱(HPLC)用手性固定相;通过1H核磁共振(1H NMR)和红外光谱(IR)表征衍生物结构;以正己烷-异丙醇(9∶1,v/v)为流动相,对多种手性对映体进行了拆分;结果表明,CSP-2综合了单一取代基团淀粉(苯基氨基甲酸酯)衍生物的手性拆分性能,具有优越的手性分离能力,同时固定相的稳定性大大增强。     

Analytical characterization of chiral drug-protein interactions: comparison between the optical biosensor (surface plasmon resonance) assay and the HPLC perturbation method

Two modern, fundamentally different methods were used for a detailed investigation of enantioselective drug-protein interactions, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based Biacore 2000 biosensor assay and the previously validated HPLC perturbation method (HPLC-PM). This is the first time SPR has been used for this purpose. The fundamental features of the two methods were investigated, and the consequences for operation and data evaluation were addressed. With HPLC-PM, chiral data could be obtained directly from the racemic mixture, whereas a separate analysis of each pure enantiomer was required to obtain chiral data with SPR. It was shown that if chirality is not attributed in the SPR analysis, misleading average racemic binding constants will be obtained. Both drug and protein consumption were considerably higher with HPLC-PM. HPLC-PM was found to be best suited for measurements of weak affinity interactions, whereas the SPR method was best for strong interactions. With both methods, the presence of DMSO in the samples severely affected the interactions, introducing errors. The binding of the beta-blockers alprenolol and propranolol to Cel7a cellulase was used as a model system. These methods gave results that agreed quite well qualitatively, but considerable quantitative deviations were sometimes obtained.     

Comparative glycoproteomics of N-linked complex-type glycoforms containing sialic acid in human serum

This study describes a simple and efficient approach for comparative analysis of sialylated glycoforms of proteins containing differentially branched complex-type glycans. The analytical protocol is based on glycopeptide selection from tryptic digests with serial lectin affinity chromatography (SLAC), quantification with global internal standard technology, fractionation of deglycosylated peptides with reversed-phase chromatography, and peptide sequencing with tandem mass spectrometry. Fractionation of complex tri- and tetraantennary N-linked glycoforms from biantennary N-linked glycoforms bearing terminal sialic acid residues was achieved using a set of serial lectin columns with immobilized Sambucus nigra agglutinin and concanavalin A. These two fractions from the affinity selection were differentially labeled, mixed, and then deglycosylated with the enzyme PNGase F. The deglycosylated sample was further fractionated by reversed-phase chromatography and analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The SLAC strategy was applied to tryptic digests of human serum, and it was found that most sialylated glycopeptides identified carry more biantennary glycans than tri- and tetraantennary glycans, and the relative amount of biantennary glycan versus tri- and tetraantennary glycans was different at separate glycosylation sites within the same glycoprotein.     

Molecularly imprinted chiral stationary phase prepared with racemic template

The first example of molecularly imprinted chiral stationary phase prepared using a racemic template is shown. N-(3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl)-α-methylbenzylamine (DNB) was chirally discriminated on the molecularly imprinted stationary phase prepared using racemic DNB as the template. A chiral monomer, (S)-(-)-N-methacryloyl-1-naphthylethylamine, was utilized as the functional monomer toward the racemic template, and its chiral recognition ability was, interestingly, found to be enhanced through racemic molecular imprinting. A thermodynamic discussion briefly suggests that the observed chiral recognition ability of the racemic imprinting was proper value.     

Liposomal delivery system for the targeting and controlled release of praziquantel

The targeting of Praziquantel in a liposomal delivery system can protect its uptake by non-diseased tissues, reduce its metabolism and facilitate its absorption by parasites for a long time period. This paper describes the critical parameters controlling the formation and stability of Praziquantelencapsulated liposomes with ways of optimizing entrapment. The in vivo study of drug release indicates that Praziquantel, as a racemic mixture or stereoisomer, is present in the mouse liver ten days after its administration in liposomal form. Molecular configuration has no effect on deposition of the drug in the liver or on its concentration. Targeting of the (-)-stereoisomer of Praziquantel in liposomal form could eventually lead to the chemoprophylactic treatment of schistosomiasis.     

An efficient method for isolating individual long-chain alkenones for compound-specific hydrogen isotope analysis

Hydrogen isotope ratios (2H/H or D/H) of long-chain unsaturated ketones (alkenones) preserved in lake and marine sediments hold great promise for paleoclimate studies. However, compound-specific hydrogen isotope analysis of individual alkenones has not been possible due to chromatographic coelution of alkenones with the same carbon chain length but different numbers of double bonds. Published studies have only reported the deltaD values of the mixture of coeluting alkenones. We developed an efficient procedure to isolate individual alkenones based on double-bond numbers using silica gel impregnated with silver nitrate. The chromatographic procedure is simple, inexpensive, and highly reproducible, offers 87-100% sample recovery, and allows for the first time hydrogen isotopic measurement on individual alkenones. deltaD values of specific di-, tri- and tetraunsaturated C37 alkenones produced by an Emiliania huxleyi culture, as well as those isolated from Greenland lake sediments, differ consecutively by 43-65 per thousand. These findings suggest that alkenones with different numbers of carbon-carbon double bonds express significantly different deltaD values and that coelution of different alkenones may lead to erroneous source water deltaD reconstructions. Our alkenone isolation approach opens a new avenue for paleoclimate reconstructions using hydrogen isotope ratios of individual alkenones.     

高性能高硅烷含量硅丙复合乳液的研究

利用醇解反应，将γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷中水解速度较快的甲氧基置换成水解速度较慢的乙氧基或异丙氧基，通过乳液共聚合成了高硅烷含量的硅丙复合乳液。用NMR，GC对硅烷单体进行了结构分析及转化率测试，并利用红外光谱对共降物进行了表征。研究了高有机硅含量对共聚物膜力学性能及吸水率的影响，证实了高含量硅烷组分能显著地提高丙烯酸酯乳液的物理性能。     

Beta-cyclodextrin bonded silica for direct injection analysis of drug enantiomers in serum by liquid chromatography

A new beta-cyclodextrin (CD) bonded silica has been designed for direct injection analysis of drug enantiomers in serum for liquid chromatography. The new beta-CD bonded silica is synthesized by three steps: introduction of a 3-glycidoxypropyl phase, introduction of a beta-CD carbamate-bonded phase, and hydrolysis of the oxirane ring to a diol phase. Although the recovery of serum proteins from only a beta-CD bonded silica (having no diol phase) was poor, they were completely recovered from a mixed functional silica having beta-CD and diol phases. Direct injection analysis of drug enantiomers in serum can be attained with the mixed functional silica support over the eluent pH range of 3-7. The recovery of racemic drugs from serum was almost 100%.     

Comparison and validation of drug loading parameters of PEGylated nanoparticles purified by a diafiltration centrifugal device and tangential flow filtration

This article describes drug loading validation of nanoparticles. Ultracentrifugation was avoided because of problems arising from small-sized particles. Ultrafiltration was adopted in two different modes followed by monitoring of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), dextran sulfate (DS), and loperamide HCl contents. Diafiltration centrifugation removed all PVA at the fourth cycle and provided significantly (p = .000, .017) higher drug loading values compared with tangential flow filtration (TFF). This was due to residual PVA associated with the nanoparticles. TFF enabled satisfactory dry weight recovery (101.66 +/- 4.45%, n = 3) of nanoparticles during extended purification. Indirect drug loading (from the purification curve) was not significantly different (p = .450, .487) to the direct drug loading values. Encapsulation parameters were obtained from the purification curve once quantitative estimation of the all formulation components was established.     

Initial Salt Screening Procedures for Manufacturing Ibuprofen

The aim of this paper is to design initial salt screening procedures for manufacturing ibuprofen. Salt forms of a pharmaceutical acid racemic (R,S)-(±)-ibuprofen and their “developable” synthetic routes were ferreted out simultaneously through the screening of seven bases of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, l-arginine, l-histidine, l-lysine, diethanolamine, and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THAM), and the match with the use of nine organic solvents of methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanol, N,?N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, isopropyl alcohol, 1,4-dioxane, acetone, and tetrahydrofuran mainly in the presence of water in 20 mL scintillation vials. Racemic (R,S)-(±)-sodium ibuprofen dihydrate, a well-known ibuprofen salt and the newly discovered racemic (R,S)-(±)-THAM ibuprofen, appeared as white-squared powders with a molecular weight of 327.42 g/mol, a melting point of 160.17°C, and the apparent solubility product, K′_sp, of 6.0 × 10^?4 M² at 25°C were successfully synthesized by the initial salt screening methods. The new amine salt of ibuprofen was monoclinic and had a space group of P2₁/c and lattice parameters of a = 17.578(8)°, b = 10.428(4)°, c = 9.991(4) Å, α = 90.00°, β = 97.17(1)°, γ = 90.00°, and V = 1,817.05(244) ų. The aspect ratio of the amine salt crystals of ibuprofen of ≈ 1.0 implied that the crystals had a better flowability than the sodium salt counterparts. This amine salt of ibuprofen was more stable in moist or dried atmospheres and was more hydrophobic than the sodium salt of ibuprofen. Moreover, the slow dissolution of this amine salt of ibuprofen might have made it less bitter and more suitable as a sustained release drug than the sodium salt of ibuprofen. The future work is to search for the different polymorphs of this amine salt of ibuprofen and to extend the initial salt screening working logics to the formation of co-crystals.     

Preparation, characterization and in vivo studies of proliposomes containing Cyclosporine A

The present study was undertaken to prepare proliposomes of Cyclosporine A (CsA) to increase its oral bioavailability. The proliposomes were prepared by spraying a solution of CsA, egg lecithin and cremophor EL in methanol-chloroform mixture onto directly compressible lactose (carrier) in a rotary evaporator. A dry free flowing powder of proliposomes was obtained. The dry proliposomal powder was characterized for surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then the proliposomes were hydrated with distilled water to produce liposomes, which were characterized for particle size distribution, % drug entrapment, and morphological characteristics by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The liposomes exhibited good entrapment of about 99%. The entrapment of CsA in liposomes was found to be dependent mainly on the drug:lipid ratio. Bioavailability studies were carried out for three different formulations of CsA i.e., free drug suspension; proliposomes derived liposomes and marketed formulation (Pannimun Bioral, Microemulsion) on male SD rats. The results of bioavailability studies indicated that the difference in the mean drug concentration of the free drug and the liposomes was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05, p value is 0.032). The absorption constant for liposomal product was much greater (10.26 h(-1)) than for free drug solution (1.2 h(-1)) or the marketed sample of microemulsion (2.51 h(-1)) and the volume of distribution was found to be less for liposomes (7629.88 ml/kg) than that of the free drug solution (10971.92 ml/kg) and marketed microemulsion (9012.07 ml/kg). The results of these studies have shown that a stable proliposomal formulation of CsA for oral administration can be prepared which can be easily hydrated into liposomes from which CsA can exert its clinical effects with a better oral bioavailability.