Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties of Partially and Fully Epoxidized Methyl Linoleate Derived from Jatropha curcas Oil

Partial epoxidation of methyl linoleate was carried out at room temperature (30 °C) using a methyltrioxorhenium catalyst in the presence of pyridine and urea‐hydrogen peroxide. Full epoxidation of methyl linoleate was carried out using the Prilezhaev method. The reactions were monitored using the oxirane oxygen content value. The products from partial and full epoxidation were analyzed using GC‐FID, FTIR, NMR and GC–MS. Methyl 9,10‐epoxy‐12Z‐octadecenoate and methyl 12,13‐epoxy‐9Z‐octadecenoate were obtained as the major products from partial epoxidation, with a percent yield of 46 %. The product from full epoxidation afforded 97 % yield with methyl 9,10‐12,13‐diepoxyoctadecanoate as the major component. Physicochemical properties such as kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, crystallization temperature and oxidative stability were examined. Fully epoxidized methyl linoleate exhibits superior kinematic viscosity and oxidative stability due to the complete conversion of double bonds to epoxy groups. Partially epoxidized methyl linoleate exhibits intermediate kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, crystallization temperature and oxidative stability.     

Synthesis, Characterization, Biodegradation and Evaluation of the Surface Active Properties of Nonionic Surfactants Derived from Jatropha Oil

Four nonionic surface active agents were synthesized using the fatty acids obtained from the hydrolysis of Jatropha oil. The fatty acids obtained contained different fatty acids including: palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids in different proportions. The chemical structures of the obtained surfactants were characterized using elemental analysis and FTIR spectroscopy. The surface activities of the different surfactants were determined using surface and interfacial tension measurements. The surfactants showed good surface and interfacial activities, which are dependent on their chemical structures. Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption and micellization confirmed these results. The biodegradation tests in river water showed that the surfactants are readily biodegradable, and reached the European standards after 24 days. Surfactants containing longer nonionic chains formed stable emulsions with paraffin oil, while shorter chains exhibit a lower emulsion stability performance.     

Physicochemical Characteristics and Functional Properties of Seed Oil from Four Different Cultivars of S. Wilsoniana

A study is conducted to explore the under-utilized resources of Swida wilsoniana seed oil (SWSO). Physicochemical properties of four cultivars of SWSO and their fatty acid composition, phytochemicals, oxidation stabilities, and antioxidant capacities are evaluated. The results indicate that SWSO is abundant in unsaturated fatty acids (76.02–82.43%) and contained a high phytochemical content. Gamma-tocotrienol (206.03 ± 0.21–215.84 ± 0.17 mg kg⁻¹), β-amyrin (107.12 ± 0.27–192.30 ± 1.17 mg kg⁻¹), and betulin (32.82 ± 0.59–88.20 ± 0.37 mg kg⁻¹) are major components of SWSO compared to familiar oils. The induction period (5.08–5.80 h) is negatively correlated with unsaturated fatty acid content (r = −0.948^**, P < 0.01), particularly linoleic acid (r = −0.938^**, P < 0.01). A high antioxidant capacity is observed in SWSO which is primarily attributed to tocopherol/tocotrienol content (0.832^*–0.963^**). SWSO can be regarded as a new resource and a high-quality ingredient for dietary foods and other applications. Practical applications: The favorable physicochemical characteristics and functional properties of SWSO indicate that it may be used as a novel and daily edible oil through moderate refining. It also exhibits promise to protect the artery and liver as a special oil for use as shortening and frying because of its ideal FAC and antioxidant capacity. In addition, SWSO may be suitable for the cosmetics industry. Furthermore, more varieties should be obtained to verify and refine the correlations between chemical composition and antioxidant properties. In addition, the specific phenolics in SWSO should be identified to better characterize the relationship between polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity.     

Physicochemical Properties and Fatty Acid Profile of Phoenix Tree Seed and its Oil

Various components of Phoenix tree (Firmiana simplex) seed were determined. Oil, protein, moisture, ash, and fiber accounted for 27.8 ± 0.3, 19.7 ± 0.4, 7.5 ± 0.2, 4.4 ± 0.3, and 31.23 ± 0.93 % (w/w) of the seed, respectively. The acid value, peroxide value, saponification value, and unsaponifiable matter content of Phoenix tree seed oil extracted using the Soxhlet method were 3.73 ± 0.02 mg KOH/g, 1.97 ± 0.21 mmol/kg, 183.74 ± 2.37 mg KOH/g, and 0.90 ± 0.05 g/100 g, respectively. The total tocopherol content was 54.5 ± 0.5 mg/100 g oil, which consisted mainly of δ‐tocopherol (29.5 ± 0.6 mg/100 g oil) and γ‐tocopherol (13.8 ± 0.8 mg/100 g oil). Linoleic acid (L, 30.2 %), oleic acid (O, 22.2 %), and sterculic acid (S, 23.2 %) were the main unsaturated fatty acids of Phoenix tree seed oil. The saturated fatty acids included palmitic acid (17.4 %) and stearic acid (St, 2.9 %). The work shows the first report of sterculic acid in seeds of this species. This oil can be used as a raw material to produce sterculic acid.     

Contents of Fatty Acids, Selected Lipids and Physicochemical Properties of Western Australian Sandalwood Seed Oil

The study was designed to characterise two extracts of Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) seed oils for their physicochemical and lipid characteristics. Sandalwood plantation’s surplus seeds could be used for their oil content, to improve the commercial viability of this industry. The seed oils were obtained by solvent extraction and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction respectively. Important physicochemical parameters were compared with other oils commonly used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Acid values were found to be higher (6.0–7.5 mg KOH/1 g oil) while peroxide values (6.7–9.0 mequiv/Kg) were lower than reported for other oils. Tocopherols were found to be lower than those usually reported for nut oils (α-tocopherol 1–3 mg/100 g; δ-tocopherol 2.2–5.7 mg/100 g), squalenes and phytosterols were found in considerable quantities. The fatty acid content consisted largely of ximenynic acid (35 %) and oleic acid (52 %). No oxidative derivatives of fatty acids were observed. Although there were statistically significant differences in some properties, the magnitude of these were insufficient to conclude there were any notable differences in the two oil extracts.     

Toxic Compound,Anti-Nutritional Factors and Functional Properties of Protein Isolated from Detoxified Jatropha curcas Seed Cake

Jatropha curcas is a multipurpose tree, which has potential as an alternative source for biodiesel. All of its parts can also be used for human food, animal feed, fertilizer, fuel and traditional medicine. J. curcas seed cake is a low-value by-product obtained from biodiesel production. The seed cake, however, has a high amount of protein, with the presence of a main toxic compound: phorbol esters as well as anti-nutritional factors: trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, lectin and saponin. The objective of this work was to detoxify J. curcas seed cake and study the toxin, anti-nutritional factors and also functional properties of the protein isolated from the detoxified seed cake. The yield of protein isolate was approximately 70.9%. The protein isolate was obtained without a detectable level of phorbol esters. The solubility of the protein isolate was maximal at pH 12.0 and minimal at pH 4.0. The water and oil binding capacities of the protein isolate were 1.76 g water/g protein and 1.07 mL oil/g protein, respectively. The foam capacity and stability, including emulsion activity and stability of protein isolate, had higher values in a range of basic pHs, while foam and emulsion stabilities decreased with increasing time. The results suggest that the detoxified J. curcas seed cake has potential to be exploited as a novel source of functional protein for food applications.     

Toxic Compound, Anti-Nutritional Factors and Functional Properties of Protein Isolated from Detoxified Jatropha curcas Seed Cake

Jatropha curcas is a multipurpose tree, which has potential as an alternative source for biodiesel. All of its parts can also be used for human food, animal feed, fertilizer, fuel and traditional medicine. J. curcas seed cake is a low-value by-product obtained from biodiesel production. The seed cake, however, has a high amount of protein, with the presence of a main toxic compound: phorbol esters as well as anti-nutritional factors: trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, lectin and saponin. The objective of this work was to detoxify J. curcas seed cake and study the toxin, anti-nutritional factors and also functional properties of the protein isolated from the detoxified seed cake. The yield of protein isolate was approximately 70.9%. The protein isolate was obtained without a detectable level of phorbol esters. The solubility of the protein isolate was maximal at pH 12.0 and minimal at pH 4.0. The water and oil binding capacities of the protein isolate were 1.76 g water/g protein and 1.07 mL oil/g protein, respectively. The foam capacity and stability, including emulsion activity and stability of protein isolate, had higher values in a range of basic pHs, while foam and emulsion stabilities decreased with increasing time. The results suggest that the detoxified J. curcas seed cake has potential to be exploited as a novel source of functional protein for food applications.     

Comparative Study of the Physicochemical Properties of FAME from Seed Oils of Some Native Species of Brazilian Atlantic Forest

The rapid decline in fossil fuel reserves in the world, rising oil prices, and growing concerns about the increase in pollutant gas emissions from this type of energy, have led to the exploration of new energy sources for the production of alternative fuels. The use of vegetable oils as a low‐cost raw material for biodiesel production is an effective way to reduce biodiesel costs. This paper reports on the production and biodiesel properties of the seed oils of six native species belonging to different families of plants from the Atlantic Forest in northeast Brazil. The results are compared with those obtained from traditional crops such as soybean and olive. The relative oil content of the seeds ranged from 31.5 to 67.4 %, while the biodiesel yield from these oils ranged from 93.2 to 97.6 wt%. The fatty acid composition is mainly constituted of oleic acid in three species (Cissampelos andromorpha, Rauwolfia grandiflora, and Tabernaemontana flavicans), eicosenoic acid in two species (Serjania caracasana and Serjania salzmanniana) and palmitic acid in Protium heptaphyllum. The physicochemical parameters of oil (density, viscosity, % FFA, and % of linolenic acid) and biodiesel (density, viscosity, acid number, copper strip corrosion, flash point, sulfur content, sulfated ash, water, oxidative stability, free and total glycerin) were in agreement with ASTM 6751 and EN 14214 standards. The fatty acid composition, biodiesel yield, oil, and biodiesel properties of the six native species studied demonstrate the high potential for producing alternative fuel in conventional diesel engines.     

麻疯油酯化衍生物的制备及其毒性研究

以麻疯油为原料．在碱性条件下与乙醇进行酯化反应合成麻疯油酯化衍生物,考察了反应温度、醇油比、催化剂用量及反应时间等因素对酯交换率的影响,采用正交实验确定最佳反应条件为：反应温度70℃、醇油比（体积比）6：1、反应时闾100min、催化剂用量1．5％,在此条件下酯交换率为95．65％。进一步研究发现麻疯油酯化衍生物对鲤鱼幼苗具有一定的毒性,48h时的LD50为48．98mg·L^-1,死亡率为100％。     

麻疯油制备生物柴油过程中固体酸催化剂的研究

利用高酸值麻疯油中游离脂肪酸与甲醇预酯化反应作为目标反应,通过对几类固体酸（Hβ、HM、SAPO-11、HZSM-5分子筛,D72、DOO5-Ⅱ阳离子交换树脂,ST-Ⅰ、SZ、ST-Ⅱ固体超强酸,TiO2、ZrO2氧化物）的筛选,得到了原料廉价、制备简单、酯化活性高的ST-Ⅱ系列固体酸。固体酸酸强度和酸量的测定表明：对于高酸值麻疯树油中游离脂肪酸与甲醇的预酯化反应,-12.70≤H0≤0.8范围的酸中心具有较好的催化活性。     

Physicochemical Properties of Mixtures of Morama Seed Oil With Alkanols and Alkyl Acetates at 298.15 K Atmospheric Pressure

Densities, ρ, ultrasonic speed, u, and dynamic viscosities, η, of mixtures of morama, Tylosema esculentum, seed oil with 1‐propanol, 1‐butanol, methyl acetate, and ethyl acetate were determined over the entire composition range at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. Excess molar volumes, , excess molar‐free volumes , deviations in isentropic compressibility, Δκ_s, deviations in ultrasonic speed, Δu, deviations in dynamic viscosity, Δη, and the excess free energy of activation of viscous flow, ΔG*^E, were calculated and correlated using the Redlich–Kister equation for each of the (morama seed oil + 1‐propanol or 1‐butanol or methyl acetate or ethyl acetate) mixtures. The results obtained were discussed in terms of possible dipole–dipole intermolecular interactions and structural effects.     

Physicochemical Characteristics and Technological Properties of Lupinus mutabilis Oil

The aim of the presented study is to examine the physicochemical parameters of the lipids present in Lupinus mutabilis seed and to compare the results with the available data for other commonly used vegetable oils. The oil quality indexes, oxidative stability index (OSI), and melting characteristics are examined. Andean lupin oil has remarkably high oxidative stability (OSI = 65 h) comparable to high-oleic oils counterparts. Quality parameters meet commonly accepted standards, including peroxide value (3.95 meq O₂ kg⁻¹) and p-anisidine value (1.25). The acid number value is 1.85 mg KOH g⁻¹. The iodine value is 110.27 g/100 g, while the enthalpy required to increase the temperature of the sample from −60 to 80 °C is equal to 57.41 kJ kg⁻¹. The beginning of the melting event (T_onset) and the phase transition temperature (T_peak) values for L. mutabilis seed oil are −29.46 and −22.63 °C, respectively. The presented results indicate the unusually high oxidative stability of the oil obtained from L. mutabilis seeds, which opens up a whole spectrum of application possibilities, e.g., designing blends with other commonly used vegetable oils to enhance their low stability. Practical Applications: The presented results provide insight into physicochemical parameters of the lipid fraction isolated from Lupinus mutabilis seeds. Andean lupin oil has very high oxidative stability, comparable to high-oleic rapeseed and sunflower oils. Therefore, the identified potential use of the studied oils is, e.g. an additive that can increase the stability of commercial vegetable oils characterized by much lower oxidative stability.     

Physicochemical Properties of Conjugated Linoleic Acid-Rich Soy Oil

CLA-rich soy oil (CLARSO) has been produced by linoleic acid isomerization in soy oil TAG. The objective was to determine the physicochemical properties of the novel CLARSO relative to conventional refined bleached deodorized soy oil (RBDSO). Iodine value decreased in CLARSO samples despite unsaturation being unchanged, probably because conjugated double bonds in triacylglycerol (TAG) of CLARSO impede the complete addition of iodine. Thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry showed the melting point temperature increased with the increase in the CLARSO CLA concentration, and melting point broadening occurred in CLA contained samples. Dynamic viscosity of CLARSO conducted from 4 to 44 °C increased with the increase in CLA concentration, relative to RBDSO. Greatest viscosity differences occurred at the lower temperatures. Refractive indices and density were not greatly affected. The change in physical properties was attributed to the increased intermolecular hydrophobic interaction force due to conjugated double bonds and trans,trans isomers, relative to RBDSO. This may provide hard fat characteristics that may be useful for use in producing margarine or shortenings. Furthermore, the higher viscosity at refrigerator temperatures may be useful in salad oil and refrigerated sauces to enable suspension of particles and maintain a rich, thicker texture.     

印尼特细油砂的基本性质和加工路线研究

印尼特细油砂是一种原产于印度尼西亚的稠油资源,常见有黄色和黑色两种。通过甲苯溶剂抽提法和减压蒸馏法可得到油砂沥青和细砂粒,得到的油砂沥青和砂粒用于油砂基本性质的测定。并简单探讨了该油砂适宜的加工路线。印尼油砂具有含油率高,含硫量高的特点,并且适合采用热解法进行后续加工成轻质油。     

麻疯树籽油制备生物柴油的工艺研究

试验研究了乙醇钠催化下麻疯树籽油与乙醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油的工艺条件.通过正交试验和单因素试验发现,酯交换反应的最佳工艺条件为:催化剂用量为油重的1.5%,醇油物质的量比为15:1,反应温度为78℃,反应时间为120 min;在此反应条件下,橡胶籽油转化率为89.28%.     

Physicochemical Properties and Stabilities of Crude and Purified Oil Bodies Extracted from High Oleic Peanuts

Physicochemical properties and emulsion stabilities of two types of oil bodies—crude oil bodies (COB) and purified oil bodies (OB)—recovered from high oleic peanuts via an aqueous enzymatic extraction process are investigated. RGB color analysis and flavor volatiles identification reveal that both COB and OB present desirable color and acceptable flavor. OB tends to have stronger antioxidant capacity and higher nutritional value compared to COB according to results from fatty acids, amino acids, and tocopherol analyses. The emulsification of oil bodies shows a slightly lower level than lecithin, but excellent thermal stability and storage stability (especially for OB), which relates greatly to small particle size, high zeta‐potential, and high content of hydrophobic amino acids. The freeze–thaw stability of OB is poorer than that of COB, which may relate to the presence of impurities in oil bodies. Thus, the peanut oil bodies, especially purified oil bodies, are proven to be advantageous emulsifying agents and additional valuable sources of antioxidants. Practical Applications: The results in this work clarify the differences in physiochemical composition and the fundamental emulsifying properties between COB and OB, and demonstrate the possibility of replacing traditional emulsifiers by natural green emulsifiers (e.g., oil bodies) in the food industry. Moreover, oil bodies extracted from high oleic peanuts, which contain plenty of unsaturated fatty acids and tocopherols, are a potential source for food supplements. In the long term, this work will increase the industrial conversion rate of oil bodies, enhance the processing and utilization level of high oleic peanuts, and promote the development of new foods based on peanut resources.     

Tomato Seed Oil II Evaluation of the Egyptian Tomato Seed Oil and the Residual Meal

The oil extracted from tomato seeds and the resultant cake were evaluated. The whole seeds were analyzed for the gross composition. The oil extracted with hexane was examined for its physical and chemical properties. The residual meal was evaluated for the gross, minerals and amino acids. The obtained results were compared with those of cotton seeds.     

Physicochemical Properties of Interesterified Blends of Fully Hydrogenated Crambe abyssinica Oil and Soybean Oil

The chemical interesterification of blends of soybean (SO) and fully hydrogenated crambe oil (FHCO) in the ratios of 80:20, 75:25, 70:30, 65:35, and 60:40 (w/w), respectively, was investigated. FHCO is a source of behenic acid. The blends and the interesterified fats were analyzed for fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition, regiospecific distribution, slip melting point, solid profile, and consistency. The regiospecific analysis of the TAG indicated random insertion of saturated fatty acids at sn-2 of the glycerol of the interesterified blends with more significant alterations at sn-2 than at sn-1 and sn-3. The gradual addition of FHCO increased the solid fat content and the slip melting point. The chemical interesterification formed new TAG facilitating the miscibility between SO and FHCO. The 70:30 interesterified blend was suitable for general use, 60:40 for use as a base stock. At 35 °C, the 65:35 interesterified blend showed suitable plasticity for use in products with fat contents below 80 %. FHCO, rich in behenic acid, is not associated with increased total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, and it can be used as a low trans fat. FHCO is not associated with increased total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, and it can be used as a low trans fat alternative.