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1.
Robina Goodlad 《Journal of Housing and the Built Environment》1999,14(3):241-256
This paper addresses three neglected issues in the restructuring of housing policy and provision in the UK in the 1980s and
1990s: first, the relationship between welfare restructuring and management regimes; second, the nature of local variations
in the impact of welfare restructuring; and third, the significance of human agency interpretations of change. The paper starts
by summarizing the main features of welfare state restructuring and then considers recent manifestations of citizenship and
managerialism in housing. Three competing conceptions of citizenship rights are used to examine changing notions of welfare:
“market efficiency”, “institutionalized rights” and the “radical challenge” provided by social movements. A four-part typology
of the main concepts and themes in the “new public management”—“efficiency”, “downsizing and decentralization”, “excellence”
and “public service”—is used to present the main components of change in management regimes. The paper draws on literatures
on housing management, citizenship and “the new public management” and on recent research into tenant participation, housing
rights and housing advice services. Conclusions are drawn about how tensions between different conceptions of citizenship
and public management are implicated with national and global influences at the local level to create particular welfare outcomes. 相似文献
2.
Local development can assume many forms, depending on the environmental characteristics of places and the way they evolve
historically. Tourist resorts are concentrated on space, forming a well-defined geography of local productive systems which
show very different growth rates. The aim of this paper is to establish a geography of local tourist production systems in
Italy, and to explore their sources of growth and competitiveness. Results suggest that higher levels of growth are not based
on natural endowments but on localization economies, especially on the presence of all the phases of a “tourist filière”,
a chain of economic activities directly related to tourism production, in the local production system. 相似文献
3.
H. Shelton Brown 《The Annals of Regional Science》2002,36(2):181-196
In many urban areas, time costs or wages vary between neighborhoods, but there is little wage variation within a given neighborhood. Neighborhoods are often labelled “working class,”“middle class,” or even “wealthy.” For this reason,
there are many efficiency and distributional issues related to location because location largely determines access costs.
Congestion also affects time costs and access. Many public policies are geared towards improving access for households in
low-wage neighborhoods. Public facilities are built; some firms receive nonprofit status. In order to evaluate these policies,
normative theory is needed. This paper develops theory on the optimal placement of facilities and their congestion prices
in urban areas with wage variation between neighborhoods. The results show that optimal locations and prices depend on the
extent of wage inequality.
Received: February 2001/Accepted: September 2001 相似文献
4.
Xinnan ZHANG Takashi IZATO Junzo MUNENOTO Daisuke MATSUSHITA Tetsu YOSHIDA 《Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering in China》2010,4(4):438-449
This paper investigates the staying and moving characteristics of office workers in a non-territorial office using an ultra
wide band (UWB) impulse radio sensor network. The differences between office workers’ staying and moving are clarified according
to the individual workstation type that they select. The study determines the characteristics of each type of workstation.
By clarifying office workers’ preference for staying and moving with regard to individual workstation types and office worker
post, the reasons why office workers in different posts tended to select different types of workstations were revealed. Specifically,
leaders tended to select workstations at the “inner meeting corner side” most frequently, as they had a greater need to stay
in other areas. In contrast, ordinary staff needed to visit office workers in other areas less often, and as such, they tended
to select individual workstations at the “middle meeting corner side.” Barring this, they tended to select individual workstations
at the “middle corridor side” or “outer-meeting corner side.” Temporary staff members had little need to visit or stay at
other places so they tended to select individual workstations at the “window side,” which is seldom visited or stayed at by
other office workers and they could be disturbed less often from their solo work. 相似文献
5.
Measuring the effects of air quality regulations on “dirty” firm births: Evidence from the neo- and mature-regulatory periods 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this article, we use annual (1980–90) county-level manufacturing plant location data for New York State to examine the
effects of the 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments on the location decisions of new pollution-intensive manufacturing plants in
the “:neo-regulatory” (1980-84) and “mature-regulatory” (1985–90) phases of the Act's implementation. Our results suggest
that the temporal effects of regulation vary. Whereas the location decisions of pollution intensive manufacturing firms were
unaffected by the Act's regulatory restrictions in the “neo-regulatory” period, the restrictions appear to have had a significant
negative impact on the location decisions of these types of firms in the Act's “mature-regulatory” phase. The diversion of
new pollution intensive plants to counties with less stringent environmental regulations suggests that current US environmental
regulations may be leading to a “browning process” whereby counties historically free of pollution become havens for polluters.
Received: 2 April 1999 / Accepted: 18 October 1999 相似文献
6.
The today-availability of powerful engineering equation solvers is opening very new possibilities in technical component modelling
and in system simulation. The simulation models, the “user guide” and the “reference guide” are all included in a same file.
Reliable “reference” and “simplified” models are currently available for the building zone and for most (heating, ventilation
and air-conditioning) HVAC components. Focus is given here on “simplified” models and on a simulation tool, called “Benchmark”.
This tool should help an auditor to make the best use of the limited information usually available about actual fuel and electricity
consumptions and to get a very first evaluation of the actual performances of a given HVAC system. An example of such use
is presented. Another simulation tools and more information about the modelling of HVAC components will be presented in a
further paper. 相似文献
7.
Hua LI 《Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering in China》2010,4(4):465-473
The purpose of this paper is to explore how the “Beaux-Arts” “composition” sustained the constitution of design principles
for architectural production in China in the last two decades of the twentieth century. “Composition”, a key technique of
the “Beaux-Arts” system, is not a simple act of “putting elements together” into a unified whole, but also relates to an array
of different “constructions” of architectural knowledge which regulate and sustain the act of design. Through analysing the
structure of three “textbooks” published in the early 1980s, this paper examines three aspects of the “constructions”: the
setting up of the principles for governing architectural forms, regularisation of design methods and approaches for architectural
practice, and the construction of a “tradition” for the expression of “Chineseness”. 相似文献
8.
This paper proposes an empirical analytical framework for agglomeration economies based on a translog production-inverse input
demand system. Estimation of the system allows us to identify effects on total factor productivity (TFP), partial factor productivity,
factor prices and factor demands. It also provides a decomposition of the aggregate agglomeration elasticity into returns
that arise from the increased efficiency of factor inputs and a “direct” agglomeration effect which exists over and above
any factor augmentation. This enables us to indirectly address the problem of unobserved heterogeneity in factor “quality”.
The paper provides an empirical application of the model using firm level data for UK manufacturing and service industries. 相似文献
9.
Pablo Acosta 《The Annals of Regional Science》2010,44(3):453-466
The “flypaper effect”, when an unconditional lump-sum grant to a local government increases spending in a greater proportion
than an equivalent raise in local income, has been extensively documented in the literature. This paper shows new estimates
in the presence of spatial dependence, when local spending is not independent from its neighbor jurisdictions’ behavior. Using
county-level data for Buenos Aires (Argentina), this study shows that while the “flypaper effect still holds true in the presence
of spillover effects or mimic behavior across jurisdictions, it could be overestimated in the presence of spatial interdependence. 相似文献
10.
Li NIU Leiqing XU Zhong TANG 《Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering in China》2008,2(4):386-390
The authors brought forward the definition of “Gestalt space” and indicated this kind of space can be easily cognized. Three
experiments showed that “classification” and “grouping” are the human strategies to solve wayfinding problems. “Similarity”
and “Legibility” of the space are advantageous to help people to complete wayfinding tasks. The designer should provide the
essential “Legibility” in Gestalt space, by using some techniques such as “break” and “accession” to settle the wayfinding
problem.
__________
Translated from Architectural Journal, 2007, (5): 89–91 [译自: 建筑学报] 相似文献
11.
12.
Patrick Heidkamp Dean M. Hanink Robert G. Cromley 《The Annals of Regional Science》2008,42(3):725-746
International non-profit organizations have started to implement eco-labeling for credence attributes programs aimed to inform
consumers about environmentally sound or “sustainable” production standards for various products. Using coffee labeled as
“shade grown” or “bird friendly” as an example, this paper describes the impact such labeling programs may have on local land
use patterns in coffee producing regions. Shade grown coffee farms should provide a variety of external benefits, including
the preservation of biodiversity, carbon sequestration, the prevention of soil erosion and aquifer recharge. Those externalities,
however, are not expected to have observable land use impacts unless they are capitalized in the coffee market. The prospect
of market capitalization of externalities suggests the extension of the conventional von Thünen model to the calculation of
social location rent. Using the maximization of social location rent as a criterion allows the externality effect to play
a direct role in market-based land use allocation of land between eco-labeled shade grown coffee production and other activities. 相似文献
13.
Börje Johansson 《The Annals of Regional Science》1998,32(3):295-298
A jubilee often triggers backward-oriented reflections, sometimes nostalgic. A jubilee can also be used as an excuse for
looking forward. This special issue is composed in honour of ?ke E. Andersson, delayed in the sense that the anniversary (60
years) dates back to 1996. The contributions to this volume have also gone through a maturing process in the form of reviews
and revisions. The contributions are organised in three thematic groups. The themes appear in the sequence “Evolution”, “Welfare”,
and “Interaction”. 相似文献
14.
A. F. Roberts 《Fire Technology》1971,7(3):189-200
According to one test, polyurethane foam is “self-extinguishing,” while another classifies it as a “surface of rapid flame
spread.” The author has found that its burning rate is sensitive to the applied heat flux and suggests that the fire resistance
of polyurethane foam be assessed in tests using more realistic heat flux levels.
Note: This paper is Crown Copyright 1971. 相似文献
15.
In this paper, we evaluate the influence of different parameter weights in creating “typical year” weather data following
the typical meteorological year (TMY) methodology, by studying two sets of 3600 alternate weather files created using different
parameter weights for Beijing (China) and New York City (USA). A “typical year” weather file consists of twelve distinctive
months, each considered typical for that month of the year. Such a typical month, named “typical meteorological month (TMM),”
is commonly identified by using a certain combination of parameter weights, such as 4:4:4:12, for dry bulb temperature, dew
point temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation as in the TMY weather files developed by US National Climate Data Center
(NCDC), or 4:4:2:10 in the newer TMY2 and TMY3 weather files developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). In
this study, we investigate the influence of varying the parameter weights on the TMMs and the resultant new TMY weather files
(nTMY). We found that the distribution of new 3600 TMMs tend to cluster within one or a few years for each month, and that
the probabilities are very high for significant overlap between the new TMMs and the original TMMs chosen using the TMY/TMY2
weighting. Compared to the TMM data in TMY, the deviations of air temperatures and solar radiation values of the new TMMs
and nTMYs derived from the 20-year weather data are less than 10% for both Beijing and New York. This confirms that the creation
of “typical year” weather data is not very sensitive to the weighting of the different weather parameters, and that most nTMYs
created and evaluated in this study are empirically close to the TMY data intended for use of simulating building energy consumption. 相似文献
16.
Ronald W. McQuaid 《The Annals of Regional Science》2006,40(2):407-421
This paper considers the relationship between an unemployed person’s employability and job search success. Using a broad employability framework (covering individual, personal and external demand, and other factors) the paper considers a range of demand and supply factors, that were generally identified in applied and theoretical literature, that influence success in getting employment. The model is then used to consider the competing efficient metropolitan labor market and the local labor demand hypotheses in terms of the importance for this sample of skills mismatch and spatial mismatch. The findings suggest that professional qualifications, “soft” verbal skills and using speculative applications to employers were significantly associated with job search success. Length of unemployment, age, and having last worked in a manual occupation were negatively associated with job success, the latter decreasing the odds of getting a job to around thirty percent, suggesting difficulties in occupational “switching” for many job seekers. Higher academic qualifications were also significantly negative, as were those claiming that promotion chances will influence their reservation wage. The geographic accessibility to local jobs was significantly and positively associated with job search success. The results suggest that a range of employability factors and both skills mismatch and spatial mismatch are important in explaining job search success. The degree of “skills” or “spatial” mismatch in a local labor market will be contingent upon the characteristics of the local economy, employers, job seekers and the jobs being considered.
相似文献
Ronald W. McQuaidEmail: Phone: +44-131-4554312Fax: +44-131-4554311 |
17.
The policy of “leave early or stay and defend”, often shortened to the “stay or go” policy, has been the subject of critical
review in the Royal Commission that followed the recent disastrous bushfires in Victoria, Australia. The need for people to
evacuate or stay and defend their property and protect themselves is a critical life safety decision for many people on days
of high bushfire activity. Some limited research has been undertaken into this individual decision making in bushfires. Other
fields of emergency management also require people to make similar decisions as to whether to evacuate or stay in a “defend
in place” situation. This paper examines research into “stay or go” strategies and decision making performance for high rise
buildings, looking for common factors that may inform the bushfire situation and potential reforms for policy. Similarly,
research into Hurricane Katrina and the failures to evacuate when mandated provide further insight into factors which can
affect or postpone decision making. A number of common improvements related to emergency preparedness, situation awareness
and trusted communication systems emerge in all these fields. However, this paper also suggests that this decision making
in bushfires is more complex that just two simple options of “stay or go”. A greater understanding of group behavior and socio-cultural
factors and their impact on personal decision making is required if more effective emergency management is to occur in the
bushfire domain. 相似文献
18.
An asymmetric information differential game is utilized to explore the normative issue: should environmental regulations
be carried out locally or centrally? Modeling localities as having superior information, or more leniency to adopt new environmental
regulations, results from simulations indicate that local control Pareto dominates central control when enough synergism occurs between pollutants. In contrast to predictions made by those responsible for framing US environmental policy
in the 1960s, these findings suggest an expanded future role for local governments in providing environmental protection,
particularly in light of Tiebout's (1956) analysis of consumers who “vote with their feet” for their preferred basket of public
services. “Practically all the things we've done in the federal government are like things Al Smith did as governor in New York.”–Franklin Roosevelt (Schlesinger, 1960, p. 520)
Received: June 1997/Accepted: July 1998 相似文献
19.
Regional development of employment in eastern Germany: an analysis with an econometric analogue to shift-share techniques 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We extend in this analysis an approach introduced by Patterson and suggested by M?ller and Tassinopoulos. Our approach uses
a generalization of an econometric analogue of the common shift-share method, suggested here as a new “workhorse” for regional
analyses. The results obtained with this shift-share-regression, and with very differentiated data from the employment statistics
of eastern Germany, show that processes of deconcentration play a role in explaining regional disparities, since inverse localization
and positive urbanization effects are visible. The relevant processes can be understood by implementing approaches of “new
economic geography”, structural change and endogenous growth theory. 相似文献
20.
This paper is based on two papers presented at the Paris conference, “Housing debates—Urban challenges”, 3–6 July 1990. Our
research is part of a large-scale research project being conducted at the Research Institute for Policy Sciences and Technology
(OTB) at the University of Delft into the problems of vandalism and crime on housing estates. This research is sponsored by
the Ministries of Justice and Home Affairs, and affiliated to the research program of Urban Networks. 相似文献