傅立叶红外光谱法对煤中吡咯型氮的热解规律研究

选取吡咯为煤中吡咯氮的模型化合物，在石英管流动反应器中550℃～1020℃温度范围内研究了其热解规律，利用傅立叶红外光谱仪(Ft—Ir)对反应产物进行检测。试验结果表明：吡咯高温热解时，含氮产物最终几乎全部以HCN的形式存在，也能观测到不饱和腈类物质的生成与转化。图4表1参6     

生物质气化过程中燃料氮迁移影响因素实验研究

针对玉米秸秆和锯末两种生物质,进行了生物质气化过程实验,分析了气化参数对燃料氮迁移过程的影响。结果表明,在测试条件下,生物质气化产物中含氮组分浓度主要取决于气化温度,而当量比的影响相对较弱一些。NH_3和N_2是气化产物中氮的主要表现形式,其随气化温度的变化趋势相反。NH_3与N_2之间的转换反应是决定生物质燃料氮迁移演化过程中的一个主要热化学反应。     

高燃料氮烟煤空气分级燃烧氮氧化物排放特性实验研究

针对两种燃料氮含量较高的烟煤空气分级燃烧情况下氮氧化物排放及燃尽情况进行了实验研究。研究表明,不分级燃烧情况下燃料氮含量越高的煤,氮氧化物排放越高;其空气分级燃烧情况下燃料氮向燃料型NOx的转化率越低。空气分级情况下,还原区停留时间为0.8-1.0 s及化学当量比为0.75的时候,大同烟煤及俄罗斯烟煤的氮氧化物排放均较低。同时,空气分级燃烧条件下俄罗斯烟煤的燃尽情况与大同烟煤类似,燃尽效果较好。     

煤焦特性及其NO2生成影响因素的实验研究

在流化床上进行了两种煤的热解及焦炭的燃烧实验，研究了煤种，粒径，热解条件对煤焦性质对Ｎ２Ｏ转化率的影响。研究结果表明：除粒径外，煤种和热解条件都对煤焦中Ｎ的Ｎ２Ｏ转化率有明显影响。     

热解温度对依兰煤热解特性的影响分析

本论文在处理量为2.5 kg/h的热解实验装置上,分别以两种烟煤和一种油页岩为原料,考察了热解温度对热解产物产率、组成和性质的影响规律。实验结果表明,当反应温度分别为481℃、514℃、519℃时,六级煤、油页岩、造气入炉煤的焦油产率依次达到最高,产率分别为13.58%、12.54%、4.23%;在实验温度范围内,随着温度的升高,气体产率不断增加,且气体组分不断变化。     

燃料稀释对富氧空气_甲烷扩散火焰中氮氧化物生成的影响

本研究的目的是揭示富氧燃烧过程中的氮氧化物生成机理,针对富氧火焰特性探讨NOx抑制机制机理。文中以对向流扩散火焰为对象,利用详细的基元反应动力学模型研究了燃料稀释对富氧空气／甲烷扩散火焰中氮氧化物生成的影响,稀释剂为N2或CO2。结果表明,随着燃料中稀释组分浓度的变化,火焰结构和NO生成的决定机理显著变化;同时发现,随稀释剂CO2浓度增大,NO的排放指数EINO(Emission Index of NO)单调减少,随稀释刺N2稀释时EINO存在最大值。     

煤和石油焦混合燃料的热解特性及其动力学参数

介绍了在热重分析仪上进行石油焦及其煤和石油焦混合燃料的热解试验,研究了样品种类、升温速率、掺混比等因素对石油焦及其煤和石油焦混合燃料的影响规律,同时对石油焦和烟煤进行了比较,并进一步研究了其热解的动力学参数。试验结果对利用石油焦作为锅炉替代燃料具有参考价值。     

实验条件对煤热解特性影响的分析

采用TG-FTIR联机实验方法．对不同煤样进行了热重分析．同时对煤样的析出产物进行红外光谱实时跟踪检测；研究不同升温速率和试样用量对煤热解过程TG、DTG曲线以及实时跟踪红外光谱分析的影响．为掌握煤的热解特性、提高煤的有效利用提供依据。     

热解温度和时间对煤热解过程中汞析出的影响

采用国际通用的Ontario-Hydro法,对150目的煤粉在氮气气氛下不同热解温度和时间下进行的热解研究,测试结果表明：汞总释放率随时间呈现递增趋势,热解时间对汞的形态分布影响很小。汞总释放率随着温度的升高几乎呈线性关系增长,而且随着热解温度的升高,元素汞占总汞的比例先变大再变小。元素汞在热解过程中始终是气态汞的主要形态。不同的煤种对汞释放率有影响,变质程度较低的兖州煤汞的释放率较低,变质程度较高的大同和神华煤的释放率相对较高。     

富氧燃烧对柴油机排放特性的影响

柴油机因其废气中的碳烟排放高而被排除在清洁发动机之外。减少碳烟排放的一种方法是增加缸内空气的氧含量，使燃烧更彻底充分进行。本文介绍了在S195柴油机上进行富氧燃烧试验。对其排放特性进行比较与分析，通过试验研究，找到在富氧条件下同时降低碳烟和NOx排放的方法。     

高温下煤焦表面含氧官能团对NO_煤焦还原反应的影响

在固定床反应器上考察了高温下不同氧浓度气氛下NO-煤焦还原反应的还原效果,并采用XPS分析了不同氧浓度预处理后的煤焦表面的含氧官能团.研究结果表明,高温下氧气对于NO-煤焦还原反应依然有显著的促进作用,也同样存在临界氧浓度(0.25％)的现象,比低温下临界氧浓度(1％)有所提前.由XPS分析结果发现,高温下氧气对煤焦表面的影响是产生促进NO还原的表面含氧官能团(C(O)),适量的氧气浓度能形成饱和的C(O)活性位,使得还原效果达到最佳.随着温度的升高,C(O)的总量略有减少.有可能是温度过高致使煤焦表面的C(O)极易达到饱和,多余的氧气以O的形式排出.     

添加剂对燃煤NO排放的影响

利用DTA-TG-DTG设备，实验研究了CaO对抚顺烟煤NO排放特性的影响以及由CaO分别与TiO，和Na2CO3组成的混合添加剂对抚顺烟煤NO排放特性的影响．结果表明，CaO能够增加抚顺煤在燃烧过程中的NO排放浓度和排放量，CaO对燃煤NO排放的影响与CaO在煤中的含量有关，钙氮比(Ca／N)增加，煤的NO排放量增大．但是，向抚顺煤中同时加入CaO和TiO2或CaO和Na2CO3后，煤的NO的排放浓度和排放量比只添加CaO一种成分时低，即添加剂TiO2和Na2CO3能够减弱CaO对抚顺煤NO排放特性的影响．增加TiO2或Na2CO3在混合添加剂中的份额后，NO排放量进一步下降，但在实验范围内，含混合添加剂的煤，NO排放浓度和排放量仍比原煤高。     

Effects of fluorine doping on the structural properties of the CdO films deposited by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis

The fluorine doped cadmium oxide samples have been deposited at 250 °C by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. X-ray diffraction patterns of the CdO:F samples have revealed that the samples are polycrystalline with cubic sodium chloride structure. The texture coefficients calculated for various planes at different fluorine concentrations indicate that the samples have exhibited (1 1 1) and (2 0 0) preferential orientations. The lattice parameters for cubic structure of each diffraction plane have been calculated. The crystallite size of the samples being nearly constant until 4% of fluorine doping showed reasonable decrease above this concentration value. The macro strain and dislocation density vary with fluorine concentrations.     

XPS study of hydrogen and oxygen interactions on the surface of the NiZr intermetallic compound

The cathodic discharge of hydrogen on the surface of massive specimens of NiZr intermetallic compound readily forms the trihydride NiZrH₃ which exhibits the same crystallographic parameters as the trihydride obtained by gas phase charging. Moreover microstructural studies of the first stage of the hydriding process during cathodic charging of massive samples allow to follow the influence of the microstructure of NiZr on the germination of cracks and on the first stage of the decrepitation associated with H absorption. These results show that the NiZr microstructure could strongly affect both the hydriding kinetic, the hydride stability and further the amount of hydrogen stored in the intermetallic compound.     

Investigation of aluminosilicate as a solid oxide fuel cell refractory

Aluminosilicate represents a potential low cost alternative to alumina for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) refractory applications. The objectives of this investigation are to study: (1) changes of aluminosilicate chemistry and morphology under SOFC conditions, (2) deposition of aluminosilicate vapors on yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and nickel, and (3) effects of aluminosilicate vapors on SOFC electrochemical performance. Thermal treatment of aluminosilicate under high temperature SOFC conditions is shown to result in increased mullite concentrations at the surface due to diffusion of silicon from the bulk. Water vapor accelerates the rate of surface diffusion resulting in a more uniform distribution of silicon. The high temperature condensation of volatile gases released from aluminosilicate preferentially deposit on YSZ rather than nickel. Silicon vapor deposited on YSZ consists primarily of aluminum rich clusters enclosed in an amorphous siliceous layer. Increased concentrations of silicon are observed in enlarged grain boundaries indicating separation of YSZ grains by insulating glassy phase. The presence of aluminosilicate powder in the hot zone of a fuel line supplying humidified hydrogen to an SOFC anode impeded peak performance and accelerated degradation. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy detected concentrations of silicon at the interface between the electrolyte and anode interlayer above impurity levels.     

Optimization of the electrical properties of Ti–Nb stabilized ferritic stainless steel SOFC interconnect alloy upon high-temperature oxidation: The role of excess Nb on the interfacial oxidation at the oxide–metal interface

Interfacial oxidation of Nb and Si at 650 °C on Laves phase forming Ti–Nb stabilized ferritic stainless steel (Fe–19Cr–0.9Si–0.2Nb–0.1Ti (at.%), grade EN 1.4509) was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that excess Nb efficiently hinders the formation of electrically resistive SiO₂ layer at the oxide–metal interface. The beneficial role of Nb was attributed to its high segregation rate and the formation of conductive oxides at the interface. However, the oxidation was strongly influenced by age-precipitation of the Laves (FeNbSi)-type intermetallic phase, which removed free Nb from the alloy solution and thus allowed SiO₂ layer to form more easily. These results can be applied to optimize the oxide scale composition by Nb alloying of the ferritic stainless steel to maintain high performance under various operation conditions, particularly in solid oxide fuel cell applications.     

A copper based metal-organic framework as single source for the synthesis of electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors and glucose sensing applications

The article describes the conversion of MOF-199 to Cu–Cu₂O–CuO/C 700 (1) and Cu–Cu₂O–CuO/C 800 (2) nanostructures by simple pyrolysis at 700 and 800 °C under inert atmosphere. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals that the nanostructures Cu–Cu₂O–CuO/C consist of graphitic carbon functionalized with carboxylic, carbonyl and hydroxyl functional groups with copper/copper oxide particles on surfaces. The electrochemical properties of 1 and 2 are evaluated as electrode material for supercapacitors using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results for the capacitive performance from cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge reveal that both the samples have gravimetric capacitance greater than 750 F g⁻¹ at a scan rate of 2 mV s⁻¹ and current density of 2 mA cm⁻². The samples retain about 43% of their initial capacitance even at high scan rate of 75 mV s⁻¹. The cycling performance of the nanostructures illustrate that there is 5.5% capacitance loss after 3000 cycles. The sample 1 and 2 are washed with 1 mol L⁻¹ HCl solution to obtain copper oxide free materials Cu/C 700 (3) and Cu/C 800 (4). Samples 3 and 4 are tested as electrocatalysts for glucose sensing and the cyclic voltammetry measurement shows enhanced current densities compared to the literature values.     

Effects of surface chemical states of carbon nanotubes supported Pt nanoparticles on performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

This study synthesized platinum (Pt) nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using a microwave-assisted polyol method. The oxidation treatment of CNTs introduced primarily -OH and -COOH groups to the CNTs, thereby enhancing the reduction of Pt ionic species, resulting in smaller Pt particles with improved dispersion and attachment properties. The Pt particles supported on oxidized CNTs displayed superior durability to those on pristine CNTs or commercially available Pt/C. These improvements are most likely associated with the percentage of metallic Pt in the particles. After 400 cycles, the losses of electrochemical surface area in Pt nanoparticle supported on oxidized CNTs and pristine CNTs catalysts were 66 and 84%, respectively, of that associated with commercial Pt/C. A single proton exchange membrane fuel cell using Pt supported on oxidized CNTs at the cathode with a total catalytic loading of 0.6 Pt mg cm⁻² exhibited the highest power density of 890 mW cm⁻² and displayed a lower mass transfer loss, compared to Pt/C.     

催化改性活性碳纤维降低NO的实验研究

在微型反应器中对负载离子聚丙烯腈基活性碳纤维（ACF）进行了脱除NO的实际效果对比，定量测定在不同温度下它们与NO的反应产物，通过程序升温脱附（TPD）、热重（TG）及扫描电镜（SEM）的研究，为反应机理探索和催化剂筛选提供了依据。结果显示，金属离子的引入可大大提高催化活性。考察了所选负载铜离子ACF在不同气氛下的变化规律，并进行了化学动力学计算。实验结果表明，以聚丙烯腈基活性碳纤维为载体负载铜离子的ACF具有较高催化还原活性。活性碳纤维既作载体又作还原剂，它本身的性质十分重要。