地表水水源热泵水输配系统的能效分析

为了分析水输配形式、水泵配置和运行方式等对地表水水源热泵系统能效的影响,通过建立水泵能耗模型,找到了取水高差与取水泵能耗的关系,并结合系统能效的限定值,提出地表水水源热泵临界取水高差的概念及计算分析方法。基于对取水水泵功率随流量变化规律的研究,并结合实例,研究了取水水泵一、二级两种配置方式的确定依据。综合分析流量对机组和冷却水泵的能耗的影响,对比了定、变流量运行下的能效,以系统整体能效最佳为目标,得到了研究实例中取水泵的节能运行方式。研究表明,与常规系统相比,水源热泵系统节能效果的实现,存在临界取水高差的应用限制;而且由于机组、水泵所占系统能耗比重的差异,运行方式应依据优化模型而确定。     

Ant-colony optimization of pumping schedule to minimize the energy cost using variable-speed pumps in water distribution networks

Despite considerable pumping energy costs in pumping stations of water distribution networks (WDNs), there are not many studies offering pumping schedule in order to optimize pumping energy costs regarding the WDN design. This paper aims to focus on the optimization of the WDN pumping station schedule by means of variable-speed pump (VSP) and using a combination of the ant system iteration best algorithm (AS_ib) and EPANET2.0. In fact, the VSP is implemented to increase the flexibility of pumping station and obtain the pumping schedule with optimized energy cost as the water demand changes during a day. Given that vast search space in optimization process leads to a decrease in the quality of final results, in this study, two heuristic methods coupled with AS_ib are proposed in order to reduce the number of feasible solutions in the search space. The optimization results showed that the proposed heuristic approaches have considerably improved the quality of solutions produced by the AS_ib and enhanced the navigation of the optimization process. The results of optimization for the Richmond network, similar to the genetic algorithm (GA), showed that the AS_ib was capable of improving pumping energy costs. Besides, using the variable-speed pump in an optimized pump scheduling could lead to greater savings (about 10%) in pumping energy costs compared with the single-speed pump (SSP).     

供水泵站水泵性能现场测试技术探讨

供水泵房水泵的运行工况数据和相关工作特性曲线是供水系统优化运行和科学管理的重要基础数据。佛山市水业集团公司利用泵站现有的监测设备，自行组织实施水泵现场测试工作。通过分析其测试内容和方法以及对测试结果的验证，证实了该测试技术的有效性和可靠性，证明了供水企业自行实施水泵测试工作的可行性，对供水企业的生产调度具有直接的指导意义。     

水源热泵技术应用及实例系统分析

根据山东省滨州市滨南社区某工程的工程实践,阐述水源热泵系统使用灵活、可供热及最大限度地回收低位热能、节约能源等优点;介绍和讨论水源热泵操作、运行管理优越性和新进展;并建议在有条件的地方,应大力推广该技术。     

海潮影响区抽水试验静止水位取值的探讨

滨海地区地下水受潮汐影响而波动,在该地区进行抽水试验,其静止水位取值是一个难点.本文以宁波市蛇蟠涂围垦区S1号孔抽水试验为例,通过建立孔内地下水与潮水的峰谷值水位联动关系,利用易获取的潮水位峰、谷值数据来推算地下水位的峰、谷值,从而计算地下水的静止水位.研究表明,S1号孔内水位大致呈正弦曲线形态波动,与临近闸口的潮水位...     

水井抽水过程消耗的功和能

本文试图从功和能的角度分析抽水井的能量转化。抽水过程是通过抽水设备输入一定能量，克服井管内外的摩阻，把水由地下提升到地表的作功过程。抽水设备输入的有用功是决定水井出水量分配和产生能量转化，即引起水头下降的根本原因。按能量守恒定律，抽水设备输出的有用功，一部分消耗于井管内的阻力损失；另一部分传递到井底推动地下水向井汇流。     

Embodied energy comparison of surface water and groundwater supply options

The embodied energy associated with water provision comprises an important part of water management, and is important when considering sustainability. In this study, an input-output based hybrid analysis integrated with structural path analysis was used to develop an embodied energy model. The model was applied to a groundwater supply system (Kalamazoo, Michigan) and a surface water supply system (Tampa, Florida). The two systems evaluated have comparable total energy embodiments based on unit water production. However, the onsite energy use of the groundwater supply system is approximately 27% greater than the surface water supply system. This was primarily due to more extensive pumping requirements. On the other hand, the groundwater system uses approximately 31% less indirect energy than the surface water system, mainly because of fewer chemicals used for treatment. The results from this and other studies were also compiled to provide a relative comparison of embodied energy for major water supply options.     

某高校天然气分布式能源站及供能管网系统

上海某新建高校采用天然气分布式能源系统通过供能管网实现区域供能。能源中心以天然气作为一次能源,采用冷热电三联供技术,并辅以电制冷机组和燃气热水锅炉作为调峰设备,可满足该新建校区所有冷热负荷需求,能源综合利用效率达到80%以上。能源中心通过校区各二级泵房向各空调末端直接提供循环冷热水,通过校区各热交换机房提供生活热水一次侧热媒。空调供能管网及生活热水热媒管网均采用两管制闭式循环系统。目前该能源中心及供能系统已成功运行。     

The contribution of science to risk-based decision-making: lessons from the development of full-scale treatment measures for acidic mine waters at Wheal Jane, UK

The use of risk-based decision-making in environmental management is often assumed to rely primarily on the availability of robust scientific data and insights, while in practice socio-economic criteria are often of considerable importance. However, the relative contributions to decision-making made by scientific and socio-economic inputs are rarely assessed, and even less commonly reported. Such an assessment has been made for a major remediation project in southwest England, in which some 300 l/s of highly acidic, metalliferous mine waters are now being treated using oxidation and chemical neutralisation. In the process of reaching the decision to commission the treatment plant, a wide range of scientific studies were undertaken, including: biological impact assessments, hydrogeological investigations of the effect of pumping on the flooded mine system, and hydrological and geochemical characterisation, together with integrated catchment modelling, of pollutant sources and pathways. These investigations revealed that, despite the spectacular nature of the original mine water outburst in 1992, the ecology of the Fal estuary remains remarkably robust. No scientific evidence emerged of any grounds for concern over the estuarine ecology, even if mine water were left to flow untreated. However, a rare ecological resource known as "maerl" (a form of calcified seaweed) is harvested annually in the estuary, providing significant revenue to the local economy and underpinning the 'clean' image of local sea water. Social and environmental benefit surveys revealed strong public perceptions that any visible discoloration in the estuary must indicate a diminution in quality of the maerl, to the detriment of both the public image and economy of the area. This factor proved sufficient to justify the continued pump-and-treat operations at the mine site. Although the decisive factor in the end was socio-economic in nature, robust assessment of this factor could not have been made without robust scientific evidence. It is concluded that investment in investigating and contributing to the formation of public perceptions is just as important as investing in scientific investigations per se.     

Price elasticity of the demand for water in Southern California

Summary In summary, we can state that econometric evidence suggests an elasticity of -.35 for household uses in Southern California. This is comprised of elasticities of -.24 and -.7 for inside and outside uses respectively.The data on industrial demand is less evident, but suggests an elasticity of well above -1.0 for low prices of water, that is, before recirculation systems have been installed. Only those using ground water or brackish water are paying prices around 5¢ per thousand gallons or $15 per acre-foot (Prices here mean the cost of pumping and sometimes for a pumping tax of acquiring such water.). If these industries should begin paying marginal costs of supplying water, then we can expect a substantial reduction in water consumption by them as they use recirculation systems. For industries which derive water from municipal supplies, they are already paying relatively high prices for water and therefore have already initiated water saving devices. For them the price elasticity is probably quite low, around -.2 or highly inelastic.In agriculture, with substantial opportunity for factor substitution, but less than expected possibilities of pricing crops out of production, an elasticity of-.5 seems appropriate, although this figure must be interpreted with caution as the data is just not available to confirm this estimate.Combining the above, the fresh-water demand for water will be in the neighborhood of -.3, as municipal demands are the dominant factor determining demand in Southern California. An elasticity of -.3 which is actually rather close to previous studies, is still less elastic than most. However, these conclusions must be tentative awaiting the results of another half year of study on a very complex market for water.The Author is Lecturer in the Department of Economics, University of California, Los Angeles.     

污水泵站设备运行管理经验

对济宁市4座污水中途提升泵站基本运行情况作了简要介绍,通过分析近年来各个泵站日均提水量,指出必须新建污水处理厂,具体阐述了污水泵站设备运行管理经验,提出应不断完善管理制度,对泵站设备进行更新改造,开发完善泵站自动控制系统。     

青岛国际商务港水源热泵工程设计与应用

水源热泵在大型公共建筑中得到越来越广泛的应用.以青岛国际商务港工程为背景,根据水源热泵系统设计原理,确定了水源热泵水文地质勘察、水质处理、地下水抽取与回灌及其双管路系统施工工艺.实践证明,水源热泵技术利用清洁的可再生能源,具有效率高、节能、环保等优点,施工工艺简单且经济效益显著.     

Solar-based atmospheric water generator utilisation of a fresh water recovery: A numerical study

In many regions in the world, the climate conditions are suitable for generating drinkable water; however, they have one or more types of water scarcity. An alternative method for fresh water recovery from atmosphere had been studied in this paper. The studied method is designed for Arabic Gulf countries or similar by using solar-based thermoelectric generator utilisation. The existence of solar energy and humid air gives a good chance for effective productivity. Nowadays, the mathematical model is able to give a good representation of the different cases. The use of recent numerical modelling is robust enough to give accurate results with cost and time saving. For simplification; the cases in this paper were supposed to be the fluid flow region, it means that the simulation will not be involved in the multi physics. The cases have been simulated in 3D using commercial CFD software called Star-CCM+. For the proposed system, four parameters were studied, which were the pressure drop over the flow bath, the water productivity per square metre as the goal parameter and the influence of ambient temperature as well as humidity. The ambient conditions were considered as the design parameters. The three different climatic regions are Red Sea, Arabic Gulf, and southern Europe (south Spain). Only summer climatic conditions are considered. It is found that the pumping power required for air fan did not exceed 9.1 W. Fresh water productivity of the unit was up to 3.9 L/h/m².     

HVAC system optimization for energy management by evolutionary programming

Energy management of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems is a primary concern in building projects, since the energy consumption in electricity has the highest percentage in HVAC among all building services installations and electric appliances. Without sacrifice of thermal comfort, to reset the suitable operating parameters, such as the chilled water temperature and supply air temperature, would have energy saving with immediate effect. For the typical commercial building projects, it is not difficult to acquire the reference settings for efficient operation. However, for some special projects, due to the specific design and control of the HVAC system, conventional settings may not be necessarily energy-efficient in daily operation.In this paper, the simulation-optimization approach was proposed for the effective energy management of HVAC system. Due to the complicated interrelationship of the entire HVAC system, which commonly includes the water side and air side systems, it is necessary to suggest optimum settings for different operations in response to the dynamic cooling loads and changing weather conditions throughout a year. A metaheuristic simulation–EP (evolutionary programming) coupling approach was developed using evolutionary programming, which can effectively handle the discrete, non-linear and highly constrained optimization problems, such as those related to HVAC systems. The effectiveness of this simulation–EP coupling suite was demonstrated through the establishment of a monthly optimum reset scheme for both the chilled water and supply air temperatures of the HVAC installations of a local project. This reset scheme would have a saving potential of about 7% as compared to the existing operational settings, without any extra cost.     

Thermal uses of geothermal energy

The world potential for geothermal energy represents a substantial augmentation to energy supplies at costs competitive with petroleum at present prices. About 20 nations have geothermal projects or experiments underway and at least another 25 nations have geothermal potential. Current uses of geothermal energy include space heating and cooling, greenhouses. Soil warming, kiln drying, and electric energy production. Numerous new applications appear to be feasible, such as environmentally controlled livestock production, absorption refrigeration, and industrial processing in such areas as pulp and paper, wood chemicals, sugar beets, and corn products. Geothermal energy can be applied with state-of-the-art technology, with improvement in corrosion control and down-hole pumping. Incentives may be needed to stimulate geothermal investment to overcome the higher front-end costs of geothermal installations.

Geothermal energy is a promising future source of electric energy, ambient heat, and direct thermal uses. Currently in the world today, geothermal energy supplies about 1.500MWe per year in electric power and the equivalent of 7,000MWe per year in thermal energy utilization, mostly for space heating. Within the next three decades, the world supply of electric energy from geothermal energy is estimated to increase to about 200,00OMWe/yr. The United States has about one-tenth of the world's geothermal resources and should have about 20,000MWe/yr. on line in about thirty years.

The amount of thermal heat utilization from geothermal sources is somewhat problematical in the future, due to cost factors and the localized nature of geothermal applications. Transmission heat losses of geothermal fluids limit transmission lines to about ten miles or less, which means that thermal applications must be near to the geothermal source to be economical. On the positive side, however, there are many more lower temperature (under 200 degrees C) geothermal well sites In the world than there are high temperature sources capable of generating electric power (which usually requires about 200 degrees C or higher) Assuming then that thermal applications can be maximized near the geothermal sources, the ambient heat utilization of geothermal energy has been estimated to be up to 60.000MWe/yr. equivalent in the United States, which could imply more than 600,000MWe/yr. equivalent in the world.

Seen in this light, geothermal energy is a useful augmentation to the alternate energy sources of the world. While the amount of geothermal energy may seem small relative to the 1 ¾ billion megawatts of installed electric generating capacity in the world, geothermal energy provides new capacity for economic growth which would otherwise be absent In the energy-constricted future. Moreover, geothermal energy is competitive in cost with fossil fuels at current petroleum prices for many applications [1]; and it has few technology problems since its technology is closely related to existing heat conversion methods. The main new problems in geothermal energy are corrosion control and downhole pumping, both of which appear to be manageable. Moreover, geothermal energy appears to have fewer environmental problems than either coal or nuclear power. Therefore, geothermal energy may well be looked upon as the next most immediate source of alternate energy.

Other alternate energy sources include wind and solar energy. Lower temperature solar energy, such as black-body or radiation absorption for water heating, is practical in the near term at cost premiums around 2 to 5 times natural gas. Passive solar radiation systems in home-building, which tie the structure into a large heat sink such as water columns or the subsurface floor, are also practical at a modest cost premium. Wind energy for electric power conversion costs about one order of magnitude more than fossil fuel or geothermal energy; and high temperature solar radiation, i.e. focused array towers, or solar energy cells cost about two orders of magnitude more than fossil or geothermal energy. In this perspective, then, geothermal energy appears to be among the early candidates for substantial development both for electric energy and direct thermal utilization.     

建设项目混凝土泵送全过程质量管理体系研究

针对建设项目混凝土泵送质量管理中存在的问题,以全过程质量管理理论为基础,将建设项目混凝土泵送质量管理分为准备、生产、运输和泵送4个阶段。结合混凝土泵送施工特点,基于人-机-料-法-环理论对各阶段影响混凝土泵送质量的因素进行分析,提出了混凝土泵送质量控制指标,构建了建设项目混凝土泵送全过程质量管理指标体系,为混凝土泵送质量管理提供了重要依据和参考。     

Assessing energy-saving measures in buildings through an intelligent decision support model

Indeed, in the recent years, important efforts in applying energy management processes have been focused on the building sector, which demonstrates the increasing energy intensity and energy consumption indexes. The role of the building energy management systems (BEMS) is known and significant in this respect, for the management of the daily energy operations of a typical building. Effective energy management however requires the use of tools and methodologies that support the strategic decision making process of selecting energy saving measures, which are viable and environmental friendly. The aim of this paper is the presentation of an innovative intelligent decision support model for the identification of the need for intervention and further evaluation of energy saving measures in a typical existing building, based on the systematic incorporation of BEMS data (loads, demands and user requirements). The operation of the model is supportive to the decision makers authorized with the energy-efficient performance of the building and responsible for its management (energy auditors and building administration). In addition, the corresponding computerized decision support system and the appraisal of its pilot application to a typical existing office building in Athens, Greece, are presented and discussed.     

抽水试验自动化采集系统及工程应用

基于工程勘察中简易抽水试验的目的及计算方法,自行研制了抽水试验自动化采集系统SKY-2009,可以对试验井的水位、水温等进行自动化监测,使简易抽水试验得以高效、经济、可靠运行.对采集系统的组成、原理等进行了简要说明,以天津地铁4号线工程为例,介绍了运用本套系统进行抽水试验的方法、试验参数,分别采用稳定流及非稳定流计算方...     

基于宏观模型的给水管网优化运行研究

采用分级寻优建立了大规模城市给水管网系统优化运行决策模型。第一级寻优以能耗、制水成本等为目标函数,以各泵站流量为决策变量建模,采用约束变尺度法(WHP)求解;第二级寻优是在满足第一级寻优所要求的泵站流量和出口压力的前提下,求解泵站内的水泵组合优化方案,采用简约梯度算法(RG)求解,并将水泵分为定速泵、调速泵和混合泵分别建立模型并求解各水泵运行方案,提高了计算速度和实用性。采用所建模型对天津市给水管网系统进行优化取得了较为可观的经济效益。     

Wind turbine utilization for water pumping in Jordan

This paper presents a survey of wind turbine water-pumping applications in Jordan, either by direct pumping through mechanical means, or indirectly by generating electric power to drive pumps. Up until now Jordan does not have any proven indigenous traditional energy resources such as coal, gas, or oil. Therefore, we have to look at renewable energy resources with all sincerity and concern to utilize it for multi-purpose functions such as water pumping. We recommend using wind energy to meet the energy requirements for remote villages, settlements, and farms of Jordan.