吸附还原催化系统降低稀燃汽油机NOx排放试验研究

采用NOx吸附还原催化器和传统的三效催化器组合而形成的新型催化转化系统,在一台改装的产品四气门电控燃油喷射准均质稀燃汽油机上进行了催化技术降低稀燃汽油机NOx排放的试验研究.试验结果表明当t稀t浓=200 s20 s时,仅用NOx吸附还原催化器或三效催化器位于吸附还原催化器之后的催化器布置可以使稀燃汽油机的NOx排放降低到300×10-6左右,降低62.5%,而三效催化器位于吸附还原催化器之前的催化器布置可以大幅降低稀燃汽油机的NOx排放,达到50×10-6左右,降低93%.而且随着t稀t浓绝对时间的减小,稀燃汽油机的NOx排放浓度降低.稀燃汽油机转速和负荷增大,NOx排放浓度增大,NOx催化转化率CNox减小.     

降低富氧条件下汽油机NOX排放技术方案分析

稀燃技术由于可以改善发动机的经济性和排放已越来越受到人们的重视。然而，由于稀燃的富氧燃烧，使得N0x降低较小。本文介绍并分析了国内外降低富氧下稀燃汽油机N0x排放的几种技术。     

降低稀燃汽油机NOx排放的试验研究

设计了一种新型催化转化系统并对一台改装后的电控燃油喷射四缸16气门稀燃汽油机进行了降低NOx排放的试验研究。试验结果表明：该催化转化系统可以有效地降低稀燃汽油机的NOx排放。在中低转速、中小负荷即稀燃发动机常用工况下，NOx催化转化率最高可以达到97.3％。     

电控五气门汽油机稀燃与废气再循环性能对比研究

在一电控喷射稀薄燃烧五气门汽油机上，以稀薄燃烧汽油机电控开发系统及相应的废气再循环系统为试验平台，对五气门汽油机在各种进气模式下实施稀混合气燃烧及废气再循环时的燃油消耗率和排放性能进行了详细的试验研究，进而对本发动机的稀燃性能与废气再循环性能进行了比较，分析实施不同方法对发动机性能的不同影响效果，实验结果表明，采用分层EGR技术以后，EGR比率可达32％，稀燃和分层废气再循环都有效地降低了NOx排放，分层废气再循环对NOx降低的效果更为明显，而且降低速度更快，尤其在中、低负荷，可以使排气中的NOx降低85％～95％．对于油耗，稀燃的效果显然要好于废气再循环，在较高负荷尤为明显，稀燃可显著降低HC、CO，分层EGR对HC、CO排放降低幅度不大。     

降低柴油机NOX排放的机外措施

NOx是柴油机排气中的主要有害排放物，机外措施是控制柴油机NOx排放的有效措施，是柴油机排放控制的关键技术之一。本文介绍的降低柴油机NOx排放的机外措施有：稀NOx技术，等离子体技术，NOx的吸附一催化技术，选择性催化还原技术。     

CuAgLa多组分钛硅分子筛／堇青石整体式催化剂降低稀燃发动机NOx排放的试验研究

采用原位合成技术制作了多组分CuAgLa-TS-1/堇青石整体式催化剂,通过选择还原法降低稀燃汽油机NOx的排放.试验结果表明,不需额外添加还原物质,而采用稀燃发动机自己排放的HC和CO等作为还原物质可以对NOx排放进行选择还原.在排气温度为450 ℃左右、空速为28 500 h-1时,多组分分子筛催化剂的最大NOx转化效率为33.3%,较Cu-TS-1分子筛催化剂有所降低,但其维持较高的NOx转化率排温窗口较为宽广,区间可达80 ℃.经H2预还原后,多组分CuAgLa-TS-1稀燃催化剂对NOx的转化效率较未还原的催化剂的活性稍有提高,但耐久性变差.     

稀燃汽油机运转工况对吸附还原法降低NOx排放的影响

应用传统的三效催化器和稀燃NOx吸附还原催化器组成的新型复合尾气催化系统对稀燃发动机不同转速和负荷工况下的排放特性和燃油经济性的影响进行了实验研究．结果表明：稀燃发动机转速对其有害气体排放和燃油经济性的影响与稀燃吸附还原催化转化器稀燃运行时间与浓燃还原运行时间比值大小和绝对时间大小有关．稀燃发动机负荷大小是影响稀燃发动机排放特性和燃油经济性的主要因素,负荷越大,NOx有害气体排放浓度越高,NOx催化转化率越小,燃油经济性越好．     

重型增压预混天然气发动机动力性和排放性试验研究

为解决天然气发动机排放问题,对严重影响天然气发动机HC和NOx排放的空燃比和点火提前角这两个参数进行试验研究。结果表明,增大点火提前角可以提高发动机功率输出,降低有效燃气消耗率和HC排放,增加NOx排放;增大空燃比,发动机功率和NOx排放下降,而有效燃气消耗率和HC排放上升,且均在稀燃极限空燃比时急剧变化。     

层燃炉低NOX再燃烧技术的实验研究

在分析煤燃烧过程中NOx生成及破坏机理的基础上，提出采用再燃烧技术降低层燃炉NOx排放的方法，并通过热态单元体模拟炉，在不同高度上布置再燃燃料喷嘴和燃尽风喷嘴，实验研究了再燃燃料量、再燃区停留时间和主燃区空气过剩系数等因素对层燃炉NOx排放的影响。结果表明：采用再燃烧技术能有效降低NOx的排放，在实验条件下，降低NOx排放的最大值约为60％。图3表1参3     

天然气发动机的研究现状

天然气能降低发动机的有害物排放,是一种比较理想的发动机代用燃料。稀燃天然气发动机具有较高的热效率和较低的NOx排放。均质充量压缩着火(HCCI)燃烧也是提高稀燃天然气发动机热效率的方法之一,并有很低的NOx排放。本文综述了稀燃天然气发动机和HCCI天然气发动机的研究进展,尤其是燃烧室形状、点火系统、充量分层、加氢等对天然气发动机性能的影响及天然气HCCI发动机的燃烧与排放特点。     

FCC再生装置NOx生成机理及控制技术

氮氧化物(NOx)是一种主要的大气污染物.在石化炼油企业中,催化流化再生装置(FCC)是NOx排放的主要来源.介绍了FCC再生装置中NOx的生成机理,认为再生过程中生成的NOx主要来自裂解过程中沉积在催化剂表面的含氮化合物的氧化.现有的控制技术包括原料的预处理、设计新型的再生器、添加deNOx助剂、安装独立的尾气净化装置等,其中添加deNOx助剂的方法具有使用方便、投资小等特点,被认为是最有前景的FCC再生装置NOx控制技术.     

燃煤电站锅炉NOx排放的控制措施

基于我国燃煤电站锅炉NOx排放的实际情况,在对影响其NOx排放各因素进行分析的基础上,细化了低氧燃烧、空气分级燃烧、低NOx燃烧器和燃料分级燃烧技术在我国电站锅炉的应用,指出锅炉设计中应尽可能选用切向燃烧方式,将再燃技术应用于降低燃用低挥发分煤的固态排渣电站锅炉设计和改造中以进一步降低NOx排放并满足国家标准的要求,锅炉运行中尽量减小各喷口风粉量的偏差,合理组织沿炉膛水平方向和高度方向(倒梯形、缩腰形等)的分级燃烧实现降低NOx排放的最佳效果.     

天然气锅炉分级柔和燃烧模拟研究

燃气锅炉在我国应用广泛,随着煤改气的进行,应用越来越多, NO_x排放标准也越来越严格。降低NO_x的排放有利于减少空气污染。以小型天然气柔和燃烧炉膛为研究对象,通过数值模拟的方法研究燃料分级下的柔和燃烧特性,分析在不同当量比、不同热强度条件下轴向分级对炉膛烟气中NO_x生成的影响。结果表明,给定条件下柔和燃烧分级带来的NO_x减排收益随着二级燃料量的增加而减小,当二级燃料量在15%左右的时候可以最大程度地优化温度场分布,降低燃烧峰值温度,获得比较好的NO_x控制效果。随着当量比和热强度的提高,燃料分级带来的收益也会变大。     

燃煤流化床中N2O及NOx排放特性的试验研究

在一直径为１００ｍｍ的小型燃煤流化床反应器中试验研究了床温、过量空气系数和煤种对Ｎ２Ｏ及ＮＯｘ排放特性的影响。结果表明，随床温增加，Ｎ２Ｏ排放量减小，而ＮＯｘ排放量增加。降低过量空气系数能同时减少Ｎ２Ｏ和ＮＯｘ的排放量；且过量空气系数对Ｎ２Ｏ排放的影响与煤种有关。燃用含氮量高的煤，Ｎ２Ｏ和ＮＯｘ的排放量也高。燃料氮转化为Ｎ２Ｏ、ＮＯｘ的转换率与煤种有关，其中最主要的是挥发份含量。     

Technology adoption under time-differentiated market-based instruments for pollution control

Peak concentrations of ground-level ozone pose health risks to millions of U.S. citizens across the U.S. In order to reduce peak ozone concentrations, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from the power sector, among others, have been regulated with technology-based standards or, more commonly in recent years, market-based instruments such as cap-and-trade programs. However, the lack of temporal flexibility in current designs of these market-based instruments limits their cost-effectiveness on days forecasted to have the highest levels of pollution, including ozone precursors such as NOx, and as further emission reductions are sought, the marginal cost of these approaches increases dramatically. In this paper, we compare three regulatory schemes for reducing NOx emissions on high-ozone days: time-differentiated pricing, which prices NOx emissions only on days with high-ozone concentrations; undifferentiated pricing, which represents current NOx emission regulations; and technology-based standards. We develop a novel model that captures for the first time both the short- and long-term response of generators, through redispatching and control technology adoption, to a dynamic pricing scheme such as time-differentiated pricing. Unlike prior studies on time-differentiated pricing, the heart of our model, a unit commitment model, accounts for inter-temporal constraints on power generation that may be crucial to accurately capturing the response of generators to a transient price signal. We apply this model to the Texas power system and find that while control technology adoption (specifically selective catalytic reduction) does occur at very high time-differentiated prices, time-differentiated pricing mainly affects emissions and costs through redispatching of gas- for coal-fired generation. Furthermore, we show that time-differentiated pricing, due to its targeted pricing mechanism, provides a more cost-effective approach than undifferentiated pricing or technology-based standards for reducing NOx emissions on high-ozone days, but is not cost-effective at reducing summer-wide NOx emissions. Our results illustrate the trade-offs between these regulatory approaches and suggest that states should consider dynamic pricing schemes such as time-differentiated pricing for achieving further reductions in peak ozone concentrations.     

预喷策略对双燃料发动机燃烧和排放特性的影响

通过一台6缸直喷、高压共轨柴油机改装成的柴油引燃天然气发动机.试验研究预喷正时和预喷油量对燃烧参数和性能参数的影响,结果表明:相对单次喷射,较晚的预喷正时(30°CA BTDC)能提高发动机有效热效率(BTE),降低HC、CO排放,但NOx排放恶化,而较早的预喷正时(60°CA BTDC)能够在提高发动机BTE的同时,降低HC、CO排放,并且NOx排放基本保持不变;当预喷正时为60°CA BTDC,预喷油量适当增多(3~5 mg/cyc)能进一步提高发动机BTE,降低HC、CO和NOx排放;预喷油量进一步增加(6~7 mg/cyc),NOx排放恶化,并且由于着火相位波动导致燃烧稳定性变差.改善双燃料发动机燃烧和排放特性一方面要增加预喷柴油在可燃混合气中的分布,增大柴油与可燃混合气混合的时间,改善混合气的活性,进而提高燃烧速率;另一方面要强化主喷柴油喷射对着火相位的控制,防止着火相位不一致而恶化燃烧稳定性.     

The effect of air staged combustion on NOx emissions in dried lignite combustion

Experiments were carried out in a multi-path air inlet one-dimensional furnace to assess NOx emission characteristics of the staged combustion of BRXL lignite and its dried coals. The impact of moisture content, multiple air staging, pulverized coal fineness and burnout air position on NOx emissions under deep, middle and shallow air-staged combustion conditions. Moreover, the impact of blending coals on NOx emissions was investigated in this paper. The unburned carbon concentration in fly ash was also tested. Experimental results based on the combustion of BRXL lignite and its dried coals show that NOx emissions can be reduced drastically by air-staged combustion. NOx emissions reduce with the increase of the air that is staged and the distance between the burner and burnout air position. Dried coal of BRXL lignite emits a smaller amount of NOx than that of BRXL lignite. However, the dried degree of BRXL lignite is closely related to R₉₀ fineness. Dried coal with optimal moisture content yields least NOx emissions. When deep or middle staged combustion was adopted, the application of multi-staged combustion is conducive to NOx reduction. However, when shallow staged combustion was adopted, NOx emissions are higher in multi-staged combustion than that in single-staged combustion with M_S = 0.54. Thus, the existence of a certain concentration of O₂ in reduction zone would significantly reduce NOx emissions. The blending coals that dried coals of BRXL lignite were blended with bituminous coals emit a larger amount of NOx than that of the dried coal alone. NOx emissions decrease with the increase of the proportion of dried coal in the blending coal. Moreover, the unburned carbon concentration in fly ash of dried coal in staged combustion is lower than that of BRXL lignite in staged combustion. On the whole, the dried coal of BRXL lignite is conducive to NOx reduction in staged combustion.     

降低小型柴油机排放的试验研究

从生物混合燃料成分、燃烧室结构和排气再循环等方面探索降低柴油机排放的方法。通过对柴油机排放性能的大量试验研究,结果表明:对于直喷式柴油机,生物混合燃料的NOx排放与柴油的排放基本相当,碳烟排放则比柴油有较大幅度的降低,而涡流室柴油机,NOx的排放量却有大幅度的降低,碳烟排放则比直喷式柴油机有更大幅度的降低,生物燃料的添加比例对NOx的排放影响不大。柴油机采用排气再循环技术后,混合燃料的碳烟排放仍比柴油少,混合燃料可以承载一定的EGR率而不增加碳烟排放。排气再循环可以大幅度地降低NOx排放且与EGR率有关,与燃料的性质关系不大。涡流室柴油机采用生物燃料和排气再循环,可以同时降低NOx和碳烟的排放,排放效果非常优良。     

A comprehensive study on NOx emission and fuel nitrogen conversion of solid biomass in bubbling fluidized beds under staged combustion

Despite the relatively low emissions in fluidized-bed combustion, NOx emission for biomass combustion is still a major concern because of increasingly stricter regulations. To realize NOx emission behavior in fluidized beds comprehensively, the effects of bed temperature, excess oxygen, staged combustion, and flue gas recirculation (FGR) are investigated in this study. In particular, three different types of operation are applied in staged combustion to find out the key parameter. The results indicate that NOx emissions increase with both bed temperature and excess oxygen, in which the influence of excess oxygen is greater than the other. Lowering bed temperature by water addition seems to be able to simultaneously reduce NOx emission and agglomerate formation, especially for fuels with high nitrogen content, but the pros and cons should be considered. The results in staged combustion infer that the residence time is much more critical than the stoichiometry in the bed. As for FGR, its impact appears to depend on the type of fuel. The correlation between NOx emission behavior and fuel characteristics is also scrutinized; it is concluded that the fuel-N conversion to NOx is essentially related to some features of fuels.     

基于IMRAN的电站锅炉效率与NO_x排放模型

电站锅炉高效低NOx燃烧优化技术越来越受到人们的重视,而锅炉燃烧效率和NOx排放模型是高效低NOx燃烧优化的基础.从提高网络的泛化能力着手,对最小资源分配网络算法的隐节点删减策略进行改进,加入惩罚策略和合并策略,并把改进的MRAN算法应用到对电站锅炉NOx排放与效率的实时建模上.仿真结果表明,改进的MRAN算法除了具有一般MRAN算法的优点外,还具有比MRAN网络更加紧凑的结构.提出的网络算法具有多输出结构,可同时预测NOx排放与效率,适于用在电站锅炉的NOx排放与效率的燃烧实时整体优化中.