不同贮藏温度下稻花鸡肉优势腐败菌变化及Arrhenius 货架期预测模型的建立

为获得稻花鸡肉腐败菌的Arrhenius货架期预测模型,采用培养基初步筛选与16S rDNA全基因序列鉴定优势腐败菌,研究不同贮藏温度（25、4、0℃）下优势腐败菌和菌落总数的生长变化,通过化学反应动力学方程构建菌落总数、假单胞菌和沙雷氏菌货架期预测模型并进行验证。结果表明,稻花鸡肉在贮藏过程中逐渐占主导地位的优势腐败菌是假单胞菌属莓实假单胞菌和肠杆菌科沙雷氏菌属液化沙雷氏菌。稻花鸡肉25℃常温贮藏下货架期不超过0.5 d,腐败中后期沙雷氏菌占主导地位,4℃冷藏保鲜货架期不超过4 d,假单胞菌和沙雷氏菌均随贮藏时间的延长呈增长趋势,0℃冰温贮藏货架期不超过10 d,贮藏后期假单胞菌和沙雷氏菌差异性不显著。利用菌落总数、假单胞菌、沙雷氏菌3个指标建立货架期预测模型,3种货架期预测模型预测值与实测值对比,平均相对误差均在允许范围内,预测效果最佳的是假单胞菌货架期预测模型。菌落总数、假单胞菌和沙雷氏菌货架期预测模型均能对稻花鸡肉的货架期进行真实预测。     

真空包装牛肉冷藏过程理化和微生物变化

将牛肉真空包装贮藏在4℃条件下,每3 d测定其p H、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、菌落总数,并利用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电脉(PCR-DGGE)技术来研究其贮藏过程的菌相变化。结果表明:4℃条件下,真空包装冷却牛肉菌落总数在12 d超过6.0 lg cfu/g,p H在贮藏21 d时超过6.0,TVB-N在贮藏18 d时超过25 mg/100 g,根据理化指标结果显示可知真空包装冷却牛肉贮藏期为12 d;贮藏初期主要存在苍白杆菌、巨球菌、Bosea vestrisii;贮藏末期主要含有成团泛菌、乳酸杆菌、热死环丝菌、慢生根瘤菌属、广布肉杆菌、美洲爱文氏菌、拉恩氏菌、肠杆菌。     

工厂实测冷鲜鸡冷却贮藏过程品质的变化

探讨冷鲜鸡在冷却加工及贮藏过程中的品质变化情况。检测指标包括:p H、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、菌落总数、尸胺含量、蒸煮损失率、质构指标(TPA),测试时间点为工厂环境下鸡刚宰杀、冷却排酸结束、冷藏1 d、冷藏2 d及冷藏6 d。研究表明:冷藏2 d时,鸡腿肉及鸡胸肉蒸煮损失率分别为11.86%、16.80%,为整个加工冷藏过程的最低值,且维持较好质构特性。随冷藏时间延长,鸡肉TVB-N值、菌落总数、尸胺含量均不同程度增加。冷藏6 d时,鸡腿肉TVB-N值趋近15 mg/100 g,菌落总数已略微超过一级鲜肉菌落总数值(106CFU/g),尸胺含量也达到1.820 mg/kg;而鸡胸肉TVB-N值与菌落总数均低于一级鲜肉标准值,尸胺含量为1.585 mg/kg。研究所得结论是:冷藏1 d内冷鲜鸡处于僵直期,鸡肉尚未成熟,理想食用阶段在冷藏2 d左右,且冷鲜鸡货架期不宜超过6 d。     

小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌在冷鲜鸡肉上的生长

将小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌接种到无该菌污染的冷鲜鸡肉上,测定接种前后于4℃贮藏的冷鲜鸡肉在第0、2、4、6、8、10天时的理化指标和微生物指标,包括p H值、挥发性盐基氮值(Total Volalite Base Nitrogen,TVBN)、菌落总数、嗜冷菌总数以及耶氏菌总数,并综合感官评价结果分析各指标间的相关性。最后通过结合16S r DNA基因序列分析及PCR扩增方法鉴定冷鲜鸡肉在贮藏过程中的菌相组成变化。实验结果表明:接种前后,冷鲜鸡肉的TVB-N值、菌落总数、嗜冷菌总数、耶氏菌总数都随贮藏时间延长而增大;p H值呈波动上升再下降趋势;感官评定分数一直下降;货架期由8 d缩短到6 d。从菌相鉴定结果中发现,假单胞菌属、希瓦氏菌属在贮藏过程中一直处于优势地位,且在贮藏后期检出了罕见的哈夫尼亚菌属。     

比较鸡脯肉冷藏与冰温贮藏期间品质的变化

将新鲜鸡脯肉分别置于4℃和﹣1℃环境中贮藏,定期取样测定其菌落总数、pH值、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、感官性状等指标,研究冷藏和冰温贮藏对鸡脯肉保鲜期的影响,以期获得最佳贮藏温度.结果表明:冰温能很好地延缓鸡脯肉的腐败变质,且冰温处理组较冷藏处理组鸡脯肉的保鲜货架期可以延长10d左右.     

微冻和冷藏对牙鲆贮藏品质的影响

以感官、理化和微生物为指标,研究了微冻(-2℃)和冷藏(4℃)对牙鲆品质变化及货架期的影响。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,牙鲆鱼的感官品质显著下降(p0.01),菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)含量、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)值和K值均呈显著上升趋势(p0.01),且微冻贮藏时各指标的变化速率都低于冷藏;质构特性中的硬度、弹性、咀嚼度和粘聚性随贮藏时间的延长而显著下降(p0.05),p H与贮藏时间及其他理化指标(TBA除外)相关性不显著。综合感官评分、TVB-N值及菌落总数等指标得出牙鲆在4℃和-2℃贮藏条件下的货架期分别为9 d和12 d。与冷藏相比,微冻能更有效地抑制微生物的生长,延长其货架期。     

冰温贮藏对鸡胸肉品质变化的影响

将新鲜鸡胸肉分别置于4℃和-1℃环境中贮藏,定期取样测定其菌落总数、pH值、挥发性盐基氮(Total volatile base-nitrogen,TVB-N)、失水率、感官性状等指标,比较冰温和冷藏对鸡胸肉保鲜期的影响,为鸡肉的保鲜提供参考。结果表明:冰温保鲜能很好控制鸡胸肉的细菌总数和TVB-N,延缓pH升高。冰温贮藏至18 d时,细菌总数为4.6×10~5 cfu/g,在国家标准(≤10~6 cfu/g)的范围内,TVB-N值为18.95 mg/100 g,符合国家二级鲜肉的标准(≤20 mg/100 g),pH为6.30,符合国家二级鲜肉的标准(6.3~6.6)。-1℃冰温较4℃冷藏能更好地延缓鸡胸肉的腐败变质,可延长保鲜期13 d。     

不同冰温贮藏对鸡胸肉品质变化的影响

以4℃冷鲜贮藏条件为对照,设置-0.7℃和-2.4℃两个冰温贮藏条件,贮藏期内定期对鸡胸肉的剪切力、硬度、p H值、挥发性盐基氮、菌落总数和大肠菌群指标进行测定,研究不同贮藏条件下鸡胸肉品质的变化;以贮藏时间为因子、菌落总数对数值为指标,建立不同贮藏温度条件下的货架期预测模型.结果表明:在-0.7℃和-2.4℃条件下贮藏鸡胸肉,随贮藏时间的延长,鸡胸肉的剪切力、p H值、挥发性盐基氮、菌落总数值缓慢上升,硬度迅速下降,大肠菌群变化缓慢,货架期分别为13 d和19 d;在4℃条件下贮藏鸡胸肉,其货架期为6 d.由此可见,冰温贮藏可有效延长货架期.     

冰温贮藏对黄羽肉鸡肌肉感官品质和游离氨基酸变化的影响

目的 探讨冰温贮藏对黄羽肉鸡肌肉品质及主要呈味物质的影响。方法 以80 d龄黄羽肉鸡为试验材料, 将其分为–1.5 ℃冰温及４ ℃冷藏2个组, 研究挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N)和感官评价指标变化, 根据GB 2707得出鸡肉的货架期。在货架期内, 通过氨基酸自动分析法, 检测16种游离氨基酸(free amino acid, FAA)含量。结果 随着贮藏时间的延长, 黄羽肉鸡肌肉的TVB-N值呈现上升的趋势, 而感官评分呈现降低的趋势, 且冰温贮藏比冷藏下降缓慢。在货架期内, 冰温贮藏条件下总游离氨基酸含量比冷藏增加了49.53%; 必需游离氨基酸含量增加了42.05%, 呈味游离氨基酸含量增加了80.52%。结论 与冷藏相比, 冰温贮藏能很好控制黄羽肉鸡肌肉TVB-N值的升高, 延缓肌肉褐变, 明显增加了鸡肉的滋味和适口性。     

冰温保鲜过程中鸡肉品质及微观结构的变化

为探寻鸡肉合适保鲜方法,以4℃对照,研究20 d内,-1.5℃冰温贮藏对鸡肉品质及微观结构影响。结果表明,在4℃与-1.5℃贮藏条件下,随贮藏时间延长,鸡肉L~*、a~*、b~*值均先升高后下降,持水性、硬度、弹性总体下降,TBA值、TVB-N值总体上升,但-1.5℃贮藏鸡肉各项品质指标均明显优于4℃贮藏鸡肉。2种贮藏条件下鸡肉的T_(2b)、T_(21)、T_(22)出峰值均向较长时间方向移动,P_(21)持续下降,P_(22)持续上升;4℃贮藏6 d、-1.5℃贮藏18 d时鸡肉细胞结缔组织开始降解劣化。4℃贮藏4 d与-1.5℃贮藏16 d时,菌落总数分别为7×10~4、3.8×10~5CFU/g(符合国家标准规定限值1×10~6CFU/g),TVB-N值分别为16.55、20.32 mg/100 g(符合国家二级鲜肉标准),冰温贮藏可使鸡肉保鲜期延长12 d。实验结果可为提高鸡肉品质,延长其货架期提供科学依据。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.