四个荔枝品种采后低温贮藏品质指标差异分析及评价

为了探讨(4±1)℃低温条件下贮藏对"妃子笑"、"桂味"、"糯米糍"、"淮枝"四个荔枝品种品质指标的影响,以色差值、褐变指数、好果率、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、呼吸强度为指标进行研究,并采用主成分分析建立线性回归方程和评价模型,对四个品种进行综合评价。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,四个荔枝品种色差值变化不同,"妃子笑"最稳定。褐变指数均呈递增趋势,"糯米糍"增加最明显,贮藏7 d,其褐变指数为4.267,好果率为0,"妃子笑"和"桂味"褐变程度低,贮藏14 d时,褐变指数分别为2.250和2.417,好果率仍高于60%。整个贮藏期间,"桂味"的可溶性固形物含量变化最大,下降7.19%,"淮枝"变化最小,含量升高0.34%。可滴定酸含量先升后降,贮藏14 d,"糯米糍"下降幅度最大,达32.14%,"淮枝"变化不明显,另外两个品种在贮藏第21 d时才明显下降,分别下降38.78%和35.37%。在14~28 d内,"糯米糍"的果实呼吸强度明显高于其他三个品种,其呼吸作用旺盛。主成分分析综合得分不同,得分从大到小依次是"妃子笑" > "桂味" > "糯米糍" > "淮枝"。因此,在低温下,"妃子笑"和"桂味"更耐贮藏,品质指标更好;"糯米糍"和"淮枝"不耐贮藏,品质指标更差。     

不同波长LED光源照射对采后冷藏蓝莓理化品质的影响

为研究光照处理对采后蓝莓冷藏期间理化品质的影响,该实验以黑暗处理为对照组,在4 ℃、12 d全光照条件下对蓝莓进行不同波长LED红光（620 nm）、蓝光（460 nm）和白光（450 nm）三种光源处理,每2 d分别取样,分析不同LED光源照射处理对蓝莓贮藏期间外观品质和营养成分指标的影响。结果表明：与黑暗对照组相比,各光照处理均有利于保持果实原有色泽,贮藏12 d后,蓝光处理组蓝莓的硬度最高,可溶性固形物质量分数、可滴定酸含量分别为13.15%和1.27%,花青素含量达到了45.79 mg/g,是对照组的3.48倍;各光照处理组中,LED蓝光能显著抑制丙二醛物质的增加,其含量仅为0.88 μmol/g;且蓝、红光照辐射可显著抑制PPO、POD活性的增加,减少蓝莓果实的褐变程度,其中蓝光效果更加显著（P<0.05）。因此,蓝光处理更有利于保持蓝莓采后贮藏品质和营养价值,延长货架期,同时为蓝莓采后保鲜技术提供理论依据,具备一定的应用潜力。     

荔枝气调贮藏时间对货架期品质变化的影响

为掌握荔枝气调贮藏时间对贮藏品质和货架期品质的影响规律,本试验以“淮枝”荔枝为试验材料,采用液氮充注气调保鲜试验平台进行试验,研究了气调贮藏中荔枝贮藏品质的变化,以及不同气调贮藏时间的荔枝分别在低温和常温条件下货架期品质的变化。结果表明：气调贮藏过程中,可滴定酸（TA）含量、色差L＊、a＊值下降速度和质量损失率、褐变指数上升速度在气调贮藏前7d较快,而好果率、可溶性固形物（TSS）含量、色差b＊值在气调贮藏14d后下降速度较快。随着气调贮藏时间的延长,常温条件和低温条件下对应荔枝货架期品质逐渐下降,但是对比常温和低温条件下荔枝品质变化发现,低温条件下荔枝货架期品质下降速度低于常温条件,低温条件对质量损失率、好果率以及色差a‘值的影响显著,对褐变指数、TSS含量、TA含量的影响不显著。该研究为研究荔枝的气调贮藏和销售保鲜提供参考。     

激光微孔保鲜袋包装对采后荔枝果实的保鲜效应

为研究激光微孔保鲜袋包装处理对采后常温贮藏荔枝果实的保鲜效果,以“岵山晚荔”品种荔枝为试材,对采后荔枝果实进行普通聚乙烯(polyethylene, PE)薄膜袋(对照组)和激光微孔保鲜袋包装处理,而后置于(25±1)℃、相对湿度85%～90%的恒温箱中,定期测定荔枝果实的品质指标。结果表明,与PE包装相比,激光微孔保鲜袋包装能延缓荔枝果皮褐变指数和果实感病指数的上升,保持较高的商品率,抑制采后荔枝果实呼吸强度、失重率和果皮细胞膜透性的增加,减少可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、可溶性总糖和维生素C等营养物质含量的下降,维持荔枝果实良好的外观色泽。采用激光微孔保鲜袋包装的荔枝果实采后贮藏品质显著优于普通PE薄膜袋包装,研究结果可为荔枝采后常温贮藏保鲜提供便捷的处理方法。     

气调运输包装方式对荔枝保鲜品质的影响

为掌握气调保鲜运输中不同包装方式对荔枝保鲜品质的影响,以"淮枝"荔枝为试验材料,采用气调保鲜运输试验平台模拟保鲜运输试验,研究了气调运输中密封包装、无包装、孔袋包装等包装方式荔枝保鲜品质的变化。研究表明:整体而言,3种包装方式的保鲜效果由好到差依次为孔袋包装、密封包装、无包装;相对于无包装方式,密封包装方式和孔袋包装方式均可以明显地抑制荔枝质量损失率的下降和褐变指数的上升,运输至35 d时质量损失率均为3%以内;孔袋包装可以更好的抑制荔枝褐变和维持荔枝较高的好果率水平,运输至第7 d时仍可维持90%以上的好果率;在抑制质量损失率下降、抑制可溶性固形物和可滴定酸物质的分解方面,密封包装方式和孔袋包装方式无明显差异,而密封包装在运输7 d后可引起可滴定酸含量的上升。该研究为提高荔枝气调保鲜运输保鲜效果提供参考。     

不同单色LED对低温贮藏西兰花的保鲜作用

为改善西兰花的采后贮藏品质,以期为蔬菜保鲜的实际应用提供新思路。本文研究了低温下不同波长的单色发光二极管(lighting-emitting diode,LED)对西兰花品质的保鲜作用。本研究采用了红光(642 nm)、黄光(591 nm)、绿光(519 nm)、蓝光(464nm)、紫光(435nm)不同波长的单色LED照射西兰花,光照时间24h/d,并从感官、理化、营养和微生物指标综合评价分析不同单色LED对西兰花不同贮藏时期品质的影响。结果表明:不同单色LED光照能延缓西兰花在贮藏过程中营养品质的下降。贮藏12 d后,绿光LED(519 nm)能够最大程度地保持西兰花的感官品质,抑制亮度L*的增加,延缓叶绿素、还原糖及可溶性固形物的降解,同时能够有效地抑制微生物的增长速度,延缓色相角度H值的降低、保持维生素C的含量。因此,绿光LED照射对于西兰花的低温贮藏品质的保持效果最佳,从而延长西兰花的贮藏期。     

荔枝果皮色差a*值与其他品质指标的关联性

褐变是影响荔枝销售的主要因素之一,为掌握荔枝颜色变化与荔枝品质指标的关联关系,以"桂味"为试验材料,采用带孔PE袋进行包装,分别将其贮藏于气调和冷藏2种贮藏保鲜模式30d,研究了荔枝果皮色差a*值与其他品质指标的变化关系,并拟合成线性关系式。研究结果表明:气调模式比冷藏模式有利于抑制荔枝果皮色差a*值变化,荔枝果皮色差a*值分别从35.0降至28.97和20.96;荔枝果皮色差a*值与果皮失水率、褐变指数、花色素苷含量、果实失重率以及感官评定值成线性关系,平均相关系数为0.8609;荔枝果皮色差a*值与其电导率、pH值线性关系不显著,平均相关系数分别只有0.5392和0.4977;冷藏模式下,除感官评定值外,荔枝果皮色差a*值与其他品质指标的线性相关性要高于气调模式,平均相关系数分别为0.9465和0.7752。研究结果对研究以果皮色差预测荔枝贮藏期及货架期具有一定的参考价值。     

不同包装薄膜对荔枝气调贮藏品质的影响研究

为研究不同包装对荔枝果实气调贮藏品质的影响,在果蔬气调保鲜贮运实验平台上,以"怀枝"荔枝果实作为实验材料,分别采用包装盒、开孔PE袋以及微孔膜袋对其进行包装,开展荔枝果实贮藏实验,以比较不同包装对荔枝果实气调保鲜品质变化的影响。实验结果表明,微孔膜袋包装内外环境差异较小,当外环境温度为3~5℃,相对湿度为85%~95%时,包装内空气温度为5~6℃,相对湿度为88%~90%;经8 d的贮藏,包装盒、开孔PE袋以及微孔膜袋荔枝果实的失重率分别从0增大至1.36%、2.73%、0.74%;包装盒和微孔膜袋比开孔PE袋更能减缓荔枝果实褐变指数和好果率的变化;3种包装对荔枝果实果肉TSS和TA含量的变化影响不显著。研究结果对荔枝果实气调保鲜贮运包装的选择和设计具有一定的参考价值。     

电商物流包装贮运对‘翡脆’荔枝贮藏品质的影响

本文以荔枝新品种‘翡脆’、传统大宗品种‘桂味’为试材,分析了运用冰袋结合电商包装的物流包装贮运方法下荔枝果实采后生理及贮藏品质变化,同时也探究了‘翡脆’品种的贮藏特性。结果表明,电商物流包装贮运方式显著(P<0.05)降低了荔枝果实的呼吸强度、相对电导率;减缓了荔枝可溶性固形物(TSS)、可滴定酸(TA)及V_C含量的下降,并抑制了ΔE*值的上升和L*值的下降,保持了较好的果实感官品质。电商物流包装贮运方式还显著(P<0.05)降低了贮运期间特别是贮运中后期荔枝的失重率、褐变指数,并维持了较高的好果率,因此电商物流包装贮运方式可延缓果实衰老,延长贮藏期。同时,与‘桂味’相比,荔枝新品种‘翡脆’显示出更低的呼吸强度、相对电导率、ΔE*值及感官品质变化。此外,‘翡脆’荔枝的失重率、褐变指数低于‘桂味’,好果率及贮藏期均高于‘桂味’,表明‘翡脆’荔枝有着较好的持水性和耐贮性。     

两种气调保鲜方式对香菇贮藏品质及生理生化性质的影响

为了考察不同气调方式对鲜香菇的保鲜效果,采用聚乙烯（PE）膜自发气调包装和高CO₂控制气调保鲜香菇,以不做任何保鲜处理的香菇为对照,于4±1℃下贮藏20 d,测定香菇的蛋白质、还原糖、抗坏血酸（AsA）、总酚、类黄酮和丙二醛（MDA）的含量,以及过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）等褐变相关酶活性的变化。结果表明:两种气调方式保鲜香菇的各项指标均优于对照;较于高CO₂控制气调保鲜,PE膜自发气调包装能更好的抑制褐变相关酶POD、PPO和PAL的活性,降低MDA水平,减少蛋白质、还原糖、AsA等营养成分损失,维持较高的总酚和类黄酮含量,延缓细胞衰老进程,进而提高香菇的感官评分,因此,PE膜自发气调包装是一种较好的香菇贮藏保鲜方法。     

酶法水解麦胚制取持水剂的研究

采用响应面分析方法研究了酶法水解麦胚制取持水剂的生产工艺，并对产品应用于香肠中的抗氧化效果进行了试验。试验结果表明：酶法水解麦胚制取持水剂的优化工艺参数为：对１０％的麦胚乳４００ｍｌ，反应温度为４４．４℃，反应时间为４ｈ，酶与底物浓度比为８６０μ／ｇ。经优化工艺生产的持水剂的水分活度为０．８９６，所对应的水解度为２６．５％。应用于香肠可显著提高其货架寿命。     

Relationship of Physicochemical Characteristics with Sensory Profile of Cookies Enriched with Medicinal Herbs

In this work, a range of model cookies enriched with different quantities of medicinal herbs, applied in two forms (pulverized mixture and extract), were studied to compare and describe relationships between physicochemical and sensory data. Multivariate statistical methods were applied to estimate relationships in the analyzed data. Analysis of variance showed that the majority of analyzed parameters were highly significant in discriminating among the samples (p < 0.05), which supported the usefulness of their application in characterizing the quality profile of enriched cookies. Principal component analysis on physicochemical data revealed that cookies at the same enrichment level showed more similarities. Principal component analysis on sensory data exhibited a larger separation between the samples with increasing enrichment levels, especially in the case of pulverized herbal mixture. According to partial least squares regression, two significant partial least squares components explained 92.7% and predicted 78.0% variation in the data. The most important parameters in discriminating between the cookies enriched with medicinal herbs were lightness, red tonality, and hardness. The selected physicochemical parameters could be used in future studies to evaluate variously enriched cookies by establishing models and investigating the predictability of sensory quality.     

酸解-酶膜联用法检测谷氨酰胺

研究了谷氨酰胺在酸性条件下的水解特性后 ,建立了酸解 酶膜联用的谷氨酰胺定量分析方法。此方法的线性范围为 10～ 40mmol/L ,相关系数R =0 .999,分析误差为 0 .1mmol/L ,测量所需时间约为 30min。     

强度为Weibul分布,应力为其他分布的可靠度求解

运用应力—强度相干理论,推导出强度为Ｗｅｉｂｕｌ分布,应力为其他分布时可靠度求解表达式,并应用专用数学软件Ｍａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃａ实现了数值的求解。文中给出若干求解实例,求解的过程简便、直观,有利于工程可靠性设计与分析借鉴     

Effect of treatment with non-alcoholic beverages of patients with gastritis and hyposecretion

A positive effect of use of non-alcoholic drink "Shirinskaia high-vitaminized treatment-board Water" in complex treatment of chronic gastritis with hyposecretion was revealed.     

猪皮制革必须适应市场经济

本文讨论了猪皮制革的现状,分析其成因,在此基础上阐明了猪皮制革必须适应市场经济的观点,并提出了猪皮制革走出低谷的若干具体对策。     

Genetic evaluation of dairy cattle with test-day models with autoregressive covariance structures and with a 305-d model

This study compared genetic evaluations from 3 test-day (TD) models with different assumptions about the environmental covariance structure for TD records and genetic evaluations from 305-d lactation records for dairy cows. Estimates of genetic values of 12,071 first-lactation Holstein cows were obtained with the 3 TD models using 106,472 TD records. The compound symmetry (CS) model was a simple test-day repeatability animal model with compound symmetry covariance structure for TD environmental effects. The AR_s and AR_e models also used TD records but with a first-order autoregressive covariance structure among short-term environmental effects or residuals, respectively. Estimates of genetic values with the TD models were also compared with those from a model using 305-d lactation records. Animals were genetically evaluated for milk, fat, and protein yields, and somatic cell score (SCS). The largest average estimates of accuracy of predicted breeding values were obtained with the AR_s model and the smallest were with the 305-d model. The 305-d model resulted in smaller estimates of correlations between average predicted breeding values of the parents and lactation records of their daughters for milk and protein yields and SCS than did the CS and AR_e models. Predicted breeding values with the 3 TD models were highly correlated (0.98 to 1.00). Predicted breeding values with 305-d lactation records were moderately correlated with those with TD models (0.71 to 0.87 for sires and 0.80 to 0.87 for cows). More genetic improvement can be achieved by using TD models to select for animals for higher milk, fat, and protein yields, and lower SCS than by using models with 305-d lactation records.     

遮盖山羊绒“亮丝”的媒介/活性染色工艺

针对变异山羊绒的"亮丝"现象,以及不同染料在羊绒纤维不同位置上染的差异性,采用酸性媒介染料和毛用活性染料复配染色。结果表明,与单一染料染色工艺相比,复配染色技术通过对关键染料和助剂的精准控制,优化染色工艺,覆盖"亮丝"的效果良好。染色产品和染色废液中的铬含量均符合相关标准。     

Decontamination of broilers with hydrogen peroxide stabilised with glycerol during processing

Experiments were conducted to assess the effects of different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide stabilised by glycerol solution in potable water on the bacteriological and organoleptic quality of freshly slaughtered broiler carcasses. Skin-pH and colour were measured 3.5 and 24 h after treatment and compared to untreated carcasses. Bacterial colonisation was determined 3.5 and 24 h and, 7 days after treatment, carcasses being stored at 1 degrees C. None of the concentrations used affected the appearance and "bloom" of the carcasses as could be measured by colorimeter and changing of the acidity. Mean microbial counts were significantly reduced (P<0.01) when treated and control broilers were compared. Average reductions of 0.3 up to1.4 log N for the mesophilic aerobic counts were achieved and from 0.4 up to 1.2 log N for Enterobacteriaceae. A 3% w/w solution made from a commercially available stock solution (Glyroxyl), which consists of 44% hydrogen peroxide, 44% demineralised water and 12% glycerol proved to lower colonisation more effectively than a 2% solution.     

芦荟蒽醌和多元羧酸对棉织物的复合整理

针对棉织物抗紫外线及抗皱性较差的缺点,用芦荟蒽醌化合物和柠檬酸、酒石酸对棉织物进行后整理,通过多元羧酸的桥联作用,使蒽醌提取物与棉纤维大分子发生较为牢固的化学结合,使棉织物同时获得耐久的抗皱抗紫外性能。通过扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱图、x射线衍射测试,证实多元羧酸与棉纤维大分子按环酐机制发生了酯化反应,芦荟蒽醌通过多元羧酸的桥联作用以化学键的形式固定在棉纤维上。对整理后织物的紫外线透过率、断裂强力、白度、折皱回复角等性能进行测试,结果表明,棉织物的抗皱性能和抗紫外性能明显提高。